Ken Black QA 5th Chapter 8 Solution

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 1
Chapter 8
Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single
Populations
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The overall learning objective of Chapter 8 is to help you
understand estimating
parameters of single populations, thereby enabling you to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Know the difference between point and interval estimation.

Estimate a population mean from a sample mean when
is known.
Estimate a population mean from a sample mean when
is unknown.
Estimate a population proportion from a sample proportion.
Estimate the population variance from a sample variance.
Estimate the minimum sample size necessary to achieve
given statistical goals.
CHAPTER TEACHING STRATEGY

Chapter 8 is the student's introduction to interval
estimation and estimation of sample size. In this chapter, the
concept of point estimate is discussed along with the notion that
as each sample changes in all likelihood so will the point
estimate. From this, the student can see that an interval
estimate may be more usable as a one-time proposition than the
point estimate. The confidence interval formulas for large sample means
and proportions can be presented as mere algebraic manipulations of formulas
developed in chapter 7 from the Central Limit Theorem.
It is very important that students begin to understand the difference
between mean and proportions. Means can be generated by averaging some sort
of measurable item such as age, sales, volume, test score, etc. Proportions are

computed by counting the number of items containing a characteristic of interest
out of the total number of items. Examples might be proportion of people
carrying a VISA card, proportion of items that are defective, proportion of market
purchasing brand A. In addition, students can begin to see that sometimes single
samples are taken and analyzed; but that other times, two samples are taken in
order to compare two brands, two techniques, two conditions, male/female, etc.
In an effort to understand the impact of variables on confidence intervals,
it may be useful to ask the students what would happen to a confidence interval if
the sample size is varied or the confidence is increased or decreased. Such
consideration helps the student see in a different light the items that make up a
confidence interval. The student can see that increasing the sample size reduces
the width of the confidence interval, all other things being constant, or that it
increases confidence if other things are held constant. Business students probably
understand that increasing sample size costs more and thus there are trade-offs in
the research set-up.
In addition, it is probably worthwhile to have some discussion with
students regarding the meaning of confidence, say 95%. The idea is presented in
the chapter that if 100 samples are randomly taken from a population and 95%
confidence intervals are computed on each sample, that 95%(100) or 95 intervals
should contain the parameter of estimation and approximately 5 will not. In most
cases, only one confidence interval is computed, not 100, so the 95% confidence
puts the odds in the researcher's favor. It should be pointed out, however, that the
confidence interval computed may not contain the parameter of interest.
This chapter introduces the student to the t distribution for
estimating population means when is unknown. Emphasize that this applies
only when the population is normally distributed because it is an assumption
underlying the t test that the population is normally distributed, albeit that this
assumption is robust. The student will observe that the t formula is essentially the
same as the z formula and that it is the table that is different. When the population
is normally distributed and is known, the z formula can be used even for small
samples.
A formula is given in chapter 8 for estimating the population variance; and
it is here that the student is introduced to the chi-square distribution. An
assumption underlying the use of this technique is that the population is normally
distributed. The use of the chi-square statistic to estimate the population variance
is extremely sensitive to violations of this assumption. For this reason, extreme
caution should be exercised in using this technique. Because of this, some
statisticians omit this technique from consideration presentation and usage.
Lastly, this chapter contains a section on the estimation of sample size.
One of the more common questions asked of statisticians is: "How large of a
sample size should I take?" In this section, it should be emphasized that sample
size estimation gives the researcher a "ball park" figure as to how many to sample.
The error of estimation is a measure of the sampling error. It is also equal to
the + error of the interval shown earlier in the chapter.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
8.1
known).
Estimating the Population Mean Using the z Statistic (

Finite Correction Factor
Estimating the Population Mean Using the z Statistic
when the
Sample Size is Small
Using the Computer to Construct z Confidence
Intervals for the
Mean
8.2 Estimating the Population Mean Using the t Statistic (
unknown).
The t Distribution
Robustness
Characteristics of the t Distribution.
Reading the t Distribution Table
Confidence Intervals to Estimate the Population Mean
Using the t
Statistic
Using the Computer to Construct t Confidence
Intervals for the
Mean
8.3
Estimating the Population Proportion

Using the Computer to Construct Confidence
Intervals of the
Population Proportion
8.4
Estimating the Population Variance

8.5
Estimating Sample Size

Sample Size When Estimating
Determining Sample Size When Estimating p
KEY WORDS
Bounds
Chi-square Distribution
Degrees of Freedom(df)
Error of Estimation
Interval Estimate
Point Estimate
Robust
Sample-Size Estimation
t Distribution
t Value
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 8

8.1 a)
= 25
= 3.5
95% Confidence
x z
b)
n = 60
z.025 = 1.96
= 25 + 1.96
= 119.6
98% Confidence
x
xz
3.5
60
= 25 + 0.89 =
24.11 < < 25.89
= 23.89
n = 75
z.01 = 2.33
n = 119.6 + 2.33
23 .89
119.6 6.43 = 113.17 < <
75 =
126.03
c)
x = 3.419
90% C.I.
xz
d)
= 56.7
= 0.974
n = 32
z.05 = 1.645
= 3.419 + 1.645
0.974
32
= 12.1
= 3.419 .283 = 3.136 < < 3.702
N = 500
n = 47

80% C.I.
xz
z.10 = 1.28
12 .1
N n
= 56.7 + 1.28
N 1
47
56.7 2.15 = 54.55 < < 58.85
500 47
500 1

8.2 n = 36
95% C.I.
xz
= 211 1.96
8.3 n = 81
90% C.I.
xz
211 7.51 = 203.49 < < 218.51
= 5.89
5.89
81
= 47 1.08 = 45.92 < < 48.08
= 90.4
Point Estimate
94% C.I.
z.03 = 1.88
49
= 90.4 1.88 70
n
8.5 n = 39
96% C.I.
xz
2 = 49
= 90.4
xz
23
36
= 47
z.05=1.645
= 47 1.645
8.4 n = 70
x
= 211
= 23
z.025 = 1.96
N = 200
z.02 = 2.05
= 90.4 1.57 = 88.83 < < 91.97
N n
11
= 66 2.05
N 1
39
= 11
= 66
200 39
200 1
66 3.25 = 62.75 < < 69.25

x
= 66
Point Estimate
8.6 n = 120
99% C.I.
x
= 18.72
xz
8.7 N = 1500
95% C.I.
= 0.8735
= 18.72
z.005 = 2.575
x
Point Estimate
= 18.72 2.575
n = 187
z.025 = 1.96
0.8735
120
x
= 8.72 .21 = 18.51 < < 18.93
= 5.3 years
= 1.28 years

x
= 5.3 years
xz
Point Estimate
1.28
N n
= 5.3 1.96
N 1
187
1500 187
1500 1
5.3 .17 = 5.13 < < 5.47

8.8 n = 24
90% C.I.
xz
8.9
= 5.625 1.645
n = 36
98% C.I.
xz
= 3.306 2.33
= 2.139
xz
= 5.625 1.085 = 4.540 < < 6.710
= 1.17
= 3.306
z.01 = 2.33
90% C.I.
3.23
24
8.10 n = 36
x
= 3.23
= 5.625
z.05 = 1.645
1.17
36
= 3.306 .454 = 2.852 < < 3.760
= .113
= 2.139
Point Estimate
z.05 = 1.645
= 2.139 1.645
(. 113 )
= 2.139 .031 = 2.108 < < 2.170
36

8.11 95% confidence interval
x
= 24.533
xz
n = 45
= 5.124
= 24.533 + 1.96
z = + 1.96
5.124
45
24.533 + 1.497 = 23.036 <

8.12 The point estimate is 0.5765.
< 26.030
n = 41
The assumed standard deviation is 0.14

95% level of confidence: z = + 1.96
Confidence interval:
0.533647 < < 0.619353
Error of the estimate:
0.619353 - 0.5765 = 0.042853
8.13 n = 13
= 45.62
s = 5.694
df = 13 1 = 12
95% Confidence Interval and /2=.025

t.025,12 = 2.179
x t
5.694
s
= 45.62 2.179
13
n
8.14 n = 12
= 319.17
= 45.62 3.44 = 42.18 < < 49.06
s = 9.104
df = 12 - 1 = 11
90% confidence interval
/2 = .05
x t
323.89
t.05,11 = 1.796
9.104
s
= 319.17 (1.796)
12
n
= 319.17 4.72 =
314.45 < <
8.15 n = 41
= 128.4
s = 20.6
df = 41 1 = 40
98% Confidence Interval

/2 = .01
t.01,40 = 2.423
x t
x
s
20 .6
= 128.4 2.423
= 128.4 7.80 = 120.6 < < 136.2
n
41
= 128.4 Point Estimate
8.16 n = 15
= 2.364
s2 = 0.81
df = 15 1 = 14
90% Confidence interval

/2 = .05
t.05,14 = 1.761
x t
s
= 2.364 1.761
n
8.17 n = 25
= 16.088
0.81
15
= 2.364 .409 = 1.955 < < 2.773
s = .817
df = 25 1 = 24
/2 = .005
t.005,24 = 2.797
x t
x
(. 817 )
s
= 16.088 2.797
= 16.088 .457 = 15.631 < < 16.545
n
25
= 16.088 Point Estimate

8.18 n = 22
= 1,192
98% CI and /2 = .01

x t
s = 279
df = n - 1 = 21
t.01,21 = 2.518
279
s
= 1,192 + 2.518
= 1,192 + 149.78 = 1,042.22 <
22
n
< 1,341.78
The figure given by Runzheimer International falls within the confidence

interval. Therefore, there is no reason to reject the Runzheimer figure as
different from what we are getting based on this sample.
8.19
n = 20
x
df = 19
= 2.36116
95% CI
t.025,19 = 2.093
s = 0.19721
2.36116 + 2.093
0.1972
20
= 2.36116 + 0.0923 = 2.26886 <
< 2.45346
Point Estimate = 2.36116

Error = 0.0923
8.20 n = 28
= 5.335
s = 2.016
df = 28 1 = 27
/2 = .05
t.05,27 = 1.703
x t
8.21 n = 10
2.016
s
= 5.335 1.703
28
n
95% Confidence
x t
8.22
n = 14
= 49.8
s = 18.22
/2 = .025
18 .22
s
= 49.8 2.262
10
n
98% confidence
= 5.335 + .649 = 4.686 < < 5.984
df = 10 1 = 9
t.025,9 = 2.262
= 49.8 + 13.03 = 36.77 < < 62.83
/2 = .01
df = 13

t.01,13 = 2.650
from data:
= 152.16
confidence interval:
s = 14.42
14 .42
s
= 152.16 + 2.65
14
n
x t
152.16 + 10.21 = 141.95 <
< 162.37
The point estimate is 152.16
8.23
n = 17
df = 17 1 = 16
/2 = .005
99% confidence
t.005,16 = 2.921
from data:
= 8.06
confidence interval:
x t
8.06 + 3.59 = 4.47 <
8.24
s = 5.07
s
5.07
= 8.06 + 2.921
n
17
< 11.65
The point estimate is x which is 25.4134 hours. The sample size is 26 skiffs.
The confidence level is 98%. The confidence interval is:
s
s
x t
x t
= 22.8124 < < 28.0145
n
n
The error of the confidence interval is 2.6.011.

8.25
a)
n = 44
p q
= .51 2.575
n
p z
b)
d)
8.26
a)
= .48
p z
p q
= .48 1.645
n
n = 95
p z
p q
= .32 1.555
n
n = 116
116
99% C.I.
z.005 = 2.575
(. 51 )(. 49 )
= .51 .194 = .316 < p< .704
44
95% C.I.
z.025 = 1.96
(. 82 )(. 18 )
= .82 .043 = .777 < p < .863
300
90% C.I.
z.05 = 1.645
(. 48 )(. 52 )
= .48 .024 = .456 < p < .504
1150
88% C.I.
z.06 = 1.555
(. 32 )(. 68 )
= .32 .074 = .246 < p < .394
95
99% C.I.
z.005 = 2.575
= .49
p q
= .49 2.575
n
n = 800
= .32
x = 57
= x = 57
p z
x = 479
(. 49 )(. 51 )
116
97% C.I.
= .49 .12 = .37 < p < .61
z.015 = 2.17
x
479
=
= .60
n 800
p z
c)
= .82
p q
= .82 1.96
n
n = 1150
b)
n = 300
p z
c)
=.51
n = 240
p q
= .60 2.17
n
x = 106
(. 60 )(. 40 )
800
85% C.I.
= .60 .038 = .562 < p < .638

z.075 = 1.44
d)
p z
p q
= .44 1.44
n
n = 60
x = 21
p z
8.27
x 106
=
= .44
n 240
90% C.I.
z.05 = 1.645
x
21
=
= .35
n 60
p q
= .35 1.645
n
n = 85
(. 44 )(. 56 )
= .44 .046 = .394 < p < .486
240
x = 40
(. 35 )(. 65 )
= .35 .10 = .25 < p < .45
60
90% C.I.
z.05 = 1.645
= x = 40 = .47
p z
85
p q
= .47 1.645
n
95% C.I.
p z
z.025 = 1.96
p q
= .47 1.96
n
99% C.I.
p z
(. 47 )(. 53 )
= .47 .09 = .38 < p < .56
85
(. 47 )(. 53 )
= .47 .11 = .36 < p < .58
85
z.005 = 2.575
p q
= .47 2.575
n
(. 47 )(. 53 )
= .47 .14 = .33 < p < .61
85
All other things being constant, as the confidence increased, the width of the
interval increased.
8.28
n = 1003
= .255
99% CI
z.005 = 2.575

p q
= .255 + 2.575
n
p z
n = 10,000
= .255
99% CI
p q
= .255 + 2.575
n
p z
(. 255 )(. 745 )

= .255 + .035 = .220 < p < .290
1003
z.005 = 2.575
(. 255 )(. 745 )

10 ,000
= .255 + .011 = .244 < p < .266
The confidence interval constructed using n = 1003 is wider than the confidence
interval constructed using n = 10,000. One might conclude that, all other things
being constant, increasing the sample size reduces the width of the confidence
interval.
8.29
n = 560
p q
= .47 + 1.96
n
p z
n = 560
p z
8.30
p z
= .28
p q
= .28 + 1.645
n
n = 1250
= .47
x = 997
95% CI
z.025 = 1.96
(. 47 )(. 53 )
= .47 + .0413 = .4287 < p < .5113
560
90% CI
z.05 = 1.645
(. 28 )(. 72 )
= .28 + .0312 = .2488 < p < .3112
560
98% C.I.
z.01 = 2.33
x
997
=
= .80
n 1250
p q
= .80 2.33
n
(. 80 )(. 20 )
= .80 .026 = .774 < p < .826
1250

8.31
n = 3481
a)
b)
x = 927
x
927
=
= .266
n 3481
= .266 Point Estimate
99% C.I.
p z
z.005 = 2.575
p q
= .266 + 2.575
n
(. 266 )(. 734 )

= .266 .019 =
3481
.247 < p < .285
8.32
n = 89
x = 48
p q
= .54 1.44
n
= .63
n = 275
p z
n = 672
p q
= .63 + 1.96
n
p z
8.34
z.075 = 1.44
x
48
=
= .54
n 89
p z
8.33
85% C.I.
x = 121
(. 54 )(. 46 )
89
= .54 .076 = .464 < p < .616
95% Confidence
z.025 = + 1.96
(. 63 )(. 37 )
= .63 + .0365 = .5935 < p < .6665
672
98% confidence
z.01 = 2.33
x 121
=
= .44
n 275
p q
= .44 2.33
n
(. 44 )(. 56 )
275
= .44 .07 = .37 < p < .51

8.35
a)
n = 12
.995,11
18.46 <
n=7
= 4.37
.975,6
= 2.60320
(12 1)( 44 .9)

<
26 .7569
b)
s2 = 44.9
= 28.4
.005,11
df = 12 1 = 11
= 26.7569
(12 1)( 44 .9)

2.60320
< 189.73
= 1.23734
0.64 <
< 7.46
n = 20
= 105
s2 = 1.5376
s = 1.24
(7 1)(1.5376 )
<
14 .4494
c)
<
99% C.I.
.025,6
95% C.I. df = 7 1 = 6
= 14.4494
(7 1)(1.5376 )
1.23734
<
s2 = 1024
s = 32
90% C.I.
df = 20 1 =
19
.95,19
( 20 1)(1024 )
<
30 .1435
d)
= 10.11701
2
645.45 <
n = 17
s2 = 18.56
.90,16
<
(17 1)(18 .56 )

<
23 .5418
2
.05,19
= 30.1435
( 20 1)(1024 )
10 .11701
< 1923.10
80% C.I.
= 9.31224
12.61 <
< 31.89
<
.10,16
= 23.5418
(17 1)(18 .56 )

9.31224
df = 17 1 = 16

8.36
s2 = 37.1833
n = 16
.99,15
= 5.22936
(16 1)( 37 .1833 )

<
30 .5780
18.24 <
8.37
n = 20
.99,19
.01,15
<
= 30.5780
(16 1)( 37 .1833 )

5.22936
s2 = 18.49
= 7.63270
(20 1)(18 .49 )

<
36 .1908
2
df = 16-1 = 15
< 106.66
s = 4.3
9.71 <
98% C.I.
.01,19
98% C.I.
df = 20 1 = 19
= 36.1908
( 20 1)(18 .49 )
7.63270
<
< 46.03
Point Estimate = s2 = 18.49
8.38
s2 = 3.067
n = 15
.995,14
= 4.07466
(15 1)( 3.067 )

<
31 .3194
1.37 <
8.39
n = 14
99% C.I.
.005,14
df = 15 1 = 14
= 31.3194
(15 1)( 3.067 )

4.07466
<
< 10.54
s2 = 26,798,241.76
95% C.I.
df = 14 1 = 13
Point Estimate = s2 = 26,798,241.76
.975,13
= 5.00874
.025,13
(14 1)( 26 ,798 ,241 .76 )

<
24 .7356
14,084,038.51 <
= 24.7356
2
<
(14 1)( 26 ,798 ,241 .76 )

5.00874
< 69,553,848.45

8.40
a)
= 36
n=
E=5
95% Confidence
z.025 = 1.96
z 2 2 (1.96) 2 (36) 2
= 199.15
=
E2
52
Sample 200
b)
= 4.13
n=
E=1
99% Confidence
z 2 2 (2.575 ) 2 (4.13) 2
=
E2
12
= 113.1
Sample 114
c)
E = 10
Range = 500 - 80 = 420
1/4 Range = (.25)(420) = 105

90% Confidence
z.05 = 1.645
z 2 2 (1.645 ) 2 (105 ) 2
n =
= 298.3
=
E2
10 2
Sample 299
d)
E=3
Range = 108 - 50 = 58
1/4 Range = (.25)(58) = 14.5

88% Confidence
n =
z.06 = 1.555
z 2 2 (1.555 ) 2 (14 .5) 2

=
E2
32
Sample 57
= 56.5
z.005 = 2.575
8.41
a)
E = .02
p = .40
96% Confidence
z.02 = 2.05
z 2 p q ( 2.05 ) 2 (. 40 )(. 60 )
=
n =
= 2521.5
E2
(. 02 ) 2
Sample 2522
b)
E = .04
p = .50
95% Confidence
z.025 = 1.96
z 2 p q (1.96 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
= 600.25
E2
(. 04 ) 2
n =
Sample 601
c)
E = .05
n =
p = .55
90% Confidence
z.05 = 1.645
z 2 p q (1.645 ) 2 (. 55 )(. 45 )
=
= 267.9
E2
(. 05 ) 2
Sample 268
d)
E =.01
n =
p = .50
99% Confidence
z.005 = 2.575
z 2 p q (2.575 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
= 16,576.6
E2
(. 01) 2
Sample 16,577
8.42
E = $200
= $1,000
99% Confidence
z 2 2 (2.575 ) 2 (1000 ) 2
n =
= 165.77
=
E2
200 2
Sample 166
z.005 = 2.575

8.43
= $12.50
E = $2
n =
90% Confidence
z 2 2 (1.645 ) 2 (12 .50 ) 2

= 105.7
=
E2
22
Sample 106
8.44
E = $100
Range = $2,500 - $600 = $1,900
1/4 Range = (.25)($1,900) = $475

90% Confidence
n =
z.05 = 1.645
z 2 2 (1.645 ) 2 ( 475 ) 2
= 61.05
=
E2
100 2
Sample 62
8.45
p = .20
q = .80
90% Confidence,
n =
E = .02
z.05 = 1.645
z 2 p q (1.645 ) 2 (. 20 )(. 80 )
=
= 1082.41
E2
(. 02 ) 2
Sample 1083
8.46
p = .50
q = .50
95% Confidence,
E = .05
z.025 = 1.96
z 2 p q (1.96 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
n =
E2
(. 05 ) 2
Sample 385
8.47 E = .10
p = .50
q = .50
= 384.16
z.05 = 1.645
95% Confidence,
n =
z.025 = 1.96
z 2 p q (1.96 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
= 96.04
E2
(. 10 ) 2
Sample 97
8.48
= 7.75
= 45.6
80% confidence
x z
z.01 = 2.33
= 45 .6 2.33
42.55 <
7.75
= 45.6 + 2.46
35
< 48.06
98% confidence
x z
z.03 = 1.88
= 45 .6 1.88
43.14 <
7.75
= 45.6 + 1.68
35
< 47.28
94% confidence
x z
z.10 = 1.28
= 45 .6 1.28
43.92 <
n = 35
< 48.65
7.75
= 45.6 + 3.05
35

8.49
= 12.03 (point estimate)
/2 = .05
For 90% confidence:

x t
s
n
= 12 .03 1.833
11.78 <
(. 4373 )
10
s
n
(. 4373 )
10
a)
(. 4373 )
10
t.005,9 = 3.25
= 12.03 + .45
< 12.48
n = 715
p =
t.025,9 = 2.262
= 12.03 + .31
/2 = .005
= 12 .03 3.25
11.58 <
8.50
t.05,9= 1.833
< 12.34
For 99% confidence:

s
df = 9
= 12.03 + .25
/2 = .025
= 12 .03 2.262
11.72 <
x t
n = 10
< 12.28
For 95% confidence:

x t
s = .4373
x = 329
95% confidence
z.025 = 1.96
329
= .46
715
p z
p q
(. 46 )(. 54 )
= .46 1.96
= .46 + .0365
n
715
.4235 < p < .4965

b)
n = 284
z
p
= .71
q
p
= .71 1.645
n
90% confidence
z.05 = 1.645
(. 71)(. 29 )
= .71 + .0443
284
.6657 < p < .7543

c)
n = 1250
= .48
95% confidence
z.025 = 1.96

p q
(. 48 )(. 52 )
= .48 1.96
= .48 + .0277
n
1250
p z
.4523 < p < .5077

d)
n = 457
p =
x = 270
98% confidence
z.01 = 2.33
270
= .591
457
p q
(. 591 )(. 409 )
= .591 2.33
= .591 + .0536
n
457
p z
.5374 < p < .6446
8.51
n = 10
90% confidence,
.95,9
s2 = 54.7667
s = 7.40045
= 3.32512
/2 = .05
(10 1)( 54 .7667 )

<
16 .9190
29.133 <
.975,9
= 2.70039
<
= 16.9190
(10 1)( 54 .7667 )

3.32512
/2 = .025
(10 1)( 54 .7667 )

<
19 .0228
25.911 <
.05,9
1 - /2 = .95
< 148.235
95% confidence,
df = 10 1 = 9
< 182.529
.025,9
<
1 - /2 = .975
= 19.0228
(10 1)( 54 .7667 )

2.70039
8.52
a)
= 44
n =
E=3
95% confidence
z 2 2 (1.96 ) 2 (44) 2
= 826.4
=
E2
32
Sample 827
b)
E=2
Range = 88 - 20 = 68
use = 1/4(range) = (.25)(68) = 17

90% confidence
z.05 = 1.645
z 2 2 (1.645 ) 2 (17 ) 2
= 195.5
=
E2
22
Sample 196
c)
E = .04
p = .50
98% confidence
q = .50
z.01 = 2.33
z 2 p q ( 2.33 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
= 848.3
E2
(. 04 ) 2
Sample 849
d)
E = .03
p = .70
95% confidence
q = .30
z.025 = 1.96
z 2 p q (1.96 ) 2 (. 70 )(. 30 )
=
= 896.4
E2
(. 03 ) 2
Sample 897
z.025 = 1.96

8.53
n = 17
= 10.765
99% confidence
s = 2.223
/2 = .005
s
2.223
= 10 .765 2.921
n
17
x t
df = 17 - 1 = 16
t.005,16 = 2.921
= 10.765 + 1.575
9.19 < < 12.34
8.54
p = .40
n =
E=.03
90% Confidence
z.05 = 1.645
z 2 p q (1.645 ) 2 (. 40 )(. 60 )
=
= 721.61
E2
(. 03 ) 2
Sample 722
8.55
s2 = 4.941
n = 17
.995,16
99% C.I.
= 5.14216
(17 1)( 4.941 )

<
34 .2671
2.307 <
8.56 n = 45
<
.005,16
= 34.2671
(17 1)( 4.941 )

5.14216
< 15.374
= 213
98% Confidence
xz
df = 17 1 = 16
= 213 2.33
196.33 < < 229.67
= 48
z.01 = 2.33
48
= 213 16.67
45

8.57
n = 39
= 37.256
90% confidence
x z
= 3.891
z.05 = 1.645
= 37 .256 1.645
3.891
= 37.256 1.025
39
36.231 < < 38.281
8.58
= 6
E=1
98% Confidence
z.98 = 2.33
z 2 2 ( 2.33) 2 (6) 2
n =
= 195.44
=
E2
12
Sample 196
8.59
n = 1,255
p =
714
1255
z
p
x = 714
95% Confidence
z.025 = 1.96
= .569
q
p
= .569 1.96
n
.542 < p < .596
(. 569 )(. 431 )

= .569 .027
1,255

8.60
n = 41
s = 21
x =128
98% C.I.
t.01,40 = 2.423
Point Estimate = $128
s
21
= 128 2.423
= 128 + 7.947
n
41
x t
120.053 <
< 135.947
Interval Width = 135.947 120.053 = 15.894
8.61
n = 60
= 6.717
98% Confidence
xz
s
n
= 3.06
N = 300
z.01 = 2.33
N n
3.06
= 6.717 2.33
N 1
60
300 60
=
300 1
6.717 0.825
5.892 < < 7.542
8.62 E = $20
Range = $600 - $30 = $570
1/4 Range = (.25)($570) = $142.50

95% Confidence
n =
z.025 = 1.96
z 2 2 (1.96 ) 2 (142 .50 ) 2

= 195.02
=
E2
20 2
Sample 196
df = 41 1 = 40

8.63
n = 245
p =
x = 189
90% Confidence
z.05= 1.645
x 189
=
= .77
n 245
p q
= .77 1.645
n
p z
(. 77 )(. 23 )
=
245
.77 .044
.726 < p < .814
8.64
n = 90
p =
x = 30
x 30
=
n 90
95% Confidence
z.025 = 1.96
= .33
p q
(. 33 )(. 67 )
= .33 1.96
= .33 .097
n
90
p z
.233 < p < .427
8.65
n = 12
s2 = 228
= 43.7
df = 12 1 = 11
t.025,11 = 2.201
x t
s
n
34.11 <
.99,11
228
= 43 .7 2.201
= 43.7 + 9.59
< 53.29
= 3.05350
(12 1)( 228 )

<
24 .7250
101.44 <
12
<
< 821.35
.01,11
= 24.7250
(12 1)( 228 )

3.05350
95% C.I.

8.66
n = 27
95% CI:
x t
= 4.82
s = 0.37
df = 26
t.025,26 = 2.056
s
0.37
= 4.82 2.056
= 4.82 + .1464
n
27
4.6736 < < 4.9664

Since 4.50 is not in the interval, we are 95% confident that does not
equal 4.50.
8.67
n = 77
= 2.48
95% Confidence
xz
= 12
z.025 = 1.96
= 2.48 1.96
12
77
= 2.48 2.68
-0.20 < < 5.16

The point estimate is 2.48
The interval is inconclusive. It says that we are 95% confident that the average
arrival time is somewhere between .20 of a minute (12 seconds) early and 5.16
minutes late. Since zero is in the interval, there is a possibility that, on average,
the flights are on time.
8.68
n = 560
99% Confidence
p z
=.33
z.005= 2.575
p q
= .33 2.575
n
.28 < p < .38
(. 33 )(. 67 )
560
= .33 .05

8.69
p = .50
E = .05
98% Confidence
z.01 = 2.33
z 2 p q ( 2.33 ) 2 (. 50 )(. 50 )
=
= 542.89
E2
(. 05 ) 2
Sample 543
8.70
n = 27
= 2.10
98% confidence
x t
s = 0.86
/2 = .01
df = 27 - 1 = 26
t.01,26 = 2.479
s
0.86
= 2.10 2.479
= 2.10 0.41
n
27
1.69 < < 2.51
8.71
n = 23
df = 23 1 = 22
.95,22
= 12.33801
.05,22
(23 1)(. 0631455 ) 2

<
33 .9245
.0026 <
8.72
n = 39
x z
s = .0631455
90% C.I.
= 33.9245
<
(23 1)(. 0631455 ) 2

12 .33801
< .0071
= 1.294
= 1.294 2.575
1.209 < < 1.379
= 0.205
0.205
39
99% Confidence
= 1.294 .085
z.005 = 2.575
8.73
The sample mean fill for the 58 cans is 11.9788 oz. with a standard deviation of
.0536 oz. The 99% confidence interval for the population fill is 11.9607 oz. to
11.9969 oz. which does not include 12 oz. We are 99% confident that the
population mean is not 12 oz., indicating that the machine may be under filling
the cans.
8.74
The point estimate for the average length of burn of the new bulb is 2198.217
hours. Eighty-four bulbs were included in this study. A 90% confidence interval
can be constructed from the information given. The error of the confidence
interval is + 27.76691. Combining this with the point estimate yields the 90%
confidence interval of 2198.217 + 27.76691 = 2170.450 < < 2225.984.
8.75
The point estimate for the average age of a first time buyer is 27.63 years. The
sample of 21 buyers produces a standard deviation of 6.54 years. We are 98%
confident that the actual population mean age of a first-time home buyer is
between 24.0222 years and 31.2378 years.
8.76
A poll of 781 American workers was taken. Of these, 506 drive their cars to
work. Thus, the point estimate for the population proportion is 506/781 = .
647887. A 95% confidence interval to estimate the population proportion shows
that we are 95% confident that the actual value lies between .61324 and .681413.
The error of this interval is + .0340865.

Ken Black QA 5th Chapter 8 Solution

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Ken Black QA 5th Chapter 8 Solution

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Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 1

Know the difference between point and interval estimation.

CHAPTER TEACHING STRATEGY

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 2

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 3

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 4

Estimating the Population Mean Using the z Statistic (

Estimating the Population Proportion

Estimating the Population Variance

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 5

Estimating Sample Size

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 8

24.11 < < 25.89

= 3.419 .283 = 3.136 < < 3.702

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 6

56.7 2.15 = 54.55 < < 58.85

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 7

211 7.51 = 203.49 < < 218.51

= 47 1.08 = 45.92 < < 48.08

= 90.4 1.57 = 88.83 < < 91.97

66 3.25 = 62.75 < < 69.25

= 8.72 .21 = 18.51 < < 18.93

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 8

5.3 .17 = 5.13 < < 5.47

= 5.625 1.085 = 4.540 < < 6.710

= 3.306 .454 = 2.852 < < 3.760

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 9

24.533 + 1.497 = 23.036 <

The assumed standard deviation is 0.14

0.533647 < < 0.619353

Error of the estimate:

0.619353 - 0.5765 = 0.042853

95% Confidence Interval and /2=.025

= 45.62 3.44 = 42.18 < < 49.06

90% confidence interval

314.45 < <

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 10

98% Confidence Interval

= 128.4 Point Estimate

90% Confidence interval

= 2.364 .409 = 1.955 < < 2.773

99% Confidence Interval

= 16.088 Point Estimate

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 11

98% CI and /2 = .01

The figure given by Runzheimer International falls within the confidence

= 2.36116 + 0.0923 = 2.26886 <

Point Estimate = 2.36116

90% Confidence Interval

= 5.335 + .649 = 4.686 < < 5.984

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 12

152.16 + 10.21 = 141.95 <

The point estimate is 152.16

8.06 + 3.59 = 4.47 <

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 13

= .49 .12 = .37 < p < .61

= .60 .038 = .562 < p < .638

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 14

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 15

(. 255 )(. 745 )

(. 255 )(. 745 )

= .255 + .011 = .244 < p < .266