ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Why do we need to study this course? We have just one planet which can sustain life and not 9. The resources are limited Space on earth Non-renewable energy, Natural resources .The environment is depreciating in life sustaining capabilities at an ever increasing pace. At this rate, the day is not far when we reach a point of no return and face the wrath of global climatic change. We need to understand our responsibility towards the environment and adopt an environment friendly system of working.

Environment Conglomerate of all basic and applied aspects, management & law. sciences, engineering ,socio economic

Factors responsible for Diversity: Ethnic, geological, Geographical, Climatic, Social consideration, Economic and cultural Circumstances Human Environment: Matrix of elements derived by evolution through nature and contained by culture/ sum total of identified and identifiable natural resources existing in finite qualities on earth and of the quality of renewable resources. Environment Management Optimal utilization of the finite resources between different possible uses.

 Environmental criteria and economic considerations demand that such an allocation be efficient. (protection from degradation & protection for scarce and diminishing resources) Resources Tangible: Airflows, water, minerals, fuels, food, materials

Intangible: Nutrient cycling, climate regulation and removal. Degradation of residuals or wastes Aesthetic: Scenic, Recreational and other pleasing features

Renewable vs Non- renewable Environmental Management Broadens the concept in scope environmental quality. to include development and enhancement of

Extend the concept of time to include sustainable long term feasibility Assesses the costs to the society and the environment in achieving the desired balance between dimensions. Comprehensive planning that takes into account the side effects of man's activities and thereby protects and improves the human environment for Present and future generations. What is Environmental Management? It is the management of All the components of biological, physical and chemical in both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) The interaction of social, cultural, and economic environment with the bio-physical environment. Impact of EM Decisions The enterprise and the community are part of one system: therefore, decisions must be taken by the community. Potential consequences of actions before their implementations to assess their impact on the total system.(Balanced solution for the enterprise as well as the community) Sound environmental management, which is cost effective since it achieves higher productivity through a more efficient use of energy and raw materials, increases

workforce motivation, achieve enterprise goals of survival , growth and profitability, with limited community conflict. Series of compromises using limited resources to achieve multiple goals. Sustainable Development Rate of consumption or use of natural resources should approximate the rate at which these resources can be substituted or replaced System Analysis: how economic, social and environmental system interact at various scales of operation for optimal balance among three variables. Fundamentals concerning Environment & sustainable development Population & its implications-relationship of population growth & environmental damage= I=P*A*T I=Impact on environment P=Population A=Affluence(consumption) T=Technology coefficient Limits to growth

Economy-Rate of GNP is considered to be an indicator of economic performance of any nation Increase in GNP indicates the economic health of the country is good. But such increase in the ultimate analysis is based on high rate of consumption of natural resources of which environmental degradation is the result In such situation ,economic growth comes in conflict with issues of environmental concerns. Poverty-it is multidimensional problem and a major challenge all over the globe. Human settlement issues-the thrust of human settlement programmes should be on : -Providing shelter to all -Investing infrastructure for providing water and managing sewage and solid waste -Promoting sustainable energy and transport system in human settlement -promoting sustainable land use management Land resources-planning and management of land resources constitute another area of concern for environment it not only includes physical entity in terms of topography but it also includes natural resources, soil, minerals etc. Forests-Sustainable forest development ,production of forest products and forest services require an institutional approach at govt. level Mountains-about 10% of population depends directly on mountain resources but the mountain ecosystem is undergoing degradation due to which vegetation is getting extinct i.e. (flora & fauna) with the result that inhabitants of hills are facing resource crunch. Agriculture-Agriculture has to meet the challenge of growing population mainly by increasing production on land already under use and by preventing further encroachment on land. Biodiversity Protection of Oceans Business and industry Ecological deficit Village and community involvement

Major Environmental Problems Intensive agriculturisation including degradation of soils due to overuse of chemicals fertilizers, degradation of ground water quality, increase in the use of pesticides leading to health hazards and decline in the crop diversity. Population explosion has further increased the pressure on natural resources such as forests and mangroves. Problems related to industrialization and urbanization The lopsided development policies have resulted in degraded soils depletion of water tables ,increased floods, desertification, water logging and pollution of air, water and loss of biodiversity. Adoption of less environment friendly technologies has resulted in air and water pollution which has made most of our major rivers dirty. while the major industries are responsible for macro environmental problems the unchecked growth of informal manufacturing sector in most of the urban centers has spoiled the microenvironment. The concentration of coal mining ,thermal power plants and fertilizers plants in the urban areas has led to serious problems with regard to air, water and land pollution. Indias efforts for Environmental Protection-public policy and Role of NGOs India recognized the significance of environmental protection and resource conservation before first International meet on Environment the Stockholm Conference on Human Environment was convened by UN in 1972.Within five years of this conference India amended its constitution to include Environment Protection as constitutional obligation. Article 51 A relates to fundamental duty o every citizen of India to protect and improve natural environment. Soon after the Stockholm conference, India set up a National Committee On Environment Planning and co-ordination (NCEPC)committee was concerned with issues relating to appraisal of development projects human settlements planning spread of environment education etc. Tiwari Committee on Environment-It was set up in 1980 for reformation of central and state acts on water ,air,forests,etc.It also established the separate department of Environment.

 National Committee on Environment Planning-NCEPC replaced by this committee, it involves the preparation of an annual state of Environment Report for the country. Established environmental information and communication system. Later the environment protection enactments like Environment protection act 1986 Amendments in 7 & 8th five years plans. Laws like Water act. Forest act Air act Wildlife act etc. Role of NGOs NGOS usually act as mediators between governments and citizens. They work at the grass roots or community level as also with poor or socially disadvantaged people and provide them necessary support. They made the national and international commitments for protection of environment by entering into agreements /protocols made at international level are meaningless without their enforcement. The reasons for poor implementation may be: Lack of political will Scarcity of fund Decisions taken in regard to environmental issues not be very sound. Implications of such decisions could not be properly visualized.

Most of the NGOS get fund from the govt. or aid from other agencies. There are other NGOs that do not accept funds from others and raise funds through charities. For eg: Bill gate the words richest no.1 donated 37 billion US dollars for world health program me trust. Warren Buffet, the words richest no.2 donated 37 billion US dollars to the same trust.

NGOS like WWF, Green Peace & Friends of Earth operate at global level.

Achievements By NGOS Boycott of service station of Shell Company in Germany In 1999,WTO organized a meeting in Seattle,washington attended by 5000 delegates including environment ministers, But WTO was not willing to consider environmental and poverty issues adequately. Govt of Taiwan wanted to a piece of land in North Korea to dump its nuclear waste. The Korean Federation of environmental movement opposed this move and succeeded. Indian Scenario: Chipko Movement Technology for Safe and Hygienic Human Waste Narmada Valley project Present Status OF Environment /Role s of the Industries Eco Taj-Environment initiative of the Taj Group of HotelsSustainable management of hotels is a relatively new concept. The Eco-Taj is a movement to standardize environment friendly practices in every aspect of the company. Environment initiative of the Taj group started in 1995 when the group was invited to become a council member of International hotels Environment Initiative. The major goals of Eco-Taj environmental initiative are: To demonstrate the use and application of Tourism industry. green technologies to the Indian

To motivate and educate employees to provide inputs into new and improved environmental practices. To create economic conservation opportunities and increased competitiveness through

To increase tourism opportunities in India by providing a sound environmental image for the Taj group when exploring new tourism destinations. The above objectives are guided by the Corporate Environmental policy. This policy is applicable to all hotels and air catering units owned and managed by Taj group of hotels . 5-Point Basic Minimum Environmental Program me (BMEP)

It aims at covering all units of the group include: 1.Environmental Training to be part of operating training and to be included in the induction programme of all new employees .Environmental policy to be communicated and explained to each staff. 2.World Environment Day (5 June) to be celebrated every year for generation of awareness about environmental issues among guests, staff and suppliers.. 3.All requirements of respective environmental legislation to be met by all units all the time 4.Energy audit to be conducted by all units once in three years . 5.All units were expected to reduce their fresh water consumption by 20 percent of the average annual consumption from all sources by 2001. This could be achieved by reducing usage or by recycling waste water. Overview of the Initiative The most innovative elements of the Eco Taj programme are the following: A comprehensive programme decentralized companywide environmental management

Demonstration of Green Technology and its applications in hotel and tourism industry. Its initiative include: Green Technology Waste water Treatment Solar Power Vermiculture CFC-Free Air Conditioning Chlorine free water treatment Energy saving lightning Environmental communication Eco-ideas contests. Guest Communication.

Other Industries Hindalco-In the company's own words we subscribe for eco-efficiency. It entails manufacturing products and providing services in a manner that conserves natural resources minimizes wastes and ensures pollution control National Organic Chemical Industries Limited: The company has continued its efforts in protecting and improving its environment continue to be recognized and appreciated with awards from prestigious institutions. The afforestation projects of eth company has achieved a great success and all the hills behind the factory are having a dense forest which has become the pride of Thane-Belapur area and a popular picnic spot for local residents. BSES LIMITED-The companys care and concern for environment continue to be recognized and appreciated with awards from prestigious institutions. The Andhra Petrochemicals Limited-In the company ,safety occupational health and environmental protection continue to be accorded priority and safety standards are continually reviewed. BOROSIL- the company is striving to ensure: pollution control in eth manufacturing and other units ,safe working conditions to all employees One of the important developments in industrial response is the interest shown by companies to adopt ISO 14001 standards which are expected to bring about transparent environmental practices in the industry. Question 1. Enumerate the role and Functions of the government as a planning, organizing, directing, implementing and controlling agency? Role of Government Control and Develop all countries natural resources. In recognition of their responsibility in preserving the environment, the Govt. of India created the Department of Environment and later the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985. Ministry of environment & forest Planning Protection & coordination

 Forestry environment \ It involves in conservation & survey & to accomplish its task they undertake various measures. A study is made to evaluate its possible impact on environment and steps are suggested so that least damage is caused to environment when the project is implemented. Functions Measures to protect & improve the environment Constitutes authorities & appoints officers Rules to regulate environmental pollution develop and establish national environmental standards and criteria Power for Entry and inspection Power to demand information, reports or returns promote educational and public awareness programs on the environment promote educational and public awareness programs on the environment Identification of critically polluted areas Receiving notice about alleged offences and complaints in a Union Territory or State Planning Some laws have been enacted for protection of the environment . In Indian penal code o 1860, some articles are related with environment . In last fifty years major steps for the protection of environment in India Following are the important acts: River Board Act, 1956 Water Preservation &Control of Pollution Act, 1974 Atomic Energy Act, 1972 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

 Factories Amendment Act, 1987 Environmental Protection Act, 1986 Central Motor Vehicle Rule, 1989 Damodar Valley Corporation Regulation act, 1948 (Prevention of water pollution) Every state government has establish a ministry of environment The Central Pollution Control Board has been established to take measures to control water & air pollution Prepare plans for countrywide awareness about pollution There are many autonomous bodies are engaged in research in field of environment. National Forest policy has been framed for the protection &development of forest in the country. They has been evolved to develop forest resources. National parks & games sanctuaries have been established throughout the country to protect biodiversity There is need for sustainable growth i.e. growth which is not harmful to environment Eco friendly development can solve the problem for that they are taking some action At all level of education provision have been made for the knowledge of environment. Providing special training for environmental management Awareness have been launched through media Indian government is active member of international organization concerning environment Introducing economic instrument for improving environmental quality Environmental audit introduced in 1993 GIS will be effective for useful planning

NATIONAL GREEN CORPS PROGRAMME (M.S.) Introduction 1. The Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India has launched the National Green Corps Program (NGC) in all Districts of India. 2. Bharati Vidyapeeth University - Institute of Environment Education & Research has been appointed as the Resource Agency for Maharashtra State, for the National Green Corps Program of the Ministry of Environment and Forests since 2003. Role: 1. Maharashtra State government nominates officers and individuals considered relevant to the State Steering Committee. a. To oversee implementation of NGC in the state. b. To encourage different government departments to actively help the Eco-clubs. c. To review periodically the implementation of the scheme and suggest activities to be taken up at District Level. d. To select the best district, best Eco-club and give publicity to their activities so that other districts and Eco-clubs can adopt them. Functions: Organize seminars, debates, lectures and popular talks on environmental issues in the school.

 Organize field visits to environmentally important sites including polluted and degraded sites,wildlife parks etc. Organize rallies, marches, human chains and street theater at public places with a view to spread environmental awareness. Take up activities like tree plantation, cleanliness drives both within and out side the school campus. Grow kitchen garden, maintain vermin-composting pits, construct water-harvesting structures in school, practice paper re-cycling etc. Prepare inventories of polluting sources and forward it to enforcement agencies. Directing The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) Requirements and Procedure for seeking Environmental Clearance of Projects. Siting Guidelines for Industries. Environmental Guidelines for Industries. Guidelines for Clearance of Forest based Industries/Trade. Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for Project Clearances. Guidelines for Adoption of Cleaner Technologies. Noise Pollution Norms. Hazardous Waste Management Guidelines. Details of Ozone Depleting Substances used in various Sectors and Ozone Depleting Substances Substitutes. Guidelines for Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs). Guidelines for submission of proposals under the Scheme Waste Minimization in Small & Medium Industries (SMIs) The Guidelines on State Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (State CAMPA). Environment Education, Awareness & Training (EEAT)

 EEAT Scheme was launched during the 6th Five Year Plan in 1983-84 with the following objectives: To promote environmental awareness among all sections of the society. To spread environment education, especially in the non-formal system among different sections of the society. To facilitate development of education/training materials and aids in the formal education sector. To promote environment education through existing educational/scientific/research institutions.

To ensure training and manpower development for environment education, awareness and training. To encourage non-governmental organizations, mass media and other concerned organizations for promoting awareness about environmental issues among the people at all levels. To use different media including films, audio, visual and print,, theatre, drama, advertisements, hoarding, posters, seminars, workshops, competitions, meetings etc. for spreading messages concerning environment and awareness.

To mobilize people's participation for preservation and conservation of environment. Environmental management colleges Pollution control board State government agencies State government rules and regulations Other Guidelines National Environment Awareness Campaign (NEAC). National Green Corps (NGC). Global Learning & Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE). Strengthening Environment Education in School System and other courses at Graduate and Post-Graduate level including Professional Courses. Advertising & Publicity.

Seminars/Symposia/Workshops. Publication of Resource Material related to Environment. Grants-in-Aid to Professional Societies & Institutions. Other Awareness Programmes like Vacation Programmes, Quiz/Essay/Debate/Poster/Slogan competitions, training programmes etc.

State Government Guidelines Divisions/Units/Wings/Branches... Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI) Environmental Information System (ENVIS), Gujarat Environmental Information System (ENVIS), Tamil Nadu Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB) Institute of Wood Science and Technology (IWST) Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala Tropical Forest Research Institute (TFRI) Statutory Bodies Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Central Zoo Authority (CZA) Others Bhitarkanika National Park, Orissa Chilika Development Authority (CDA) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), India Environmental Information System (ENVIS), India Indian Biosafety Clearing House (IND-BCH)

 Indian Forest Service (IFS) Kaziranga Centenary Celebration Like Minded Megadiverse Countries (LMMC) Project Tiger Sustainable Development Networking Programme (SDNP) Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) Role of Indian Government in implementing Rules & regulation Major Initiative Fellowship & Awards Rules & regulation Water Pollution & Air Pollution Environment protection Public Liability Insurance Animal Welfare & wildlife Forest conservation Major Initiative National River Conservation Directorate Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management National River Conservation Directorate National River Conservation Plan The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase - I which was taken up as 100% Centrally funded scheme and aimed at preventing the pollution of river Ganga and to improve its water quality. The plan was started in June 1985. The program of river cleaning was extended to other major rivers of the country under two separate schemes of GAP Phase - II and the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP). Yamuna and Gomati Action Plans were approved in April 1993 under Ganga Action Plan Phase II

National River Conservation Directorate Highlights of the works Undertaken 190 39 20 Rs.7638.47 crore

Towns Covered Rivers Covered States Covered Sanctioned Cost of

Expenditure (including State Govt. Share Rs.4302.43 crore Schemes Completed 865

Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management Clean up and rehabilitation of polluted sites and facilitate the reduction of environmental and health risks associated with legacy polluted sites Initially started in 2 sites in Andhrapradesh & 8 sites in West Bengal Project benefit. Improvement in water and air quality. Improved hygienic conditions. Health benefits such as reduction in water borne, vector borne diseases.

Economic benefits i.e. employment generation during rehabilitation. Remediation of contaminated sites.

Fellowship & Awards Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar Indira Priyadarshini Vriksha Mitra Awards E.K. Janaki Ammal National Award for Taxonomy Hathi Mere Sathi Campaign Organized in December. Government of India in collaboration with wild life trust of India

 For conservation & welfare of elephants. Reference material including publication & documentation were distributed. Elephant 8 meet hosted by India. Control Legal action taken by govt. The Environment (protection ) Act was enacted in 1986. To take measures to protect and improve environment which includes water, air and land and the inter relationship which exists among & between water , air and land human being, other living creatures, plants micro organisms and property.

The National Environmental Policy (NEP) 2006. The ecological services rendered by the water bodies like lakes & wetlands. The NEP states that wetlands including lakes are under threat from drainage and conversion for agriculture & human settlements besides pollution. The NEP identifies an Action plan for these water bodies which importantly include formulation of conservation & prudent use strategies, integration of wetland and lake conservation into sectoral development plans for poverty alleviation and livelihood improvement , formulation of eco-tourism strategies prove multi stakeholders partnership. The Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act,1981. To provide for the prevention , control and abatement of air pollution in India. The water ( prevention & control of pollution) Act, 1974. It empowers the Govt. to maintain the wholesomeness of national water bodies. The Act also provides for prohibition on use of stream ( includes inland water whether natural & artificial) or well for disposal of polluting matter etc. It enables the Govt. through central & state pollution control boards to prescribe standards and has provision for monitoring & compliance and penal provisions against the violators of the Act. Institutions Department of Environment.

 Department of Science and Technology. Department of Biotechnology. Energy Management Centre. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Department of Space. Department of Ocean Development. Central Forestry Board. Prevention and control of environment Water and air quality monitoring stations in selected areas. Use-based Zoning and classification of major rivers. Notification & enforcement of standards for polluting industries through the Central and State Pollution Control Boards. Fiscal incentives for installation of pollution control devices. Ganga Action plan to prevent pollution of the river and restore its water quality which could be expanded to cover other major river systems subject to availability of resources. Environment Management System: Evolution Of EMS The concept of an environmental management system evolved in the early nineties and its origin can be traced back to 1972, when the United Nations organized a Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was launched (Corbett & Kirsch, 2001). These early initiatives led to the establishment of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) In 1992, the first Earth Summit was held in Rio-de-Janeiro (Jiang & Bansal, 2001), which served to generate a global commitment to the environment (RMIT University). In the same year, BSI Group published the world's first environmental management systems standard, BS 7750.[1] This supplied the template for the development of the ISO 14000 series in 1996, by the International Organization for Standardization, which has representation from committees all over the world.

What Is an Environmental Management System (EMS)? An EMS is simply a set of procedures to reduce our environmental footprint in our day-to-day activities. An EMS is the combination of people, policies, procedures, review, and plans to help address environmental issues. An EMS is that part of an overall management system which includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes, and resources for...achieving environmental policy. Important EMS elements include continual improvement, management commitment, formalization, and awareness of a systems based approach. Objectives of EMS An Environmental Management System (EMS): Serves as a tool to improve environmental performance. Provides a systematic way of managing an organizations environmental affairs Is the aspect of the organizations overall management structure that addresses immediate and long-term impacts of its products, services and processes on the environment Gives order and consistency for organizations to address environmental concerns through the allocation of resources, assignment of responsibility and ongoing evaluation of practices, procedures and processes.

 Focuses on continual improvement of the system Why Implement an EMS? Compliance Assurance Credibility with Citizens and Regulators Positive Public Image City/County/Organization as a Leader and Innovator Competitiveness Better Management of Resources Why Environmental Management System (EMS)? Safe working environment Legal compliance Reduced waste Pollution prevention Competitive advantage in research Enhanced internal management efficiency Incentives for Environmental Stewardship

Some Basic EMS Definitions

 Environmental Aspect (Cause) The elements of an organizations activities, products, or services which can interact with the environment. It is important to establish, implement and maintain a procedure to identify the environmental aspects of activities products and services that you can control and can influence. After identifying environmental aspects you must determine those which have or can have significant impacts on the environment. Examples include: air emissions, water discharges, , use of raw materials, energy use, use of natural resources, use of volatile organic compounds.

Environmental Impact (Effect) Any change to the environment whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organizations activities, products, or services. Examples include: depletion of natural resources, air pollution, hazardous waste generation, soil and water contamination. Certification For EMS There is a provision to have EMS certified by an external party, International standard called ISO 14001 and European Unions EMAS (Eco-management and Audit System and earlier British Standard for environment (BS7750) are the recognized standards for the purpose. Environmental standards 1.BS 7750 2.ISO 14000 3.ISO 9000 4.ISO 14001 5.EMAS ISO 14000 ISO 14000 series was approved by European Commission through the recommendation of CEN (Committee European de Normalization ) which is European Unions Standardization body.

ISO 14000 is derived from ISO quality standard, 9000 but it is broader in scope than quality standards because environmental issues are larger issues affecting the nations and the worlds resources and living conditions. ISO 14000 is a standard for general guide lines on environmental standard and it enables an organization s EMS to: a. Formulate and define policy and objectives b.Formulate a plan for implementing the policy and objectives c.Provide support and to develop capabilities for implementing of policy objective d.Monitor and evaluate environmental performance. e.Review the EMS for continued improvement ISO 14001 has been designed to impart a life cycle analysis approach to give commitment by the manufacturers for various environmental and ecological parameters such as : Composition of material Recycling and disposal practices New methods if any for achieving environmental goals. Components The five components of ISO 14001 are: 1.Environmental policy 2.Planning 3.Implementation 4.Monitoring 5.Review. Pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light.

Pollution is the introduction of a waste into the atmosphere making it impossible for the life on earth possible to sustain. The dangerous effects of pollution are a result of undesirable changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, land and water. The agents or substances that causes pollution are known as pollutants (biodegradable and non-biodegradable). Contributors of Pollution Chemical and Nuclear Plants Industrial factories Oil refineries Human sewage Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars Mining Over covered Landfills Deforestation Construction Debris High population density Major forms of Pollution Air Pollution Water Pollution Noise Pollution Soil Pollution Light Pollution Radioactive Pollution Thermal Pollution Visual Pollution

Littering

Air Pollution Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. Sources & Effects of Air Pollution Tobacco smoke: heart atacks and cancer Decomposing garbage and open sewers: breeding ground for flies, mosquitoes, germs and other haarmul bactereia. Piosonous gases: respiratory diseases Acid rain Mining activities: lung and respiratory diseases Carbon monoxide and lead: effects brain and organs like kidney Ozone depletion effect: skin cancer and effects plant life Burning fuel and oil rigs: cancer Green house effect: global warming, melt polar ice and submerge coastal areas

 Automobile exhaust: harmful to human health Asthma, Asbestosis are also effects of air pollution Air Pollution Control Planting trees Checking automobile emission Treatment of air pollution in industries Pollution Control Devices Electrostatic precipitator Wet Scrubber Cyclone separator Bag House

Water Pollution Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Sources of Water Pollution Point Source: due to a single, well identified starting place like oil spill, drain, etc Non-point Source: if pollution comes from many sources which cannot be identified such as acid rain, farmers field. Contributors & causes of Water Pollution Agriculture waste water Factories/Industrial processes Natural factors effects ground water Oil spills

 Refineries Mining Trash on common roads/ground Silt from constuction sites Effects Water pollution has damaged the food chain Contaminated drinking water causes cholera, typhoid, poor blood pressure, vomiting, and damage to nervous system Pollution in water alter overall chemistry of water, causing a lot of changes in temperature which adversely effects the marine life and destroys it. Control Imposing laws to combat water pollution Care of existing trees and planting new ones to promote penetration of water into soil Supplementary nutrients in agriculture Domestic sewage Being conscious over selves and educating younger ones Waste water treatment

Environmental standards 1.BS 7750 2.ISO 14000 3.ISO 9000 4.ISO 14001 5.EMAS ISO 14000

ISO 14000 series was approved by European Commission through the recommendation of CEN (Comite European de Normalization ) which is European Unions Standardization body. ISO 14000 is derived from ISO quality standard,9000 but it is broader in scope than quality standards because environmental issues are larger issues affecting the nations and the worlds resources and living conditions. ISO 14000 is a standard for general guide lines on environmental standard and it enables an organization s EMS to Formulate and define policy and objectives Formulate a plan for implementing the policy and objectives Provide support and to develop capabilities for implementing of policy objective Monitor and evaluate environmental performance. Review the EMS for continued improvement ISO 14001 has been designed to impart alife cycle analysis approach to give commitment by the manufacturers for various environmental and ecological parameters such as : Composition of material Recycling and disposal practices New methods if any for achieving environmental goals. Components The five components of ISO 14001 are: 1.Environmental policy 2.Planning 3.Implementation 4.Monitoring 5.Review. Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollution is the introduction of a waste into the atmosphere making it impossible for the life on earth possible to sustain The dangerous effects of pollution are a result of undesirable changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, land and water. The agents or substances that causes pollution are known as pollutants (biodegradable and non-biodegradable). Contributors of Pollution Chemical and Nuclear Plants Industrial factories Oil refineries Human sewage Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars Mining Over covered Landfills Deforestation Construction Debris High population density Major forms of Pollution Air Pollution Water Pollution Noise Pollution Soil Pollution

Light Pollution Radioactive Pollution Thermal Pollution Visual Pollution Littering Air Pollution Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. Root Cause in India Increase in Number of vehicles: share of motor vehicles has increased from .3 million in 1951 to 37.20 million in 1997.At all India level the percentage of two wheeled vehicles in the total number of motor vehicles increased from 9% in 1951 to 69 % in 1997, Increase in industrial activity Increase in power generation Domestic pollution Other sources Vehicular Emissions

Sources & Effects of Air Pollution Tobacco smoke: heart atacks and cancer Decomposing garbage and open sewers: breeding ground for flies, mosquitoes, germs and other haarmul bactereia. Piosonous gases: respiratory diseases Acid rain Mining activities: lung and respiratory diseases Carbon monoxide and lead: effects brain and organs like kidney

 Ozone depletion effect: skin cancer and effects plant life Burning fuel and oil rigs: cancer Green house effect: global warming, melt polar ice and submerge coastal areas Automobile exhaust: harmful to human health Asthma, Asbestosis are also effects of air pollution Sources and types of air pollutants. Human inputs of air pollutants may come from mobile sources (such as cars) and stationary sources (such as industrial and power plants). Some primary air pollutants may react with one another or with other chemicals in the air to form secondary air pollutants. What is the Air Pollution? Toxic or radioactive gases that introduced into the atmosphere as a result of human activity. Dirty air that could injure human health or property, or animal life, and/or prevent normal plant use and enjoyment of property. What are the main causes for the air pollution? Factories automobiles Energy sources Wild fires Volcano tornadoes

An explosion at the core of a nuclear reactor at Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986 released more than 50 tons of radioactive material into the air above the Ukraine. According to Ukranian officials, 4,000 people died and 70,000 were disabled by radiation-related illness. Bhopal India Gas Leak This has been called the world's worst catastrophe. On December 2-3, 1984, methyl isocyanite gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, near Madhya Pradesh in India, resulting in the exposure of over 500,000 people. Twenty-thousand deaths since the leak can be attributed to the accident, which killed 3,000 people in a few days and is linked to hundreds of thousands of illnesses since. London's"GreatSmog1952 In December of 1952 an acid-infused smog engulfed London for 4 days killing 4,000 people in a single month. Eight thousand later deaths are attributed to the pollution, which is believed to be mainly sulfur dioxide. British Parliament passed the Clean Air Act to mitigate the risk of future smog. Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,00080,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day How does the air pollution effect our planet? Global warming Respiratory disease Pants die

TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION There are several main types of air pollution. These include smog, acid rain, the green house effect and hole in the ozone layer. One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air. Another type of pollution is the release of poisonous gases. SMOG Smog is a type of large scale outdoor pollution. It is caused by chemical reactions between pollutants derived from different sources.

ACID RAIN

EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN

 Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams . It contributes to the damage of trees and many sensitive forest soils. It accelerates the decay of building materials and paints, including irreplaceable buildings, statues, and sculptures that are part of our nation's cultural heritage. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT It generally comes from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burnt. In this type of pollution sun rays go to the atmosphere and they are trapped by green houses gases. So the temperatures on the earth raise.

HOLE IN

THE

OZONE

LAYER

It is another result of air pollution. Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratosphere. Release of CFC from heating, aerosol cans , refrigerator equipments remove some of the ozone , causing HOLES .

What causes air pollution?

Air Pollution Control Planting trees Checking automobile emission Treatment of air pollution in industries Pollution Control Devices Electrostatic precipitator Wet Scrubber Cyclone separator Bag House Methods of Air Pollution Control

Methods of Air Pollution Control (Some things you can do for CLEAN air)

Indias Efforts in Controlling Air Pollution Factories Act 1948 Industrial (Development & Regulation) Act,1957 Air Pollution Boards include: -Air(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act,1981 Management of Air Pollution Regulation of vehicular pollution Measurement of Emission for Vehicles and market Emission Norms-2000 and 2005 Distorted prices of fuels and Automobile industry Quality of petrol-Lead Vs Benzene

 State level Planning Industrial Pollution Thermal Power Plants