Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
-
2013
Lecture
2
Embankment
Dams,
Seepage,
Filter
Design
and
Cri@cal
Gradient
Dirk
van
Zyl
Norman
B.
Keevil
Ins@tute
of
Mining
Engineering
dvanzyl@mining.ubc.ca
(604)
827-3462
MINE 480 - Mine Waste Management MINE 590Q Advanced Mine Waste Management
Sta@s@cs
on
Dams.
-Dams
worldwide
General
descripBon
A
data
base
from
ICOLD
accoun@ng
33105
dams
worldwide
has
been
compiled.
Results
from
this
informa@on
is
presented
as
follows:
Purpose
of
dams
Sta@s@cs
on
Dams.
-Dams
worldwide
General
descripBon
Single
purpose
d
ams.
Mul@-purposes dams.
Sta@s@cs
on
Dams.
-Dams
worldwide
General
descripBon
Dams
type.
Sta@s@cs
on
Dams.
-Dams
worldwide
Failure
staBsBcs
Earth
and
rockll
dams
oGeneral
sta@s@c
of
failures
Failure
mode
O
vertopping
Spillway
Piping
through
embankment
Piping
from
embankment
to
founda@on
Piping
through
founda@on
Downstream
slide
Upstream
slide
Earthquake
Totals
% Total failures 34.2 12.8 32.5 1.7 15.4 3.4 0.9 1.7 102.6
Percentages
based
on
%
of
cases
with
known
failure
mode.
Percentages
do
not
sum
100%
as
dams
were
classied
as
mul@ple
modes
of
failure.
Ref.
(5)
M.
Foster,
R.
Fell
and
M.
Spannagle
(2000)
Sta@s@cs
on
Dams.
-Dams
worldwide
Failure
staBsBcs
Earth
and
rockll
dams
oSta@s@c
of
failure
by
zoning
Sta@s@cs
on
Dams.
-Dams
on
BriBsh
Columbia
Failure
staBsBcs
There
are
approximately
1985
dams
opera@ng
in
Bri@sh
Columbia.
287
dams
are
classied
as
high
hazard.
Purpose
of
these
dams
range
from
hydro
electric
to
domes@c
supply
.
Dams
range
in
size
from
small
privately-owned
irriga@on
dams
to
B.C.
Hydro's
242
metre
high
Mica
Dam.
Sta@s@cs
on
Dams.
-Dams
on
BriBsh
Columbia
Failure
staBsBcs
Some
dam
failures
have
caused
serious
damage
too
the
province.
The
most
relevant
cases
are
summarized
as
follows:
oIn
1912
a
small
water
supply
dam
servicing
the
coal
shipping
port
of
Union
Bay
on
Vancouver
Island
failed
killing
one
man
and
causing
extensive
damage
to
property
and
the
coal
loading
port
facili@es.
oIn
1941
a
10
metre
high
dam
located
above
the
town
of
Pen@cton
failed
resul@ng
in
severe
damage
to
the
downstream
area.
If
the
dam
failed
with
today's
popula@on
living
below,
economic
and
environmental
damage
would
be
extensive
and
the
probability
of
loss
of
life
would
be
high.
oIn
May
1995,
a
6
metre
high
earth-lled
irriga@on
dam
failed
causing
approximately
half
a
million
dollars
damage.
The
sudden
release
of
storage
killed
48
head
of
cafle,
destroyed
1.5
km
of
a
public
road,
damaged
100
acres
of
hay
eld
and
introduced
700,000
cubic
metres
of
material
into
the
Quesnel
River.
(Ministry
of
Environment
BC.,
2011).
Ref.-Web.
(11)
Ministry
of
Environment
of
BriBsh
Columbia
(2011)
Sta@s@cs
on
Dams.
-Dams
on
BriBsh
Columbia
Failure
staBsBcs
BC
Hydro
has
developed
a
deciency
priori@za@on
system
to
evaluate
the
level
of
performance
of
dams
within
the
province.
The
actual
and
poten@al
deciencies
are
presented
in
the
next
matrix.
Sta@s@cs
on
Dams.
-Dams
on
United
States
Failure
staBsBcs
Some
of
the
most
relevant
dam
failures
in
US
history
have
been
summarized
by
the
Flood
Hydrology
and
Meteorology,
Technical
Service
Center,
Bureau
of
Reclama@on,
Denver
Federal
Center.
Results
from
this
inves@ga@on
are
presented
as
follows:
Ref. (6) W. Graham (2009) Ref.-Web. (12) AssociaBon of Dam Safety Ocials (2011)
Ref. (1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of ReclamaBon (1977)
Ref. (1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of ReclamaBon (1977)
Ref. (1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of ReclamaBon (1977)
Ref. (1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of ReclamaBon (1977)
Ref. (1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of ReclamaBon (1977)
Ref. (1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of ReclamaBon (1977)
Ref. (1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of ReclamaBon (1977)
Ref. (1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of ReclamaBon (1977)
Ref. (1) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of ReclamaBon (1977)
Ref. (2) Fell et al., 2005 Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005)
Ref.
(2)
R.
Fell,
D.
Stapleton,
P.
MacGregor
and
G.
Bell
(2005)
Stage
one:
-Final
surface
eleva@on:
295.55m
-Concrete
face
dam
with
lter
material
enclosing
rockll
up
to
600mm
DIA.
at
the
upstream
face.
-Rockll
up
to
900mm
DIA
at
the
downstream
face.
-Rockll
with
no
more
than
5%
passing
through
a
100mm
aperture
at
the
toe
of
the
dam.
Stage
two:
-Final
surface
eleva@on:
303.50m
-Rockll
up
to
900mm
DIA.
Ref.-Web.
(13)
Sun
Water
Dam
Porfolio
(2011)
>1.6km
1.6
4
8
16
Ref.(2)
from:
Foster
et
al.,
1998
For reservoirs maintaining a high water level, it may be possible to provide less or no rip rap protec@on on the lower part of the embankment. Rip rap should be placed up to MOL less 2 @mes the wave height.
Crest
is
generally
sloped
towards
the
reservoir
and
cover
with
pavement
to
prevent
erosion
caused
by
trac.
Pavement
reduce
desicca@on
cracking
of
the
core
when
non
plas@c
materials
are
used
Ref.
(2)
R.
Fell,
D.
Stapleton,
P.
MacGregor
and
G.
Bell
(2005)
Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005) (3) R.C. Hirschfeld and S.J. Poulos (1973)
Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005) (3) R.C. Hirschfeld and S.J. Poulos (1973)
Ref. (2) R. Fell, D. Stapleton, P. MacGregor and G. Bell (2005) (3) R.C. Hirschfeld and S.J. Poulos (1973)
Permeability criterion: D15f > 5 D15B Grada@on control: D50f < 25 D50B
100 90 80 70
Finer than (%)
Relave Muestra 2 Relave Muestra 3 Relave Muestra 4 Relave Muestra 5 Relave Muestra 6 Relave Muestra 7 Relave Muestra 8 Relave Muestra 9 Relave Muestra 10 SAND fine envelope SAND coarse envelope
10
100
1000
Darcys
Equa@on
v
=
ki
Q
=
kiA
v
Darcy
velocity
k
saturated
hydraulic
conduc@vity
i
ow
gradient
i
=
h/l
Analy@cal Solu@ons for Two Dimensional Flow With Dierent Boundary Condi@ons
Flow Nets
Conned Flow
Unconned Flow
(b
-
w)
iow
or io w io
= (120?-62.4)/62.4
Therefore, the cri@cal condi@on exists when the escape gradient exceeds unity. When this occurs, piping can happen.
References.
(1)
United
States
Department
of
the
Interior,
Bureau
of
Reclama@on
(1977).
Design
of
Small
Dams.
Washington
:
United
States
Government
Prin@ng
Oce.
(2)
R.
Fell,
D.
Stapleton,
P.
MacGregor
and
G.
Bell
(2005).
Geotechnical
Engineering
of
Dams.
Netherlands
:
A.A.
Balkema
Publishers
Leiden.
(3)
R.C.
Hirschfeld
and
S.J.
Poulos
(1973).
Embankment
Engineeing
Casagrande
Volume.
New
York
:
Wiley
Interscience
(4)
S.
D.
Wylson
and
R.
J.
Marsal
(1979).
Current
Trends
in
Design
and
Construc@on
of
Embankment
Dams.
New
York
:
American
Society
of
Civil
Engineers.
(5)
M.
Foster,
R.
Fell
and
M.
Spannagle
(2000).
The
sta@s@cs
of
embankment
dam
failures
and
accidents.
Canadian
Geotechnical
Journal
No
37.
Canada
:
NRC
Research
Press.
References.
(6)
W.
Graham
(2009).
Major
U.S.
Dam
Failures:
Their
Cause,
Resultant
Losses,
and
Impact
on
Dam
-
Safety
Programs
and
Engineering
Prac@ce.
World
Environmental
and
Water
Resources
Congress
2009:
Great
Rivers
History.
(7)
H.B.
Seed
and
J.M.
Duncan
(1981).
The
Teton
Dam
Failure
A
Retrospec@ve
Review.
University
of
California,
Berkley,
CA.
(8)
Wallace
Chadwick
and
Arthur
Casagrande
(1976).
Report
to
US
Department
of
the
Interior
and
State
of
Idaho
on
Failure
of
Teton
Dam.
(9)
Lessons
from
the
Failure
of
the
Teton
Dam.
Proceedings
of
the
3rd
ASCE
Forensics
Congress,
October
19
-
21,
2003,
San
Diego,
California.
References
-
Websites.
(10)
Interna@onal
Commission
of
Large
Dams
ICOLD.
hfp://www.icold-cigb.net/GB/World_register/general_synthesis.asp
(11)
Ministry
of
Environment
of
Bri@sh
Columbia.
hfp://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wsd/public_safety/dam_safety/responsible.html#failures
(12)
Associa@on
of
Dam
Safety
Ocials.
hfp://www.damsafety.org/news/?p=412f29c8-3fd8-4529-b5c9-8d47364c1f3e
(13)
Sun
Water
Dam
Porolio.
hfp://www.sunwater.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_le/0020/2099/SunWater_Dams_2011.pdf
Useful
References.
G.
Gedeon
(2004).
Design
and
Construc@on
of
Earth
and
Rock-Fill
Dams.
New
York
:
Con@nuing
Educa@on
and
Development.
ICOLD
Bulle@n
91
(1993).
Embankment
Dams
Upstream
Slope
Protec@on.
ICOLD
Bulle@n
99
(1999).
Dam
Failure
Sta@s@cal
analysis.
Failure
of
Teton
Dam
hfp://www.archive.org/stream/failureoketonda00teto#page/n57/mode/2up
Teton
Dam
Failure
Narra@ve.
hfp://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton_Dam/narra@ve.html