l.

Introduction passedMagnacarta of women addresses The recently the stereotyped portrayal of men and womenas well as the invisibility of womenin the media. The GlobalMedia Monitoring Project(GMMP)initiated by the world Association of Christian Communicators isanoverview oftherepresentation and portrayal of womenand men in worldnews.lt is basedon printand broadcast newsmediatakenon a singleday. GMMP findings in 2005from76 countries showed that"Theworldwe see in the newsis a worldin whichwomenare virtuaily invisible". since the firstGMMPin 1995, worldwide one day mediasurveys everyflve years revealthat the worldreported in the newsis mosilymale.1 Thus,with the Gender Equality Guidelines morewomen's voices, morespaceand time, moreparticipation in public discussion fromhalftheworld's population are expected to be the normin the future.
ll. ApplicabiliW

TheseGender Equality Guidelines are applicable to the agencies, offices, schools, butnotlimited to thefollowing: 1. Government officesthat involvemedia FilmAcademy of the Philippines (FAp),FirmDevelopment councilof the (FDCP), Philippines Philippine lnformation (ptA), Agency
GMMP2010).

OperationsOffice (PCOO), National Presidential Communications (NTC),Movieand.Television Review Telecommunications Commission (OMB), (MTRCB), Philippine Board OpticalMedia Board andClassification (PBS),spokespersons/speechwriters of government Broadcast Services and Development for HigherEducation agencies and the Commission (CHED) ofjournalism andcommunication. schools initscapacity tosupervise 2. NationalMediafederationsand associations Responsibility Freedomand Institute(PPl), CenterforMedia PhilippinePress (CCJD), (CMFR)Centerfor Community Journalism and Development (NUJP), ng mga Kapisanan Philippines Journalists of the National Union of (NPC). (KBP), Press Club National AdBoard, Brodkaster ng Pilipinas and Communication 3. Schoolsof Journalism and private to all state collegesand universities This is applicable journalism This also courses. and communications institutions offering (PACE) Educators Association of Communication includes the Philippine (WSAP) andother of the Philippines andtheWomen's StudiesAssociation educators. of gender andmedia similar associations lll. Objectives guidance andrecognizing thedignity of women in upholding 1. Toprovide and the community, of womenin the family, the roleand contribution the useof massmedia. society through in all aspects of management, equality 2. To serveas a guideon gender and production, communication, information, dissemination, training, programming.
2

policiesand instructional 3 . To help developgender-fair materials in schools of Journalism and communication includingInformation gender Technology to eliminate biases anddiscrimination.
4. To formulate standards and develop information,education,

communication, and advocacy strategies voices to increase women's andaddress the invisibility of women in the media. lV. Definitionof Terms - is defined Discrimination by CEDAW as: "Anydistinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basisof sex which has the effector purposeof impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective marital of their status, ona basis of equality of menandwomen, of humanrightsand fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civilor anyotherfield." Women Empowerment- refers to the provision, and availability, accessibility of opportunities, services, and observance of humanrights whichenable participate womento actively and contribute to the political, economic, social, and cultural development of the nation as wellas those whichshallprovide them equalaccess to ownership, management, and controlof production, and of material and informational resources and benefits in the family, community, andsociety2 - refers GenderDiscrimination to anydistinction, exclusion or restriction madeon the basisof socially gender constructed rolesand normsthat 3 prevent a person, female or male, fromenjoying fullhuman rights. - refers (GAD) Gender and Development to theapproach thatrecognizes planning, policies thatall development gender andprojects mustreflect
Section4(a),Chapter2 of RA 9710. IPS Gender and DevelopmenlGlossary

of the different rolesthat menand sensitivity aboutandgender awareness play in their accessto and controlover women in societies, differences processes impacts of development on men resources and the differential andwomen (WlD) The GAD approach is different from the Womenin Development for focusing whichby the late 1970swas beingquestioned approach, programmes resources, on womenin isolation andawayfrom and projects mainstream development.a - refers of menand GenderEquality to theprinciple asserting theequality womenand theirrightto enjoyequalconditions realizing theirfull human potentials to contribute to and benefitfrom the resultsof development, andwiththe Staterecognizing thatall human beings arefreeandequalin dignity and rights.s of and justicein the distribution GenderEquity- refersto the fairness between womenand men. benefits and responsibilities needs and Gender equityrecognizes thatmenandwomenhavedifferent power be identified andaddressed in a manner that andthattheseshould programs rectifies Thus, women-specific and the imbalance between them. policies maybe needed to reach equality. - refers to understand and consider the GenderSensitivity to the ability gender-based socialization socio-culturalfactors underlying discrimination, power relations intocertain behaviors of menandwomen or opportunities, problems between menand women, as well as the different needs, and levelsof access to resources thattheyhave.6
IPSGlossary MCWchapter ll, sec.4(0 IPSGlossary

5 6

- refersto a condition Marginalization wherea wholecategory of people is excluded participation fromuseful political, and meaningful in. economic, social andcultural life.? Patriarchy- refersto the dominance of men over womenthat occurin several spheres of lifeincluding, political but not limited to, the economic, andculturalspheres. SexualOrientation- refersto the preference of one sex to another as a partner in sexual relations. Sexual preference, orientation, alsocalled sexual reflects the opinion that peopledo not controlor influence their sexualor romantic attractions. Sexualpreference reflects the opinionthat peoplecan and do have the ability to control or influence theirsexual or romantic attractions and their sexual orientations.
V. Historical Bases: Towards Gender Eoualitv

A. Convention on the Elimination of All Formsof Discrimination against (CEDAW) Women The United Nations General Assembly adopted the CEDAW in 1979. The Philippines ratified the samein 1981.CEDAW is a humanrights treatythat lays down governmental obligations on mattersrelatedto any form of discrimination against womenin termsof individual right andfreedom. The Convention aims at equality between men and womenthrough theassurance of equalaccess to andequalopportunities in public life, education, health, employment. lt is thefirsttreaty thattargets harmful
MCW chapterll, sec.4(c)

practices that shapegenderroles.Countries and traditional cultural its are legally boundto implement the Convention that have ratified provisions at leasteveryfouryears. and submitreports on HumanRights,Vienna,1993 B. WorldGonference to the Vienna One hundredseventyone (171) states committed promoting protecting human Action in and of Declaration and Program the rights of women, childrenand Indigenous rights,particularly "Women's rightsas humanrights"and created Peoples. lt recognized Violence Against Women. on a Special Rapporteur

c. FourthWorld Conferenceon Women,Beijing,1995

produced heldin the Chinese capital The United Nations conference to the commitment community's of the international a declaration of actionthatset out measures advancement of womenanda platform provided that a clearcommitment for actionby 2000.The conference girl promotion children protection women and of the rightsof and the e human rights. area keypartof universal andthe Media, of Actionis on Women Platform J of the Be'rjing Section of the conference. one of the 12 areasof concern

VI- LEGAL MANDATES

Constitution A. 1987 Philippine provides that Constitution 2 of the 1987Philippine 14,Article 1. Section andshallensure in nation-building, the roleof women theStaterecognizes andmen. the lawof women equality before thefundamental the recognizes Constitution 2 of the 1987Philippine 24,Article 2. Section in nation-building. and information vitalroleof communication
8 9

IPSGlossary IPSGlossary

3. section 4, Article 3 of the 1987Philippine "Nolawshallbe constitution, passed abridging thefreedom of speech, of expression or of the press, or the rightof thepeople peaceably to assemble andpetition thegovernment for redress of grievances. B. Magna Carta of Women Rationale: The enactment of Republic Act No. 9710 (RA 9710)or the Magnacarta of womenfulfills the commitment of the government to the Convention ontheElimination of allforms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAWwhichthe Philippines ratified in 1981.This Act categoricaily defines discrimination against women. This is alsoa comprehensive law thatupholds andprotects human rights of women in all spheres. This law and the rightsof womenneedto be disseminated to improve the statusof womenin Philippine society. Recognizing the powerof media to inform and effect thischange,, section16, chapterrV of RA 9710 provides: portrayal "Non-discriminatory and Non-derogatory of women in Mediaand Film - The state shallformurate poricies and programs for the advancement of women in collaboration with government and nongovernment media-related organizations. lt shall likewiseendeavor to raisethe consciousness of the generalpublicin recognizing the dignityof womenand the role and contribution of womenin the family, community, and the society through the strategic use of mass media." ln addition, section19of the lmplementing Rules (lRR)of andRegulations R49710alsostates that: a. For this purpose, the State shall ensureallocation of space, airtimeand resources, programming, strengthen production, and image-making that appropriately present women's needs, issues, and concerns in all formsof media,communication, information

dissemination, andadvertising; in cooperation information, b. TheState, withallschools ofjournalism, and communication, mediafederations as well as the national and associations, shall require all media organizations and into their humanresource corporations to integrate development regular components training on gender equality andgender-based discrimination: c. Createand use genderequality guidelines in all aspectsof production, management training, information, dissemination, communication, and programming; gender d. Convene a genderequality committee that will promote mainstreaming as a framework andaffirmative as a strategy; action and e. Monitorand evaluatethe implementation of gender equality guidelines. The dignity in all spheres of of womenand theirrolesand contributions private promoted. public portrayal life shallbe and The of womenin a discriminatory demeaning and/orderogatory manner in advertisements, is notallowed. shows and programs lt shallnot induce, encourage and/or violence condone against womenin anyformand/or the violation of their human rights. Furthermore, Section29 of the same IRR statesthat All government agencies, instrumentalities, and LGUsshalldevelop and makeavailable (lEC)materials information, education andcommunication ontheirspecific programs, services and funding outlays on women's empowerment and genderequality. Theseinformation shall be translated in majorFilipino dialects anddisseminated to thepublic, especially in remote or ruralareas.
8

c.

Government Entities/ Agencies 1. The Philippine Commission (PCW), on Women in coordination with concernedagenciesand media organizations, sl"rall formulate media guidelinesto protect women against discrimination in media andfilm. 2. The Office of the Press Secretary (OPS)10 and its attached agencies shall ensure the formulationof policies and implementation of programspursuantto the Act and these Rules and Regulations. lt shallalso: a. Provide guidance over-all direction, and monitoring as lead agency of government massmedia in the implementation of theAct andtheseRules and Regulations; b. Formulate and implement plan a national communication and advocacyactivities on the Act and these Rules and Regulations gender and relevant issues/concerns; and c. Create a Gender Equality Committeecomposed of representatives fromthe OPS,PCW various self-regulatory bodies and the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC),Movie and Television Reviewand Classification Board(MTRCB), FilmAcademy (FAp), of the Philippines Film Development Councilof (FDCP), thePhilippines Optical MediaBoard(OMB), National Commission for Culture and theArts (NCCA), representatives of women'smediaNGOs gendermainstreaming, to promote formulate the Gender Equality Guidelines and Codeof Ethics for media, monitor andevaluate the implementation thereof.

that shallensure FDCP, OMB,NCCA FAP, 3 . The NTC,MTRCB, with the Act and these comply the mediaand film industries including: and Regulations, Rules consciousness andprograms to raise of policies a. Formulation publicin recognizing of women the dignity of the general of in all spheres of women and the role and contribution private life; andpublic for the airingof of space,airtimeand resources b. Allocation rights; women's human thatpromote advertisements production and image of programming, c. Enhancement issues andconcerns; women's needs, making thatpresents and of journalism, withall schools that,in cooperation d. Ensuring and national media and communication, information on gender regular trainings federations and associations, in integrated gender-based are discrimination and equality of media components development the humanfesource andcorporations. organizations (DepEd), on Higher Commission of Education 4 . The Department and Skills Education Eduation(CHED)and the Technical (TESDA) shall: Authority Development gender-sensitive curriculum; andpromote a. Develop gender-fair materials; instructional b. Develop a implement institutions c. Ensurethat educational peace program gender, and on building capacity and faculty fortheirofficials, rights education human
L0

non-teaching staffand personnel; d. Promote partnerships between and amongplayers of the education sector, including the private sector, churches, and faith groupsin the pursuitof the objectives of thissection; e. Encourage advertising industry and other similar institutionsto provide free use of space and installation of displaysfor schools,collegesand universities for campaigns to enddiscrimination and violence against women; and f. Guaranteethat educationalinstitutions provide scholarshipprogramsfor marginalized women and girls. Conditions such as age, pregnancy, motherhood, disabilities, or lack of consentof husband shallnot be grounds for disqualification in thegrantof scholarships. 5. creation of LocalMediaBoard(LMB)in all LocalGovernment (LGUs) Units to monitor the implementation of theseRules and Regulations shallalsobe encouraged.
Media Organizations

a. self-regulatory bodies,groups,and associations for media, television, cable, film, and advertising shall also ensure compliance withtheActandtheseRules andRegulations, such as:Formulation of policies andprograms to raise consciousness of the general publicin recognizing the dignity of womenand the roleandcontribution of womenin ail spheres of private and public life.
77

for the airing of of space, airtimeand resources a. Allocation promote rights; human women's that advertisements production, and imagemaking of programming, b. Enhancement and issues andconcerns; needs, women's thatpresents institutions similar industry andother theadvertising c. Encourage for of displays provide installation free use of space and to to end for campaigns schools,collegesand universities women. against andviolence discrimination Rights of Women in in theirportrayal rights of womenshouldbe considered The following media: planning, formulation, in policy to participate in all sectors 1. Right and monitoring management, implementation, organization, projects andservices; of all programs, evaluation 2. Rightto be freefromall formsof violence; and to theirempowerment barriers to befreefrommultiple 3. Right culture, ethnicity, language, as race, age, such advancement or by reasonthat they are indigenous religion, or disability peoPle; calamities in timesof disasters, and security 4. Rightto protection and conflict of armed andin situations situation andothercrisis militarization; to lifeof the community, in the cultural 5. Rightto freelyparticipate in educational, andto share traditions enjoy thearts,indigenous
t2

scientific, economic,and culturaladvancement and their benefits;

6 . Right to freedom of thought, - this conscience, ieligion andbelief

contributes to the moral, ethical, spiritual andintellectual needs of women andmen,individually or in community withothers and guaranteeing thereby themthe possibility of realizing theirfull potential in society and shaping theirlivesin accordance with theirownaspirations; and

7 . Rightto Non-Discrimination againstwomen - discrimination

violates theprinciples of equality of rights andrespect for human dignity thathampers participation, women's on equalterms with men,in allfields for development andpeace.

A. PORTRAYAL
1 . Womenand men shouldbe portrayed and represented with

dignity coming fromour indigenous culture the mostprofound insights gender of equality.

2 . Women and menshould be portrayed in a widerangeof roles, bothtraditional and non{raditional, in paidwork,social, family and leisure activities. womenandmenshould bothbe seenas takingdecisions to support the familyand in household tasks andhomemanagement, in academics, business, andlivelihood activities as well as in socio-political and cultural/religious endeavors. 3. Radio and televisionprograms, advertisements and films shouldportray diversity in familystructures, that is, not only
73

womenand men,but also singleparents between marriages children families, withoutprejudice to adopted and extended of and childrenborn out of wedlock.lndeed,the portrayal as should be done,in sucha manner family structures different that lt is imperative structures. of atypical to avoid'victimization' in a pitiful/deplorable condition/state; theseare not depicted as with women must be portrayed 4. Tasksusuallyassociated maletasksand should important as that of traditional equally be carried out by bothgenders; planning, welfare, reproductive rights, like family 5. Certain subjects of education and upbringing health of the mother andthe child, at bothmenandwomen; be directed children, should practitioners gender equality andnonshould emphasize 6. Media gender withinthe family, rolesof menandwomen stereotyped in theworkplace andin thecommunity; 7. Presentation of women as inferiorbeings,sexual objects, comments on role of womenand negative sex'role,negative menshould be eliminated: programs, advertisements andfilmsshould 8. Radio andtelevision powerful portray roles; menandwomento haveequally or givenless and stigmatized L Peopleshouldnot be ridiculed physical gender andsexual orientation, importance by reason of and suchas appearance anddisabilities; attributes 10.Womenshouldbe equallyvisibleon the screen.Women's beemphasized andmen's caring abilities should thinking abilities programs, andfilms. advertisements in radioandtelevision
t4

B. MEDIA CONTENT ANDCOVERAGE OF WOMEN ln the end, the imageof womencomesdownto how they are depicted and/orhowtheirconcerns are reported and represented in the media. To ascertain thatwomen andtheirissues are properly promoted: 1. Emphasize on the story; 2. Resiststereotyping alongthe linesof gender, race,religion, ethnicity, language, sexuality, ageandclass; 3. Ensure fairandbalanced reporting whichmeans thatbothmale andfemale views/perspectives/voices arereflected in allstories; parallel 4. Ensure treatment of mareandfemale sources or news subjects (i.e. if a male sourceor subjectis identified by his profession in the headline, text or captionof the story make surethefemale source or subject is alsosimilarly identified); 5. Acknowledge the changing rolesof women and menin today's society; 6. Try to achieve balance in the presentation of womenand men as experts, authorities and commentators on the full rangeof subjects covered; 7. Giveequalprominence to the achievements of women across all issues covered; 8. Protect theimage of women in reporting incidents which involve violence against them;

15

g. Guarantee fairly andtruthfully; stories areillustrated thatwomen and issuesin the of underlying analysis a comprehensive 10.lnclude of women.ll portrayal, and representation coverage ANDTIME C. SPACE and Givemorespaceand timefor voicesof womenon issuesof concern to women. of interest D. WORKPLACE work, considerher needs in the Involvemore women in production andpromotion. for training equalopportunities workplace andprovide BASEDON THE BEIJING GROUPS FORSPECIFIC E. GUIDELINES FORACTION PLATFORM J.1 Objective Strategic anddecisionto expression ofwomen andaccess Increase theparticipation communication. of new technologies and the media in andthrough making J.2 Objective Strategic portrayal of womenin the media and non-stereotyped Promote a balanced '1. Government Entitiesdealingwith Media to trainingand employment a. Supportwomen'seducation, and all areas to promote equal access women's andensure levels on the media;
1'l women in the Newg A Guide for Media,A GenderEqualw Toolkit,lSlS IntemationalManila 2004

76

b. Support research intoall aspects of women andthe media so as to defineareasneeding attention and actionand review existingmedia policies with view to integrating a gender : perspective; c. Promote women's full and equalparticipation in the media, includingmanagement, programming, education, training andresearch; d. Aimat gender balance in theappointment of women andmen to alladvisory management, regulatory or monitoring bodies, including thoseconnected to the private and Stateor public media; e. Encourage, totheextentconsistentwithfreedom ofexpression, thesebodies to increase the number of programs for and by womento see to it that women's needsand concerns are properly addressed; f. Encourageand recognizewomen's media networks, including electronic networks and other new technologies of communication, as a meansfor the dissemination of information and the exchange of views, including at the international level,and support women's groups activein all media workandsystems of communication to thatend.i2 2. NationalMachineryfor the Advancement of Women: a. Encourage the development of educational and training programs for women in order to produceinformation for the massmedia, including funding of experimental efforts, and the use of the new technologies of communication, cybernetics space andsatellite, public whether or private;
BerlingPlatformfor Action Sec. J. l . 239.

77

including systems, the use of communication b . Encourage women's as a meansof strengthening new technologies, processes; participation in democratic of a directoryof women media the compilation Facilitate experts;
d.

of womenin the development the participation Encourage or other guidelines professional and codesof conduct of appropriate self-regulatorymechanisms to promote portrayals of womenby the and non-stereotyped balanced media.

3. By Governmentsand Internationalorganizations,to the extentconsistentwith freedomof expression: of a strategyof a. Promoteresearchand implementation aimed at and communication education information, girls portrayalof andtheir women and promoting a balanced roles; multiple to develop agencies the mediaand advertising b . Encourage for of the Platform to raise awareness specificprograms Action; professionals, gender-sensitive formedia training c. Encourage creation towards mediaownersand managers, including images and diverse balanced and useof non-stereotyped, of womenin the media;
d.

human womenas creative to present the media Convince of to the beneficiaries beings,key actorsand contributors

18

the process of development; e. Promote the conceptthat the sexiststereotype displayed in the media aregender discriminatory degrading in nature and offensive; and f. Take effective measures or institute such measures, including appropriate legislation pornography against and the protection of viorence against womenand chirdren in
media13.

4. Schoolsof journalismand communication

a. Build a newsocial imagination of gender-fair, gender-balanced media part as a of women's human rights. specific actions. 1' Re-train mediaconsumers to understand thatviorence in the mediacontributes to and reinforces a curture of violence. 2. Re{rain media consumers to challenge media that promote, incite, glorify, glamorize, eroticize or trivialize violence against girlsandwomen. - women and men _ in critical 3. Train communities 'read, medialiteracy to mediacontent from a gender perspective. 4. Createan interactive genderand media monitoring website for media users.la under the lead of media trainers, journalismtraininginstitutions
BPAJ.2243 Who makesthe news?GMMP2OlO

t9

and researcherswith support from governments,regional organizations: and international organizations 'gender in schools, and modules curricula and media' b. Create journalism and andcenters; institutes training themodules to apply withskills managers andinstructors c. Equip mediaprofessionals. to traingender sensitive and Associations 5. MediaFederations in media leadership women's a. Promote of women media trainingand re-training 1. Encourage professionals. in whichoriginate of newsagencies the creation 2. Support practices for new and organizations women'snetworks of womento and representation in the mediaportrayal
emerge.l5 and media professional organizations b. By non-governmental associations:

groups that watch of media 1 . Encourage theestablishment withthe media the media andconsult canmonitor are properly andconcerns needs to ensure thatwomen's reflected: 2 . Train women to make greater use of information including and the media, for communication technology level; at the international
IJ

20

3. Create networks among and develop information women's programs organizations, for non-governmental in mediaorganizations and professional organizations in the women needs of the specific orderto recognize participation of women theincreased media, andfacilitate level; at the international in particular in communication, and media andeducation the mediaindustry 4. Encourage languages, in appropriate to develop, institutions training formsof media, and otherethnic indigenous, traditional, poetry and song,reflecting drama, suchas story{elling, theseformsof communication and utilize theircultures, and social information on development to disseminate
issues.l6

and the organizations c. By the media, non-governmental national with private as appropriate, in collaboration, sector, of women: of the advancement machinery 1. Promotethe equal sharingof family responsibilities gender equality thatemphasize campaigns media through genderrolesof womenand men and non-stereotyped aimed information andthatdisseminate within thefamily of forms all and childabuseand spousal at eliminating violence; including domestic women, violence against on women mediamaterials and/or disseminate 2. Produce to theirpositions whobring interalia,as leaders leaders, including life experiences, manydifferent of leadership and work in balancing experiences their to butnotlimited professionals, as as as mothers, responsibilities, family
Beijing Platform of Action, Sec J.1, 242

27

managers andas entrepreneurs, to provide rolemodels, particularly to young women; 3. Promote extensive campaigns, making useof public and private programs, educational to disseminate information aboutand increase awareness of the humanrightsof women; 4. Support thedevelopment of andfinance, as appropriate, alternativemedia and the use of all means of communications to disseminate information to andabout women andtheirconcerns; and 5. Develop approaches and trainexperts to applygender analysis withregard programs.lT to media
F. MONITORING MECHANISMS 1.

The PhilippineGommissionon Women (formerly NCRFW), is policy-making the primary andcoordinating bodyof thewomen and genderequality concerns underthe Officeof the president. The PCWshallbe the overall monitoring bodyand oversight to ensure the implementation of thisAct. Indoing so,thePCWmaydirect any government agency andinstrumentality, as maybe necessary, to report ontheimplementation of thisActandforthemto immediately respond to the problems brought to theirattention in relation to this Act.ThePCWshallalso leadin ensuring government that agencies are capacitated on the effective implementation of thisAct. To the extentpossible, the PCW shall influence the systems, processes, procedures and of theexecutive, legislative andjudicial

17

BPA J.2, 245 Source: http://ww.un.org/womenwatch/daMbeijing/platform/media.htm

22

theimplementation vrs-a-vis GADto ensure of government branches of thisAct.18 2. The Commission on Human Rights, as the Gender and shallundertake withits mandate, consistent Ombud, Development following: limited to the but not suchas measures, a. among withthe PCWand otherstateagencies, Monitor to comply indicators andguidelines in developing others, to the humanrightsof women with theirdutiesrelated guaranteed including their right to nondiscrimination thisAct; under Human and/orits Women's one commission Designate for formulating responsible to be primarily Rights Center programs relatedto and activities and implementing of the human rights of and protection the promotion of and complaints the investigations women,including under rights brought violations of their and discrimination and lawsandregulations;ls thisAct and related law,civil underadministrative The sanctions Penalties: lawsshallbe recommended appropriate service, or other

b.

c.

of the and/or the Department Commission to the CivilService Interior and LocalGovernment. the entityor individual, by a private is committed lf the violation pay person shallbe liableto for the violation responsible directly damages.
.MCW sec. 38 MCW Sec. 39

23

Filinga complaint underthisAct shallnot preclude the offended partyfrompursuing otherremedies available underthe lawandto invoke anyof the provisions of existing lawsprotecting womenand children including theAnti-Sexual Harassment Act,Anti-Rape, AntiTrafficking in Persons Act and the Anti-Violence Againstwomen andtheirChildren Act.ro 3. Genderand mediamonitoringinitiatives in schoolsand by media organizations a. Traintrainers in media monitoring; b. Develop a training manual for gender andmedia monitoring; c. Produce statistics and reference databases on the gender dimensions of news,advertising, entertainment, soapoperasand telenovelas running periods overextended of time; d. Disseminate the results of studies by mediaobservatories using productsthat show the lack of coherence audiovisual between media messages, country realities andtheneed for awareness of a reflective and critical approach to media; e. Share toolsandexperiences in policy and media monitoring; f. Establish mediamonitoring groups working to undertake ongoing andconsistent media monitoring at the national level; and g. work with mediacouncils and mediaassociations to implement actionplans using the resultsof national media monitoring as
evidence.2l
20 21
MCW Sec 41 VVho makes the news? GMMP 2010

24

4. Incentivesand Awards a. Establ ishincentives andawards systems which shall beadm inistered bya board under suchrules andregulations as maybepromulgated by the PCWto deserving government entities, agencies and local government units fortheiroutstanding performance in upholding the rightsof womenand effectimplementation of gender-responsive programs;22 b. Establish annualgender media awardsin recognition of best practices in gender-fair, gender-balanced mediapractice; and c. Mainstream thegender equality criteria ofgender balance in content and programming, genderfair language, positiveportrayal of women in media andfilmawards professionals andother worksby andstudents. G. CHEGKLIST FORGENDER EQUALITY 1- Addressing sexism anddiscrimination in theeducationar system
Checklist of Guide Questions

Steps Kevtew ot theformulation of the course possible titlefor gender bias

Guide Questions !s rnecourse ilile stated rna gender fair manner?An example of a sexist course titleis "History of Mankind."

MCW Sec. 42

?5

objectives and description

originally formulated,promote the students' learning and appreciation of the humanrightsand gender equality dimensions of the subject matter? . Are sexist words or statements in the formulation of the objectives and description? . Can the course description, as originally formulated, reflect the integrationinto the course contents of humanrightsand genderequality topics?

26

syllabus the theories and perspectives included in the original course gender in the course explicitly legitimize discussed or implicitly genderinequality rolestereotyping, as content well as phallocentric and misogynist ideas? . Are there available feminist commentaries thesexist thatchallenge that can be elements of thesetheories included in thecourse syllabus? . Are there other theories and perspectives that can replace those used in the courseto betterhighlight the principles of human rights and gender equality? For example, thereare manytheories of culturalevolution in anthropology (e.9.the "manthe huntertheory" and the theorythat modern societies came aboutthrough survival of the strongest groups.These and most aggressive theories can be replaced by those group cooperation and that privilege peace building exchange as well as efforts.)

27

Inregrauon or toptcsIn tne course syllabus that can highlight human rights and gender principles equality

. In wnatsecilons ot the syllabus can CEDAWor CEDAW-related topics be included? .Are theresexist wordsandstatements intheformulation of thecourse outline? . Are there topics that have to be removed because of their outright sexist, phallocentric and misogynist contents andanalyses? . What othertopicscan be included in the courseoutlineto highlight the principles of humanrights and gender equality? . uo ctassacltvtues gender reproouce role stereotyping and explicitlyor promote implicitly gender inequality? . Do the activities tendto discriminate against female students? . Do they discriminate against female students because of their marital status, sexual orientation, classstatus, ethnic or racial background andage? . Do the classactivities expose female students to physical andsexual risks?

Reviewof activitiesfor possible genderbiases

28

materlals Reviewot reacllng

- Are there readingmatertalsln the original syllabus that explicitly or anddiscriminatory carry sexist implicitly ideas? . Whatadditional can materials reading students the that to ensure be included the humanrights learnand appreciate of the dimensions equality and gender course? Talrly applleo Review ot class poltcles tor . Are tne classpollcles students? andmale to female andjustly possiblegenderbiases . Are there gender biases or aspects of the class discriminatory grading policies to attendance, related of classrequirements, and submission etc.? participation in classactivities,

of University UPCWS, Centers," GenderResource Programs of the Regional Extension

the Philippines,Quezon City, 2006.

portrayal Review only. to media withMCWis notlimited 2 . Complying management on labor and and programs of existingpolicies or schoolis also organization womenin your agency, affecting provisions: MCW with to comply needed have clear Policy: Does the organization The Organization's policy to promote including equality policy of gender on allaspects of women? the integration

29

use of funds: ls adequate provided funding to carryout ail aspects policy? of gender Procedures,putting policy into practice: How is the gender policy put intopractice? Doesit really guide all of youractivities? Understandingneeds: Are there significantgaps in your membership? Howdo youconsult members? Do yourconsultation practices helpyouto understand the needs of women? Decision-making: when making decisions priorities or setting are women well represented? you Do routinely consider the impact of youractivities on yourwomenmembers? Monitoring information: Do youcollect enough information about womenand men to monitor activities by gender? Do you consult monitoring figures when making decisions? Do you regularly use thisdatato assess the effectiveness your of coreactivities? Visibility: Cana woman's voice be heard or seenin allyourreports, speeches, meetings and publications? Breaking down barriers: Do you fully understand the barriers, which deter womenfrom joining,taking part, speaking out or competing for leadership in yourinstitution? Leadership: Are men in leadership activein promoting change? Howdo youensure thatmendevelop an understanding of gender issues? women's structures:Arewomen's structures and representatives ofwomen members fullyintegrated intodecision making structures?
30

to get more involved?Do you recognizethat positive challenged if you wantjust results?23 actionmay be necessary

23

ITUC a TradeUnionManual, Acftieving GsnderEquality,

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EXCERPTS FROM THEIPSGENDERAND DEVELOPMENT GLOSSARY Third Edition Equality The exactsame measure, quantity, amountor numberas another and affecting of all objects in the sameway.lt is nota synonym for equity. Equity Fair and impartial treatment of all classesof peoplewithoutregardto gender, class,race,ethnicbackground, religion, handicap, age or sexual preference. Equity, liketheword'fair'issubjective and doesnot necessary mean equal. Gender A concept that refersto the differences between malesand females that are socially constructed, changeable overtimeand havewidevariations within andbetween cultures. As opposed to biologically determined characteristics (sex),genderrefers to, learned behavior and expectations to fulfillone,simageof masculinity and femininity. Genderis also a socio-economic and political variable with which to analyzepeople'sroles,responsibilities, constraints and opportunities . Gender andwomen are notsynonyms. Genderand Development (GAD) Theapproach thatrecognizes thatail development planning, policies and projectsmust reflectgendersensitivity aboutand genderawareness of the different rolesthat men and womenplay in soiieties,differences in theiraccessto and controlover resources and the differential impacts of development processes on menandwomen.
32

(wlD) from the women in Development is different The GAD approach focusing for questioned whichby the late 1970swas being afproach, and away on womenin isolation and projects programmes resources, develoPment. ftommainstream GenderDiscrimination made on the basisof socially or restriction exclusion Any distinction, genderroles and normsthat preventa person,femaleor constructed rights. fullhuman fromenjoying male, GenderEqualitY and equal of womenand men in lawsand policies, The equalireatment health and education, and services,including accessto resources society. and communities families, within positions, occupational GenderequitY and responsibilities of benefits andlustice in the distribution Fairness andmen. women between and needs havedifferent thatmenandwomen recognizes equity Gender that a manner in andaddressed be identified thesl should power programmes "nO'tnit women-specific Thus, them. between theimbalance rectifies equality' reach to maybe needed and policies Genderfair rePorting for a sources on havingmultiple fair reportinfr""n. insisting Gender or victims as only not heard are thatvoicesof women storyand ensuring students, and economists, butas professionals, parfofthe margin-alized, others. among Aguidefor media) in the news: (Women

33

Genderroles The socially determined behaviors, tasksand responsibilities for menand women based perceived onsocially differences thatdefine howthey should think, actandfeelbased on theirperspective sex. Genderrolescan do changethrough individuar choiceand in response to eventsand process suchas economic crises, declining fertility rates, increasing educational levels for economic crises, declining fertility rates, increasing educational levels forwomen patterns changes in migration and in information system. GenderFriendly sensitive in the portrayal, depiction, reference and treatment of women andmen. (Women in the news: A guide for media) GenderMainstreaming The integration of genderinto the entire spectrumof activities funded by or executed by an organization, and equitable and fuil deregation of responsibility for gender to all staff. Itcanalsoinvolve strategies to increase thenumberand diversity of women onstaff aboutgenderand to reviewordevelop proceduresto internal include genderissuesand responses. In news organizations, mainstreaming meansthe integration of the concepts of gender, equality and women's rights intoall aspects of editorial coverage andensuring thattheseissues influence planning, the newsagenda, sourcing, writing to copyediting. Genderperspective The investigation of how men and women affect and are affectedby political, economic, sociallegal and cultural eventsand processes in different ways.In newswriting, the simplest perspective formof gender is
A

whichare not alwaysheardin and girls'voices, the inclusion of women's stories. Gendersensitivity underlying factors thesocio-cultural Theability andconsider to understand gender-based socialization of menandwomenintocertain discrimination, powerrelations men and women,as between behaviors or opportunities, problems that to resources and levels of access needs, wellas the different theyhave. Patriarchy of life spheres The dominance of men overwomenthat occursin several political spheres. andcultural to, theeconomic, including, butnot limited Sexism to the other, thatone sex is superior The supposition, beliefor assertion of socialroleson stereotyping in the context of traditional oftenexpressed practiced members of against discrimination thebasis of sex,withresultant inferior sex. thesupposedly Sexuality sex, gender, The centralaspect of being humanthat encompasses pleasure, intimacy and eroticism, identities and roles,sexualorientation, reproduction. fantasies, desires, in thoughts, and expressed Sexuality is experienced practices, lt is roles andrelationships. values, behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, psychological, economic, social, of biological influenced bythe interaction , political, andspiritualfactors. legal, historical, andreligious cultural, ethical, SexualOrientation in sexualrelations. as a partner The preference of one sex to another

sexualorientation, alsocalled preference, sexual reflects the opinion that peopledo not controlor influence their sexualor romantic attractions. sexual preference reflects the opinionthat peoplecan and do have the ability to control or influence theirsexual or romantic attractions andtheir sexualorientations. ViolenceAgainst Women "Anyact of gender-based violence that results in, or is rikely to resultin, physical, sexual or mental harmor suffering to women, including threats of suchacts,coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life," as defined bytheUnited Nations Declaration onthe Elimination of Violence against Women. It alsoincludes "physical, sexualand psychologicar violence occurring in the family and in the general community including battering, sexual abuse of femalechildren, dowry-related violence, maritar rape,femalegenital mutilation and othertraditional practices harmful to women,non-spousal violence and violencerelatedto exploitation, sexualharassment, and intimidation at work,in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women, forceprostitution, perpetrated and violence or condonedby the state." NON.SEXIST LANGUAGE Hereis a selected listof terms thatshould be avoided because either they are sexist, exclude women, or are demeaning, mostoftento womenand girls.Alternatives includesex-specific terms and gender-neutral plural forms.lt is good to remember that while gender-neutralterms avoid sexism, theycankeepwomeninvisible. In cases where the useof a word hasreinforced a perception that onlymenperform a task role,sex specific alternatives to it are noted.

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TOAVOID TERMS actress

aged (elderly)

ALTERNATIVES actor women, older oldermen,older elderly adults, senior citizens, fliqhtattendants anchor
sinqlewoman

airline stewards/esses anchorman bachelorette, spinster barren

bellboy

infertile
bellhop

(N.American) blacks
brokenhome

rls womenigi African American men/boys African American Americans African

sinole-oarent familv

of man brotherhood busbov businessman cameraman

comedienne

humanity waiter's assistant businessman, businesswoman, business entrepreneur, community photographer camera operator, comedian chairman, ; chainromen, or chair moderator, chairperson hotelworker cleaners

chairman
chambermaid

ianitress

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congressman

congressional representatives; members of congress; congressman and congresswoman craftsman, craftswoman, artisans doorkeeper lesbian earlypeoples, earlymenand women
delicate,feeble, soft, affected

craftsman
doorman dyke

earlyman effeminate femalelawver firemen

lawver firefighters fishenrvomen, fishermen, fishers, fishermen fishing trade/community fisherfolk fishwives fishsellers forefathers ancestors foreman supervtsor gentleman's agreement unwritten agreement girlFriday administrative assistant handyman repai rer,maintenance worker heroine hero prostitute, commercial sex hooker workers phvsician ladyDoctor doctor, lady guard guard, guard security
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layman layman's language lumberjack

maid mailman

non-specialist non-expert, to religious Layas opposed clergy nottechnical conversational, lumberwoman, lumberman, lumber cutters, dockers
worker/helper, household
domestic worker

malenurse
man,mankind

mailcarrier nurse humanity, human species, human humankind, humans, peoples beings, staffa project,hirepersonnel labor workhours, time
adulthood husbandand wife,wife and hrrsband

mana project man-hours

manhood man and wife

man-made manpower
man-sized middleman

artificial force, resources, labor human

nersonnel

big,huge

Newsman/newshen
mediaman

intermediarv, agent journalist, maleor reporter,

female iorrrnalist

ombudsman
policeman

pressmen

protector, ombud, reoresentative policeofficer, constable pressoperators

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repairmen salesmen/girl servant seaman seamstress spokesmen statesmen statesmanship stockman unmarried/unwed mother usherette waitress watchman weatherman workmen's
comoensafion

repar rman,repatrwomen,
reoairers

salesman, saleswoman, salespeople

household worker,domestic worker

mariner, sailor, seafarer sewer,mender spokesman, spokeswoman, person spokens

political diplomats, leaders diplomacy

stockworker single mother, soloparent usher waiter quard, quard securitv weather reporter, meteorologist worker's compensation prostituted womansexworker driver engrneer writer

whore woman driver woman engineer womanwriter

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References: A 3d Edition JohannaSon, ed., IPS Genderand Development Glossary ToolforJournalists and Writers,IPS-Asia Pacific, 2010. in the Neurs; Pennie Azarcondela Cruz, ed., Women A Guidefor MediaA lSlS lnternationalManila,2004. Gender Equality Toolkit, Sexism in Language & Gender Fair Communication,Powerpoint (WAGI), Institute 2005. Presentation Women andGender Miriam College, Phil.,lnc. by Women's Feature Service Compiled March2O11

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Gender Equality Committee

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