Class12 Sanskrit Textbook2

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Hknza d.ksfZ Hk% k`.kq;ke nsok%

Hknza i';sek{kfHk;Zt=kk% A
fLFkjSjLS rq"VqokalLruwfHk&
O;Z'ksefg nsofgra ;nk;q% AA1AA
e/q okrk rk;rs e/q {kjfUr flU/o%A
ekohuZ% lURoks"k/h% AA2AA
e/q uDreqrks"klks e/qeRikfFkZoa jt%A
e/q |kSjLrq u% firk AA3AA
e/qekUuksouLifreZ/eq k vLrq lw;%Z A
ekohxkZoks HkoUrq% u% AA4AA
HkkokFkZ%
gs nsox.k! ge dkuksa ls dY;k.kdkjh (opu) lqu]as vk[kksa ls dY;k.kdkjh (n`';)
ns[ksAa lHkh fLFkj vk as (LoLFk bfUnz;ks)a ls Lrqfr djrs gq, fnO; vk;q dks izkIr djsa
AA1AA
lqjfHkr ok;q cgsA ufn;k e/qj ty ls ;qDr gksaA vks"kf/;k gekjs fy, ekqe;
gksa AA2AA
jkf=k;k e/qe; gksAa izkr% dky e/qj (lqiHz kkr) gksA i`fFkoh dh /wy Hkh e/qe;
vFkkZr~ e/qj vUuiznkf;uh gksA |qyksd (u{k=kyksd) izdk'ke; gksA ijes'oj gekjs fy,
dY;k.kdkjh gksa AA3AA
ouLifr;k gekjs fy, e/qj gkso]as lw;Z e/qj (vUukfn nsus okys) gksoAas xk;sa gesa ekqj
(nw/ nsus okyh) gksa AA4AA
'kk'orh
f}rh;ks Hkkx%
}kn'koxkZ; laLrL; ikB~;iqLrde~
(,sfPNdikB~;e%)
ISBN 81-7450-638-1
izFke laLdj.k
lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr
fnlacj 2006 ikS"k 1928
vDrwcj 2007 vkf'ou 1929

tuojh 2008 ikS"k 1930
izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk
bysDVkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZx vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx
ifr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA
bl iqLrd dh fch bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk
;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk
m/kjh ij] iqufoZ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA
PD 3T ML
bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ
iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk
ekU; ugha gksxkA
iqueZq.k
jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k

ifj"kn~] 2006
,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- osQ izdk'ku foHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
#- 55-00
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 70 th-,l-,e- isij

ij eqfnzrA
izdk'ku foHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku
vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh
110 016 }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk isfydu izSl]
,&45] ukjk;.kk baMfLV;y ,fj;k] isQt& II]
ubZ fnYyh 110 028 }kjk eqfnzrA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
Jh vjfoan ekxZ
u;h fnYyh 110 016
iQksu % 011&26562708
108] 100 iQhV jksM

gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs
cuk'kadjh III bLVst
cSaxywj 560 085
iQksu % 080&26725740
uothou VLV Hkou

Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkckn 380 014
iQksu % 079&27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh
dksydkrk 700 114
iQksu % 033&25530454
lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxkao
xqokgkVh 781021
iQksu % 0361&2674869
izdk'ku lg;ksx
v;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx
eq[; mRiknu vfkdkjh
eq[; laiknd
eq[; O;kikj ca/d
lgk;d laiknd
lgk- mRiknu vf/dkjh
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is;sfV jktkoqQekj
f'ko oqQekj
'osrk mIiy
xkSre xkaxqyh
,e- yky
vrqy lDlsuk
vkoj.k ,oa fp=kkadu

v:i xqIrk
iqjksoko~Q
2005 bZLoh;k;ka jkf"V;&ikBp;kZ&:ijs[kk;ke~ vuq'kaflra ;r~ Nk=kk.kka fo|ky;thoua fo|ky;srjthousu
lg ;kstuh;e~A flkUrks;a iqLrdh;&KkuL; rL;k% ijEijk;k% i`Fko~Q orZrs] ;L;k% izHkkokr~ vLekoaQ
f'k{kkO;oLFkk bnkuha ;kor~ fo|ky;L; ifjokjL; leqnk;L; p e;s vUrjkya iks"k;frA
jkf"V;ikBp;kZoyfEcrkfu ikBe&ikBiqLrdkfu vL; ewyHkkoL; O;ogkjfnf'k iz;Ru ,oA
iz;klsfLeu~ fo"k;k.kka e;s fLFkrk;k% fHkRrs% fuokj.ka KkukFk jVuizo`ks'p f'kfFkyhdj.kefi lfEefyra
orZrsA vk'kkLegss ;r~ iz;klks;a 1986 bZZLoh;k;ka jkf"V;&f'k{kk&uhrkS vuq'kaflrk;k% ckyosQfUnzr&
f'k{kkO;oLFkk;k% fodklk; Hkfo";frA
iz;RuL;kL; lkiQY;a fo|ky;kuka izkpk;kZ.kke~ v;kidkukp rs"kq iz;kls"kq fuHkZja ;=k rs lokZufi
Nk=kku~ LokuqHkwR;k KkuetZf;rqa] dYiuk'khyf;k% fon/krqa] iz'uku~ iz"Vaq p izksRlkg;fUrA vLekfHk%
vo';eso Lohdj.kh;a ;r~ LFkkua] le;%] LokrU=;a p ;fn nh;sr] rfgZ f'k'ko% o;LoSQ% iznksu Kkusu
la;qT; uwrua Kkua l`tfUrA ijh{kk;k% vkkkj% fu/kZfjr&ikBiqLrdeso bfr fo'okl% KkuktZuL;
fofo/lkkukuka ksrlka p vuknjL; dkj.ks"kq eq[;ree~A f'k'kq"kq ltZu'kDrs% dk;kZjEHkizo`ks'p
vkkkua rnSo lEHkosr~ ;nk o;a rku~ f'k'kwu~ f'k{k.kizf;k;k% izfrHkkfxRosu LohoqQ;kZe] u rq fukkZfjrKkuL;
xzkgdRosu ,oA
bekfu ms';kfu fo|ky;L; nSfuddk;Zes dk;ZirkS p ifjorZueis{kUrsA ;Fkk nSfud≤&
lkj.;ka ifjorZu'khyRoe~ visf{kra rFkSo okf"kZddk;Zek.kka fuoZg.ks rRijrk vko';dh ;su f'k{k.kkFk
fu;rs"kq dkys"kq oLrqr% f'k{k.ka HkosrA~ f'k{k.kL; ewY;ku L; p fok;% Kkif;";fUr ;r~ ikBiqLrdfena
Nk=kk.kka fo|ky;h;&thous vkuUnkuqHkwR;Fk fd;r~ izHkkfo orZr]s u rq uhjlrk;k% lk/ue~A ikBp;kZHkkjL;
funkuk; ikBefuekZr`fHk% ckyeuksfoKkun`"Vk v;kiuk; miyC/&dkyn`"Vk p fofHkUus"kq Lrjs"kq
fo"k;KkuL; iqufuZ/kZj.ksu iz;Ruks fofgr%A iqLrdfena Nk=kk.kka rs fpUruL;] foLe;L;] y?kqlewgs"kq
okrkZ;k%] dk;kZuqHkokfn& xfrfokhuka p rs izkpq;sZ.k volja nnkfrA ikBiqLrdL;kL; fodklk;
fof'k"V;ks x nkuk; jkf"V ; 'kS f {kdkuq l Ukkuiz f 'k{k.kifj"kn~ Hkk"kkijke'kZ n kr` l fers % v;{kk.kka
iv
izk-s ukeojflagegksn;kuka] laLrikBiqLrdkuka eq[;ijke'kZdkuka izk-s jkkkoYyHkf=kikfBegkHkkxkuka]

ikBiqLrdfuekZ.klfers% lnL;kukp rs gkfnZoQha rKrka Kki;frA iqLrdL;kL; fodkls uSosQ
fo'ks"kKk% vuqHkfou% f'k{kdk'p ;ksxnkua roUr%] rs"kka laLFkkizeq[kku~ laLFkk'p izfr /U;oknks
O;kf;rsA
ikBiqLrdfodkles mUurLrjk; fujUrja iz;Ru'khyk ifj"kfn;a iqLrdfena Nk=kk.kka rs
mi;qDrrja drq fo'ks"kKS% vuqHkfofHk% v;kidS'p izsf"krkuka lRijke'kkZuka lnSo Lokxra fo/kL;frA
uo nsgyh
uoEcj 2006
funs'kd%
jkf"V;'kSf{kdkuqla/kuizf'k{k.kifj"kn~
IkkB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr

v;{k] Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr
ukeoj lg] iwoZ v;{k] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQUnz] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh
eq[; ijke'kZd
jk/koYyHk f=kikBh] v;{k] laLr foHkkx] gjhflag xkSj fo'ofo|ky;] lkxj
eq[; leUo;d
jketUe 'kekZ] izksisQlj ,oa v;{k] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
leUo;d
deykdkUr feJ] izksisQlj laLr] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
lnL;
nhfIr f=kikBh] v;{k] laLr foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh&110007
osQnkjukjk;.k tks'kh] v;{k] laLr v;;u'kkyk] foe fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu] e-izckcwyky 'kekZ] v;{k] laLr foHkkx] eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
fo:ik{k fo- tM~Mhiky] jhMj] jkf"V; laLr fo|kihB] fr#ifr] vk-iz-&517507
lqjs'k pUnz 'kekZ] izkpk;Z] jktdh; ofj"B ek;fed cky fo|ky;] ua-&1] 'kfDr uxj] fnYyh&7
'kkfUr vk;kZ] izoDrk] ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] xqM+xko] gfj;k.kk
xqykc lg] izoDrk] laLr] 'k- c- oqQ- fo- jktdh; loksZn; fo|ky;] flfoy ykbUl] fnYyh&54
;rhUnz oqQekj 'kekZ] izoDrk] laLr] 'k-v-fc- jktdh; loksZn; fo|ky; u- 1] ywMyks oSQly]
fnYyh&54
vfurk 'kekZ] izoDrk] laLr] foosdkuUn LowQy] Mh&CykWd vkuUn fogkj] fnYyh
foHkkxh; lnL;
".kpUnz f=kikBh] izokpd laLr] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
j.kftr csgsjk] izoDrk laLr] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
vkHkkj
jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqlU/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ mu lHkh fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa ,oa f'k{kdksa
osQ izfr rKrk Kkfir djrh gS ftUgksua s bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa viuk lf;
;ksxnku fn;k gSA
ifj"kn~ MkW- lqjUs nz >k] izkpk;Z] jkf"V; laLr laLFkku] y[ku oSQEil dh vkHkkjh
gS ftUgksaus bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa viuk ;FkklEHko ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
Jh pUnz'ks[kj nkl oekZ dh fr îk"kk.khdU;k* osQ vuqoknd MkW- ukjk;.k nk'k]
ia- "khosQ'k Hk^kpk;Z] nsof"kZ dykukFk 'kkL=kh ,oa ia- Hk^ eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh izHk`fr
vkkqfud lkfgR;dkjksa dh Hkh vkHkkjh gS ftudh fr;ksa ls izLrqr iqLrd esa ikB~;lkexzh
lfyr dh xbZ gSA
izdk'ku dk;Z esa lf; lg;ksx osQ fy, Hkk"kk foHkkx dEI;wVj LVs'ku osQ
bUpktZ ij'kjke dkSf'kd] dkWih ,MhVj foHkwfr ukFk >k] losUZ nz oqQekj ,oa lrh'k >k_
izwiQ jhMj jktey ;kno ,oa Mh-Vh-Ikh- vkWijsVj deys'k vk;kZ kU;okn osQ
ik=k gSAa
Hkwfedk
laLr Hkkjr dh vkRek vkSj Hkkjrh; laLfr dk ksr gSA oSfnd dky ls vkt rd lrr
izogeku laLr lkfgR; dh vt ksrfLouh esa gekjs ,sfgd rFkk ikjykSfyd fpUru] ns'kHkfDr
vkSj fo'ocU/qRo dh Hkkouk dk izlkj] vkpkj ,oa fopkj dk etqy ef.kdkpu leok;] Kku
vkSj foKku osQ {ks=k esa xEHkhj fpUru] vkRek vkSj ijekRek esa ,sD; osQ ek;e ls izkf.kek=k esa lerk
osQ Hkko dh LFkkiuk vkSj mnkk laLdkjksa osQ }kjk Js"B ukxfjdksa osQ fuekZ.k dh {kerk fo|eku gSA
laLr Hkk"kk vkSj mldk le` ok~e; jk"V dh ,d ,slh fuf/ gS] tks lukru ewY;ksa
vkSj vfHkuo izo`fk;ksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djus dh vn~Hkqr {kerk ls lEiUu gSA ns'k dh bl
lokZf/d izkphu Hkk"kk us Hkkjr dh e;dkyhu vkSj vk/qfud Hkk"kkvksa osQ fodkl esa viuk
eguh; ;ksxnku fd;k gSA vk/qfud Hkkjr dh izk;% lHkh Hkk"kkvksa us laLr ls 'kCnlEink xzg.k
dj vius 'kCndks'k esa vfHko`f dh gSA vkt lewpk fo'o laLr Hkk"kk vkSj mlosQ lkfgR;
osQ ego dks Lohdkj dj blosQ izlkj dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gSA vkt fo'o osQ vusd fo'ofo|ky;ksa
esa laLr osQ v;;u] v;kiu vkSj vuq'khyu dh izo`fk mkjkskj fodflr gks jgh gSA blls
laLr dh lkoZHkkSe egkk Lor% fl gks jgh gSA
izLrqr ladyu dh i`"BHkwfe
laLr osQ vf[ky Hkkjrh; ego dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqlU/ku vkSj
izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ osQ roko/ku esa ofj"B ek;fed Lrj ij oSdfYid fo"k; osQ :i esa laLr
i<+us okys Nk=kksa osQ fy, izLrqr ladyu dk lEiknu fd;k x;k gSA foxr o"kks esa ifj"kn~ }kjk
izdkf'kr fo|ky;h; f'k{kk osQ fy, jk"Vh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk rFkk ikB~;iqLrdksa dh ,d
ckj iqu% vkewy&pwy leh{kk dh x;h rFkk jk"Vh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 osQ ekud
y{;ksa dk fu/kZj.k fd;k x;kA bu y{;ksa esa lokZf/d egoiw.kZ gS&HkkjeqDr f'k{kkA fo}kuksa dk
vuqHko gS fd ikB~;xzUFkksa osQ nq:g Hkkj ls cksf>y Nk=k] ,d fcUnq ij igqp dj ikB~;e dks
^Hkkj* ekuus ,oa vuqHko djus yxrk gSA ikB~;eksa dh fofo/rk] cgqyrk rFkk ek=kkfkD; & rhuksa
feydj Nk=k dh v;;u&vfHk#fp dks izk;% lekIr gh dj nsrs gSaA vr% vko';d gS fd
Nk=kksa dh v;;u&vfHk#fp dks fuR; uohu cukus osQ fy, f'k{kk (osQ ikB~;e) dks HkkjeqDr
fd;k tk;sA
viii
tc f'k{kk HkkjeqDr gksxh rks og Lo;eso ,d ^vkuUnizn vuqHkwfr* fl gksxhA ;g

ikB~;p;kZ&2005 dk nwljk y{; gSA vkuUn rHkh izkIr gksrk gS tc fdlh dk;Z esa m}sx u gks]
v#fp u gks] Fkdku u gksA f'k{kk osQ HkkjeqDr gksus ij ;s xq.k Lor% mn~Hkwr gksaxs vkSj rc Nk=k
Lo;a vius ikB~;e esa vk"V ,oa vuqjDr gksxkA bl vkuUno`f osQ fy, ikB~;e esa ,sls
Kku&lUnHkks dk lekos'k fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftuesa mnkk thou ewY; gksa] ftuesa ?kVuk&oSfp=; osQ
lkFk gh lkFk vk/qfud tuthou dk izfrfcEc Hkh gksA
oLrqr% f'k{kk ,oa ikB~;e dk ;g i{k vR;Ur egoiw.kZ gSA nsook.kh laLr dk ok~e;
osnksa ls izkjEHk gksdj vk/qfud ;qx rd O;kIr gSA ;g ok~e; Hkkjro"kZ osQ fiNys ikp gtkj o"kks
dk ,d thoUr nLrkost gS ftlesa jk"V dk bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] n'kZu] laLfr] lkekftd mFky&iqFky]
fuR; ifjorZu'khy tuthou lc oqQN fo|eku gSA
,slh fLFkfr esa vko';d gS fd izkphu xzUFkksa ls ge ,sls gh va'k ikB~;e esa lekfo"V djsa
ftuesa vkt dk Hkh jk"Vh; ,oa lkekftd ifjos'k lejl gksA Jo.k oqQekj dh ekr`fir`HkfDr]
gfj'pUnz dh lR;fu"Bk] okYehfd&of.kZr rqvksa dk 'kk'or lkSUn;Z rFkk dFkklfjRlkxj] iprU=k]
fgrksins'k ,oa iq#"kijh{kk vkfn izkphu xzUFkksa dh f'k{kkizn dgkfu;k blh izdkj dh gSaA budk lUnHkZ
lkoZdkfyd gS vr% budh lEisz"k.kh;rk Hkh tSlh dh rSlh gSA
ikB~;p;kZ dk rhljk y{; Hkh ;gh fuf'pr fd;k x;k & thou osQ ifjos'k ls f'k{kk dk
?kfu"B lEcU/A bl y{; dh iwfrZ rHkh gks losQxh tc ladfyr ikBka'kksa ,oa vk/qfud thou&ifjos'k
osQ chp lsrq gks] vUr%lEcU/ gksA
ikB~;p;kZ dk pkSFkk y{; fuf'pr fd;k x;k & f'k{kk dh xq.kokk esa lq/kjA bl y{; dh iwfrZ
osQ fy, gesa ;g ;ku j[kuk gksxk fd gekjh ikB~;iqLrosaQ loZFkk fujo| gksa] fookneqDr gksaA
ladfyr ikB jk"Vh; vkn'kks rFkk laoS/kfud ekU;rkvksa osQ loZFkk vuqowQy gksaA iqjkuh ikB~;iqLrdksa
esa izk;% êwyikB dh j{kk* osQ yksHko'k mi;qZDr rF;ksa dh mis{kk dh x;hA ijUrq vkt dk Hkkjrh;
lekt vR;Ur laosnu'khy gSA vr% ;g ;ku j[kk gh tkuk pkfg, fd fdlh Hkh ladfyr va'k ls
lekt osQ fdlh Hkh oxZ dh Hkkouk vkgr u gksA ikBksa ls loZkeZ&leHkko] loksZn; rFkk lkekftd
lekurk vkfn dk leFkZu gksuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh oxZ] tkfr] leqnk; vFkok izo`fk dh voekuuk
ugha gksuh pkfg, vkSj u gh fdlh osQ izfr izR;{k vFkok ijks{k jhfr ls dksbZ vk{ksi gksuk pkfg,A
ikB~;p;kZ dk vfUre y{; vR;Ur egoiw.kZ gS] fo'ks"kdj laLr ikB~;e osQ lUnHkZ esa !
;g y{; gS & Nk=kksa dks fpUru osQ fy, izsfjr djukA ikB~;e ,slk cuk;k tkuk pkfg, tks Nk=kksa
dks Lo;a LiwQrZ cuk losQA izk;% f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks ^fu#ik;* cukrk gS ;g dgdj fd ^d.BLFk djus
osQ vfrfjDr vkSj dksbZ mik; ughaA*
ix
'kCn:Ik ,oa /krq:Ik d.BLFk djrs&djrs vf/dka'k Nk=k fujk'k] oqQf.Br ,oa grizHk gksdj
laLrk;;u ls fojr gks tkrs gSaA Nk=kksa esa ,d Hkze&lk O;kIr gks tkrk gS fd laLr esa lc oqQN
jVus ls gh fl gksxkA tcfd ,slk fcYoqQy ugha gSA dkSu ,slh Hkk"kk gS ftlesa Nk=k egoiw.kZ va'kksa
dks d.BLFk ugha djrk\ fo|k dk d.BLFk gksuk rks iz'kaluh; ckr gS] bldh fuUnk oSQlh\
ijUrq laLr Hkk"kk esa izoh.k gksus osQ fy, lc oqQN jV Mkyus dh dksbZ vko';drk ughaA
vko';drk gS rks osQoy bl ckr dh fd Nk=k loZ=k ^v;kidkfJr* gh u gksA og Lo;a Hkh oqQN
lkspuk fopkjuk vFkok djuk lh[ksA fdlh ikB dks i<+dj og bruk leFkZ gks tk; fd ikBkfJr
y?kq iz'uksa dk mkj ns losQ] fdlh va'k dk vk'k; crk losQ] fjDr LFkkuksa dh ikB~;ka'k osQ vkkkj
ij iwfrZ dj losQ] izfr&izR;; dk leqfpr esyu dj losQ rFkk ;ksX;rk&foLrkj osQ vU;kU; ekudksa
dks Hkh vkRelkr~ dj losQA
fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd laLrk;k;h Nk=k dk laLr osQ lkFk uhj&{khj lEcU/ gksuk pkfg, u fd
fry&r.Mqyor~ lal`f"V! ;fn Nk=k ^laLre;* ugha gqvk] mldh laLr le>us] fy[kus] cksyus dh
{kerk fodflr ugha gks ik;h rks fiQj laLr i<+us dk ykHk D;k gqvk\ ;g lc lEHko gS ikB~;p;kZ
osQ mi;qDZ r y{;ksa dks viukus lsA
mi;qDZ r y{;ksa dks pfjrkFkZ ,oa vuqi;z qDr djus dh n`f"V ls gh ûohu ikB~;e* dh
ladYiuk dh x;h rFkk u;s ekun.Mksa osQ vk/kj ij NBh] uoha] rFkk X;kjgoha d{kk osQ Nk=kksa osQ
fy, u;h ikB~;iqLrdksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bu iqLrdksa dk izeq[k oSf'k"V~; gS&
d & izkphu xzUFkka'kksa osQ lkFk gh lkFk vk/qfud laLr jpukvksa dk Hkh lekos'kA
[k & vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ lkfgR; dh fofo/ vuwfnr (laLr esa) jpukvksa dk Hkh
ikB~;e esa lekos'kA
x & ikB~;p;kZ osQ fofo/ y{;ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq u;s vH;kl iz'uksa] fVIif.k;ksa ,oa ;ksX;rk
foLrkj&mik;ksa dk lekos'kA
?k & f'k{k.k&laosQrksa dk funsZ'kA
ikB~;p;kZ osQ y{;ksa dks n`f"V esa j[kdj lq/h izk;kidksa ,oa fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa osQ leosr iz;kl
ls fufeZr izLrqr ikB~;iqLrd fu'p; gh laLrk;;u osQ {ks=k esa ,d 'kqHkkjEHk gSA ;g ikB~;e
laLrkkhrh Nk=kksa esa mu xq.kksa dks fodflr djsxk tks ikB~;p;kZ osQ y{;:Ik esa foU;Lr fd;s x;s gSAa
ikB~;iqLrd&lfefr osQ eq[; ijke'kZd osQ :i esa gesa ekxZn'kZu feyk gS laLr osQ iz[;kr
fo}ku~ izks- jk/koYyHk f=kikBh] v;{k] laLr foHkkx] MkW- gjhflag xkSj fo'ofo|ky;] lkxj
(e-iz-) dk tks Js"B dfo] leh{kd] vusd ikB~;xzUFk&fuekZrk ,oa vuqHko osQ kuh deZB fo}ku~
gSaA fo'ks"kK fo}ku~ osQ :Ik esa ge ykHkkfUor gq, gSa izks- osQnkjukjk;.k tks'kh vkpk;Z ,oa v;{k
laLr v;;u'kkyk] foe fo'ofo|ky; mTtSu (e-iz-) ,oa izks- nhfIr f=kikBh v;{k] laLr
foHkkx fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ls tks iwoZ esa Hkh jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqlU/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh
laLr lEcUkh vusd ifj;kstukvksa] laxksf"B;ksa ,oa mieksa esa viuk lf; ;ksxnku nsrs jgs gSaA
lfefr osQ vU;kU; leLr lnL; Hkh fo"k; ,oa Hkk"kk osQ eeZK] ;'kLoh izk;kid gSaA
izLrqr lyu esa ckjg ikB gSaA ^fo|;ke`re'uqrs* uked izFke ikB bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kn~ ls
lf yr fd;k x;k gSA blesa bZ'oj dh loZ&O;kidrk] deZ dh egkk] vkRek dh fo'ks"krk rFkk
fo|k vkSj vfo|k nksuksa dh mikns;rk dk fu:i.k ,oa fo|k ls vejRo dh izkfIr dk izfriknu fd;k
x;k gSA
f}rh; ikB ^j?kqdkSRllaokn%* egkdfo dkfynkl iz.khr j?kqoa'k egkdkO; osQ ipe lxZ ls
lax`ghr gSA blesa jktk fnyhi osQ iq=k j?kq dh nkuohjrk dk o.kZu gSA
r`rh; ikB ^ckydkSrqde~* egkdfo HkoHkwfr }kjk fojfpr mkjjkepfjre~ uked ukVd osQ
prqFkZ v ls lf yr fd;k x;k gSA blesa pUnzosQrq }kjk jf{kr jktk jke osQ v'oes/h; v'o dks
ns[kdj vkJe osQ ckydksa esa mRiUu dkSrwgy rFkk yo }kjk ?kksM+s dks vkJe esa ys tkdj ck/us dh
?kVuk dk ekfeZd fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA
prqFkZ ikB ^deZxkSjoe~* Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk osQ f}rh; ,oa r`rh; v;k;ksa ls lfyr gSA blesa
deZ dh egkk rFkk dehZ dh oqQ'kyrk dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA
ipe ikB ^'kqduklksins'k%* egkdfo ck.kHk^ osQ }kjk fojfpr dknEcjh uked x|dkO;
ls lf yr fd;k x;k gSA blesa jktk rkjkihM dk uhfrfuiq.k ,oa vuqHkoh eU=kh 'kqdukl jktoqQekj
pUnzkihM dks jkT;kfHk"ksd osQ iwoZ okRlY; Hkko ls mins'k nsrs gSa vkSj :i] ;kSou] izHkqrk rFkk ,s'o;Z
ls mn~Hkwr nks"kksa ls lkokku jgus dh f'k{kk nsrs gSaA ;g izR;sd ;qod osQ fy, mikns; mins'k gSA
"k"B ikB ^lwfDrlq/k* esa if.Mrjkt txUukFk] ek?k] HkoHkwfr] Hkkjfo rFkk Hkr`Zgfj uked
laLr osQ dfri; izfrfuf/ egkdfo;ksa dh lwfDr;k lfyr gSaA
lIre ikB ^foeL;kSnk;Ze~* lgklu}k=kf'kdk uked dFkklaxzg ls mn~k`r gSA blesa
mTtf;uh osQ U;k;fiz;] ijkeh] fo|kizseh ,oa mnkjeuk lezkV~ foekfnR; dh nkuohjrk rFkk
mnkjrk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
v"Ve ikB ^HkwfoHkkxk%* eqxy lezkV~ 'kkgtgk osQ fo}ku~ iq=k nkjkf'kdksg }kjk fojfpr
leqnl
z e uked xzUFk ls lax`ghr gSA bl ikB esa i`Foh osQ lkr foHkkxksa dk jkspd o.kZu gSA blesa
laLr rFkk iQkjlh Hkk"kk osQ 'kCnksa dk etqy ef.kdkpu leok; ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
xi
uoe ikB ^dk; ok lk/;s;a nsga ok ikr;s;e~* laLr osQ vokZphu x|dkj if.Mr
vfEcdknk O;kl }kjk fojfpr f'kojktfot; uked x|dkO; ls lax`ghr gSA blesa N=kifr f'kokth
osQ xqIrpj dh n`<+ izfrKk dk o.kZu gSA
n'ke ikB ^nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj%* mfM+;k ys[kd JhpUnz'ks[kjnkl oekZ osQ dFkklaxgz îk"kk.khdU;k*
osQ laLr vuqokn ls lax`ghr gSA blosQ vuqoknd Mk- ukjk;.k nk'k gSaA ;g ,d ,sls vukFk ckyd
dh dFkk gS tks ifjJe ls thou esa liQyrk izkIr djrk gS vkSj fiQj izfrekg viuh vk; dk vkkk
ls vf/d Hkkx vukFkky; osQ fodkl osQ fy, nku djrk gSA
,dkn'k ikB ^mn~fHkTtifj"kn~* if.Mr "khosQ'k Hk^kpk;Z }kjk fojfpr izcU/etjh uked
fucUk dh iqLrd ls lf yr gSA blesa mn~fHkTt ifj"kn~ vFkkZr~ o`{kksa dh lHkk dk o.kZu gSA v'oRFk
vFkkZr~ ihiy bl lHkk osQ lHkkifr gSAa os vius Hkk"k.k esa ekuoksa ij O;aX;iw.kZ izgkj djrs gSAa
vfUre }kn'k ikB ^fdUrks% oqQfVyrk* Hk^ eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ izcU/ikfjtkr uked
fucUklaxgz ls lfyr gSA blesa ys[kd us ^fdUrq* 'kCn dh oqQfVyrk dk fu:i.k djrs gq, bl
rF; dk mn~?kkVu fd;k gS fd ^fdUrq* 'kCn lEcksf/r O;fDr osQ fy, lq[knk;d fl gksrk gks]
,sls volj fojy gh gksrs gSaA
f'k{kdksa ls fuosnu
f'k{k.kdk;Z esa ikB~;lkexzh osQ lkFk f'k{k.kfofk Hkh egoiw.kZ gSA vr% v;kid&cU/qvksa ls
fuosnu gS fd izLrqr ikB~;iqLrd osQ ikBksa dk v;kiu djrs le; fuEufyf[kr f'k{k.kfcUnqvksa
dks ;ku esa j[ksa rkfd f'k{k.k #fpdj ,oa izHkkoksRiknd gks losQA
1- mifu"knksa dk eq[; ms'; osn osQ xw< vFkZ dks mn~?kkfVr djuk gSA bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kr~ ls
ladfyr ^fo|;ke`Rke'uqrs* ikB dk f'k{k.kdk;Z djrs le; ikBxr eU=kksa dk lLojokpu
Hkh vko';d gSA oSfnd Hkk"kk osQ tks 'kCn ykSfdd Hkk"kk ls i`Fko~Q izrhr gksa mudh
lajpuk osQ fo"k; esa Nk=kksa dks voxr djk;saA eU=kksa dk vFkZ djrs le; vfHk/kFkZ dh
vis{kk fuoZpu ls vFkZfo'ks"k dks le>k,A ykSfdd ,oe~ v;kRefo|k ,d nwljs dh iwjd
gS rFkk ekuothou osQ lokZh.k fodkl esa leku:i ls mi;ksxh gSA bl rF; ls Nk=kksa
dks fo'ks"k :i ls voxr djk;saA
2- laLr egkdkO; ijEijk dks crykrs gq;s egkdfo dkfynkl osQ O;fDro ,oa drZò ls
Nk=kksa dks voxr djk;saA ^j?kqoa'kegkdkO;e~* ls ladfyr izLrqr ikB ^j?kqdkSRllaokn%* esa
izz;qDr NUn vkSj vykjksa ls Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djk;saA 'yksdksa dk Hkko le>kdj lLoj
ikB Hkh djk;saA
xii
3-
egkdfo HkoHkwfr }kjk fojfpr ^mkjjkepfjre~* ukVd ls ladfyr ^ckydkSrqde~* ikB

dk d{kk esa Nk=kksa ls vfHku; djk;saA
4- Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk fo'oizfl xzUFkjRu gSA ^deZxkSjoe~* ikB osQ vk/kj ij dj.kh; dk;ks esa
lnk layXu jgus osQ fy, Nk=kksa dks isfz jr djsaA
5- egkdfo ck.kHk^ laLrlkfgR; osQ loksZ"V x|dkj gSaA muosQ O;fDrRo vkSj jpukvksa ls
Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djk;saA ^dknEcjh* ls mn~/`r ^'kqduklksins'k* ikB osQ vuqlkj ;qokoLFkk
esa izos'k dj jgs Nk=kksa dks vuq'kkflr djsaA ikBxr leLr inksa dk foxzg vkfn le>krs
gq, Hkko Li"V djsaA
6- ^lwfDrlq/k* osQ vUrxZr if.Mrjkt txUukFk] ek?k] HkoHkwfr] Hkkjfo ,oa Hkr`gZ fj dh jpukvksa
ls lqHkkf"kr ladfyr fd, x, gSaA lwfDr;k fuf'pr :i ls Nk=kksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh gSaA
vr% lqHkkf"krksa osQ ego dks le>k, rFkk Nk=kksa dks rnuqlkj izsfjr djsaA
7- ^foeL;kSnk;Ze~* ikB osQ ek;e ls Nk=kksa dks dFkk&lkfgR; ls ifjfpr djk;saA ikB osQ
ek;e ls fe=krk] mnkjrk ,oa nku'khyrk vkfn xq.kksa osQ izfr Nk=kksa esa #fp mRiUu djsaA
dFkkf'k{k.k dh fof/ dk mi;ksx djrs gq, x| dk vkn'kZokpu ,oe~ vuqokpu dk Hkh
Nk=kksa dks vH;kl djk;saA
8- ^leqnl
z e %* ls ladfyr ^HkwfoHkkxk%* ikB dk v;kiu dk;Z djkrs le; Nk=kksa dks
nkjkf'kdksg osQ thou ,oa n'kZu rFkk jpukvksa ls voxr djk;saA Nk=kksa dks jpuk dh 'kSyh]
,sfrgkfldrk ,oa x|kRedrk dks fo'ks"k:i ls le>k,A
9- laLr osQ izeq[k vokZphu x|dkj ia- vfEcdknk O;kl osQ thou ,oa fr;ksa dk Nk=kksa
dks ifjp; nsaA ikB osQ vuqlkj drZO;fu"Bk osQ izfr Nk=kksa dks izsfjr djsaA
10- vU;kU; Hkk"kkvksa ls vuwfnr laLrjpuk, vktdy izpqjek=kk esa miyC/ gSaA mfM;kHkk"kk ls
vuwfnr ikB ^nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj%* osQ ek;e ls deZn{krk] nkf{k.; vkSj lsokHkko vkfn
xq.kksa dks viukus osQ fy, Nk=kksa dks izsfjr djsaA laLr esa i=kys[ku dk Nk=kksa dks vH;kl
djk;saA bl volj ij v;kid cU/q mfM;k osQ orZeku lkfgR; ,oa ys[kdksa dk Hkh
ifjp; nsaA
11- ^mn~fHkTtifj"kn~* ikB esa lHkkifr v'oRFk (ihiy) osQ Hkk"k.k osQ ek;e ls o`{kksa osQ izfr
ekuoh; O;ogkj dk o.kZu gSA Nk=kksa dks o`{kksa osQ ego dks crkrs gq, o`{kkjksi.k osQ izfr
izsfjr djsaA ia- "khosQ'k Hk^kpk;Z rFkk ck.kHk^ dh x|'kSyh dh fo'ks"krk, rqyukRedn`f"V
ls Nk=kksa dks le>k,A blh osQ lkFk gh i;kZoj.k osQ Hkh izfr Nk=kksa esa psruk mRiUUk djsaA
12- ia- Jh Hk^ eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ thou&ifjp; o jpukvksa ls Nk=kksa dks voxr djk;saA
^fdUrks% oqQfVyrk* ys[k osQ vuqHkwr Hkko Nk=kksa osQ le{k Li"V djsaA
fo"k;kuqef.kdk
i`"Bkk%
iqjksoko~Q
Hkwfedk
III
VII
eye~
ipe% ikB%
fo|;ke`re'uqrs
j?kqdkSRllaokn%
ckydkSrd
q e~
deZxkSjoe~
'kqduklksins'k%
"k"B% ikB%
lwfDrlq/k
lIre% ikB%
n'ke% ikB%
foeL;kSnk;Ze~
Hkw&foHkkxk%
dk; ok lk/;s;a nsga ok ikr;s;e~
nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj%
,dkn'k% ikB%
mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~
}kn'k% ikB%
fdUrks% oqQfVyrk
izFke% ikB%
f}rh;% ikB%
r`rh;% ikB%
prqFkZ% ikB%
v"Ve% ikB%
uoe% ikB%
2
11
27
38
47
57
67
74
78
86
92
98
ifjf'k"V
1- NUn
2- vykj
3- vuq'kaflr xzUFk
107
112
117
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku
izFke% ikB%
fo|;ke`re'uqrs
izLrqr ikB bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kr~ ls ladfyr gSA ^bZ'kkokL;e~* in ls vkjEHk gksus osQ dkj.k bls
bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kr~ dh laKk nh x;h gSA ;g mifu"kr~ ;tqosZn dh ek;fUnu ,oa dk.o lafgrk dk
40ok v;k; gS] ftlesa 18 eU=k gSaA
bl ladyu osQ vk| nks eU=kksa esa bZ'oj dh loZ=k fo|ekurk dks n'kkZrs gq,] drZO; Hkkouk
ls deZ djus ,oa R;kxiwoZd lalkj osQ inkFkks dk mi;ksx ,oa laj{k.k djus dk funsZ'k gSA
vkReLo:i bZ'oj dh O;kidrk dks tks yksx Lohdkj ugha djrs gSa muosQ vKku dks r`rh; eU=k
esa n'kkZ;k gSA prqFkZ eU=k esa pSrU; Lo:i] Lo;a izdk'k ,oa foHkq loZO;kid vkRe ro dk
fu:i.k gSA ipe ,oa "k"B eU=kksa esa vfo|k vFkkZr~ O;kogkfjd Kku ,oa fo|k vFkkZr~ vk;kfRed
Kku ij lw{e fpUru fufgr gSA vfUre eU=k O;kogkfjd Kku ls ykSfdd vH;qn; ,oa v;kReKku
ls vejrk dh izkfIr dks crykrk gSA
bl ikB~;ka'k ls ;g lUns'k feyrk gS fd ykSfdd ,oa v;kRe fo|k ,d nwljs dh iwjd
gS rFkk ekuo thou dh ifjiw.kZrk ,oa lokZh.k fodkl esa leku :i ls ego j[krh gSaA
bZ'kkokL;fena lo ;fRdp txR;ka txr~ A

rsu R;Drsu HkqthFkk ek x`/% dL;fLon~/ue~ AA1AA
oqQoZUusogs
dekZf.k ftthfo"ksPNra lek% A
,oa Rof; ukU;FksrksfLr u deZ fyI;rs ujs AA2AA
vlq;kZ uke rs yksdk vU/su relko`rk% A
rkLrs izRs ;kfHkxPNfUr ;s osQ pkReguks tuk% AA3AA
fo|;ke`re'uqrs
vustnsoQa eulks toh;ks uSun~no

s k vkIuqoUiwoeZ "kZr~ A
rkorksU;kuR;sfr fr"BkfLeUuiks ekrfj'ok n/kfr AA4AA
vU/Ure%
izfo'kfUr
;sfo|keqiklrs A
rrks Hkw; bo rs reks ; m fo|k;ka jrk% AA5AA
vU;nsokgqfoZ|;k vU;nkgqjfo|;k A
bfr 'kqJeq
/hjk.kka ;s uLrf}ppf{kjs AA6AA
fo|ka pkfo|ka p ;Lrn~osnksHk;a l g A
vfo|;k e`R;qa rhRokZ fo|;ke`re'uqrs AA7AA
'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
bZ'kkokL;e~
&
bZ'kL; bZ'ksu ok vkokL;ke~A bZ'k osQ jgus ;ksX; vFkkZr~ bZ'oj ls O;kIrA
txr~
&
xPNfr bfr txr~A lrra ifjorZeku% izip%A lrr ifjorZu'khy lalkjA
HkqthFkk%
&
Hkksxa oqQ#A Hkksx djksA fo"k; oLrq dk xzg.k djksA Hkqt~ (ikyus vH;ogkjs
p) kkrq] vkReusinh] fof/fy~] e;e iq#"k] ,dopuA
ek x`k%
&
yksyqi% ek HkoA yksyqi er gksA yksHk er djksA x`k~ (vfHkdka{kk;ke~)

/krqA y~ ydkj] e;e iq#"k% ,dopu esa ^vx`/%* :i curk gSA
O;kdj.k fu;ekuqlkj fu"kskkFkZd vO;; êk~* osQ ;ksx esa ^vx`k%* osQ
vkjEHk esa fo|eku ^v* dkj dk yksi gksrk gSA
dL;fLon~
&
fdlh dkA bl osQ lekukFkZd in gSa&dL;fpr~] dL;puA vO;;A
oqQoZUuso
&
djrs gq , ghA $ 'kr` iqaf y ] iz F kek foHkfDr] ,dopu

oqQoZu~ $ ,oA
ftthfo"ksr~
&
thforqe~ bPNsr~A thus dh bPNk djsaA tho (izk.kkkj.ks) kkrq] bPNkFkZd

lu~ izR;; ls fof/ fy~A tho $ lu~ $ fof/fyA~
'kk'orh
deZ u fyI;rs
&
vlq;kZ%
&
vUksu relk
vko`rk%
izsR;
vkRegu%
&
&
&
&
vustr~
&
toh;%
&
u vkIuqou~
v"kZr~
&
&
fr"Br~
&
ekrfj'ok
&
izfo'kfUr
miklrs
&
&
rrksHkw; bo
jrk%
osn
mHk;e~
&
&
&
&
deZ fyIr ugha gksrkA fyi (minsgs) /krq] yV~] deZf.k iz;ksxA ^deZ
ujs u fyI;rs&;g ,d fof'k"V oSfnd iz;ksx gSA rqyuk dhft;s&^fyI;rs
u l ikisuA* (Hkxon~xhrk&5-10)
izdk'kghuA vFkok vlqj lEcUkhA vfo|kfn nks"kksa ls ;qDr] izk.kiks"k.k
esa fujrA vlqj $ ;_ vlq $ jk $ ;A cgqopuA
vR;Ur vKku :ih vUkdkj lsA ^re%* 'kCn vKku dk ckskdA
vkPNkfnrA vk $ o` (oj.ks) $ DrA
ej.ka izkI;] ej.k izkIrdjA b.k~ (xrkS) /krqA iz $ b $ Y;i~A
vkRekua ;s ?ufUrA vkRek dh O;kidrk dks tks Lohdkj ugha djrsA
^vkRekua bZ'ka loZr% iw.k fpnkuUna ?ufUr frjLoqQoZfUr ('kkj Hkk";s)*A
dEiu jfgrA fodkj jfgr] fLFkj] vpyA ,t` (dEius) /krqA
u $ ,t~ $ 'krÀ uiqald fy] izFkek foHkfDr ,dopuA
vfr'k;su toor~A vf/d osxokykA to $ erqi~ $ bZ;l~A uiqald
fy] izFkek foHkfDr ,dopuA
izkIr ugha fd;kA vkIy` (O;kIrkS)] y~ ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopuA
xPNr~A xeu'khyA "kh (xrkS) /krqA 'kr` izR;;] uiqald fy] izFkek
foHkfDr ,dopuA vFkok (xrkS) /krq] ysV~ ydkjA
fLFkj jgus okykA ifjorZu jfgrA LFkk $ 'kr`] uiqald fy] izFkek
foHkfDr ,dopuA
ok;qA izk.kok;qA ekrfj vUrfj{ks o;fr xPNfr bfr ekrfj'okA
udkjkUr iqafy] izFkek foHkfDr ,dopuA
izos'k djrs gSaA iz $ fo'k~ (izos'kus) yV~ ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopuA
mikluk djrs gSaA mi $ vklrsA vkl~ (mios'kus) kkrq yV~ ydkj
izFke iq#"k cgqopuA vkLrs vklkrs vklrsA
mlls vf/dA rhuksa in vO;; gSaA
je.k djrs gSAa fujr gSAa je~ (hMk;ka) $ DrA izFkek foHkfDr cgqopuA
tkurk gSA fon~ (Kkus) /krq] yV~ ydkj izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
nksuksaA
fo|;ke`re'uqrs
rhRokZ
ve`re~
v'uqrs
&
&
&
vkgq%
'kqJqe
foppf{kjs
&
&
&
fo|k
&
vfo|k
&
rj.kdjA r (Iyourj.k;ks%) $ DRokA vO;;A

vejrk dksA tUe&e`R;q osQ nq%[k ls jfgr vejRo dksA
izkIr djrk gSA v'k~ (Hkkstus) /krqA HkkstukFkZd kkrq bl lUnHkZ esa
izkfIr osQ vFkZ esa gSA (v'uqrs izkfIrdekZ_ fu?k.Vq% 2-18)
dgrs gSaA czwk~ (O;Drk;ka okfp) yV~ ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopuA
lqu pqosQ gSaA Jq (Jo.ks) /krq] fyV~ ydkj mke iq#"k cgqopuA
Li"V mins'k fn;s FksA fo $ pf{k~ (vk[;kus) kkrq] fyV~ ydkj
izFke iq#"k cgqopuA pp{ks pp{kkrs ppf{kjsA
Kku] v;kRe KkuA fon~ (Kkus) $ D;i~ $ Vki~A ;gk ^v;kRe
fo|k* osQ vFkZ esa ^fo|k* 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA bl pjkpj txr~
esa loZ=k O;kIr vkReLo:i bZ'oj osQ Kku dks ^v;kRefo|k* dh
laKk nh x;h gSA ;g ;FkkFkZ Kku ^fo|k* gSA eks{k fo|k uke ls Hkh
tkuk tkrk gSA
v;kResrj fo|k] O;kogkfjd fo|kA v;kRe Kku ls fHk lHkh
KkuA u $ fo|kA û* dk vFkZ gS ^brj* vFkok ^fHk*A vFkkZr~ ^vkRefo|k
ls fHk* tks Hkh Kkujkf'k gS tSls l`f"VfoKku] ;Kfo|k] HkkSfrd
foKku] vk;qfoZKku] izk|
S ksfxdh] lwpuk&rU=k&Kku vkfn vfo|k in esa
lekfgr gSaA
vH;kl%
1-
laLrHkk"k;k mkja fy[kr&

(d) bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kn~ dL;k% lafgrk;k% Hkkx%\
([k) txRlo dhn`'ke~ vfLr\
(x) inkFkZHkksx% dFka dj.kh;%\
(?k) 'kra lek% dFka ftthfo"ksr~\
() vkReguks tuk% dhn`'ka yksoaQ xPNfUr\
(p) eulksfi osxoku~ d%\
'kk'orh
(N) fr"Bfi d% /kor% vU;ku~ vR;sfr\

(t) vU/Ure% osQ izfo'kfUr\
(>) /hsjsH;% "k;% d JqroUr%\
(k) vfo|;k d rjfr\
(V) fo|;k d izkIuksfr\
2-
^bZ'kkokL;e~------dL;fLoue~* bR;L; Hkkoa ljylaLrHkk"k;k fo'kn;rA
3-
^vUkUre% izfo'kfUr------fo|k;ka jrk%* bfr eU=kL; Hkkoa fgUnhHkk"k;k vkaXyHkk"k;k

ok fo'kn;rA
4-
^fo|ka pkfo|ka p------e`re'uqrs* bfr eU=kL; rkRi; Li"V;rA
5-
fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(d) bna lo txr~ -------------------------A
([k) ek x`/% ------------------------- A
(x) 'kra lek% ------------------------- ftthfo"ksr~A
(?k) vlq;kZ uke yksdk ------------------------- vko`rk%A
() vfo|ksikldk% ------------------------- izfo'kfUrA
6-
vkksfyf[krkuka lizla fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&

(d) rsu R;Drsu HkqthFkk%A
([k) u deZ fyI;rs ujsA
(x) rfLeUuiks ekrfj'ok n/kfrA
(?k) vfo|;k e`R;qa rhRokZ fo|;ke`re'uqrsA
() ,oa Rof; ukU;FksrksfLrA
(p) rkaLrs izsR;kfHkxPNfUr ;s osQ pkReguks tuk%A
(N) vustnsoaQ eulks toh;ks uSusok vkIuqou~ iwoZe"kZr~A
fo|;ke`re'uqrs
7-
mifu"kUeU=k;ks% vUo;a fy[kr&

vU;nsokgqfoZ|;k vU;nkgqjfo|;k A
bfr 'kqJqe /hjk.kka ;s uLrf}ppf{kjs AA
vustnsoaQ eulks toh;ks uSun~nsok vkIuqoUiwoZe"kZr~ A
rkorksU;kuR;sfr fr"BkfLeUuiks ekrfj'ok n/kfr AA
8-
izr izR;;a p ;kstf;Rok injpuka oqQ#r&

R;t~ $ Dr_ $ 'kr`_ rr~ $ rfly~
9-
izfrizR;;foHkkx% f;rke~&
izsR;] rhRokZ] /kor%] fr"Br~] toh;%
10- vkksfyf[krkfu inkfu vkfJR; okD;jpuka oqQ#r&

txR;ka] /ue~] HkqthFkk%] 'kre~] dekZf.k] relk] Rof;] vfHkxPNfUr] izfo'kfUr] /hjk.kka]
fo|k;ke~] Hkw;%] lek%A
11- lU/ lfU/foPNsna ok oqQ#r&
(x) ftthfo"ksr~ $ 'kra
-------------------- $ --------------------------------------- $ -------------------- $ ---------------------------------------
(?k) rr~ $ /kor%
--------------------
() vustr~ $ ,oaQ
--------------------
(p) vkgq% $ vfo|;k
--------------------
(N) vU;Fksr%
-------------------- $ --------------------------------------- $ --------------------
(d) bZ'kkokL;e~
([k) oqQoZsosg
(t) rkaLrs
'kk'orh
12- v/ksfyf[krkuka leqfpra ;kstua

/ue~
&&
lek%
&&
vlq;kZ%
&&
vkRegu%
&&
ekrfj'ok
&&
'kqJqe
&&
ve`re~
&&
oqQ#r&
ok;q%
vkRekua ;s ?ufUr
JqroUr% Le
relko`rk%
o"kkZf.k
vejrka
foke~
13- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka i;kZ;inkfu fy[kr&

ujs] bZ'k%] txr~] deZ] /hjk%] fo|k] vfo|k
14- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka foykseinkfu fy[kr&
,de~] fr"Br~] relk] mHk;e~] toh;%] e`R;qe~
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
lexzsfLeu~ fo'os KkuL;k|a ksrks osnjkf'kfjfr lqf/;% vkeufUrA rkn`'kL; osnL; lkj% mifu"kRlq
lekfgrks orZrsA mifu"knka ^czfo|k* ^Kkudk.Me~* ôsnkUr%* bR;fi ukekUrjkf.k fo|UrsA
mi&fu bR;qilxZlfgrkr~ ln~ ("kn~y`) /krks% fi~ izR;;s rs mifu"kr~&'kCnks fu"i|rs] ;su
vKkuL; uk'kks Hkofr] vkReuks Kkua lk;rs] lalkjpL; nq%[ka f'kfFkyhHkofr rkn`'kks Kkujkf'k%
mifu"kRinsu vfHk/h;rsA xqjks% lehis mifo'; v;kRefo|kxzg.ka HkorhR;fi dkj.kkr~ mifu"kfnfr
ina lkFkZoaQ HkofrA
izflklq 108 mifu"kRLofi 11 mifu"kn% vR;Ura egoiw.kkZ% eguh;k'pA rk% bZ'k&osQu&
dB&iz'u&eq.Md&ek.MwD;&,srjs;&rSfkjh;&NkUnksX;&c`gnkj.;d&'osrk'orjk[;k% osnkUrkpk;kZ.kka
VhdkfHk% ifjef.Mrk% lfUrA
vk|k;ke~ bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kfn ^bZ'kk/hua txRloZe*~ bfr izfrik| HkxoniZ.kcq;~ k Hkksxks fufnZ';rsA
bZ'kksifu"kfn ^txR;ka txr~* bfr dFkusu leLrczk.ML; ;k xR;kRedrk fu:firk lk
vkkqfudxos"k.kkfHkjfi lR;kfirkA lrra ifjorZekuk czk.Mxrk pyuLoHkkok ;k l`f"V%&i'kwuka
izkf.kuka] rst%iqtkuka] unhuka] rjk.kka] ok;ks% ok_ ;k p fLFkjRosu voyksD;ekuk l`f"V%&ioZrkuka]
fo|;ke`re'uqrs
o`{kk.kka] Hkouknhuka ok lk lokZ vfi l`f"V% bZ'ojk/huk lrh pyRLoHkkok ,oA bZ'ojL; foHkwR;k
lokZ vfi l`f"V% ifjiw.kkZ pyRLoHkkok p pdkLrsA rnqDra Hkxon~xhrk;ke~&
;|f}HkwfreRloa JhenwftZreso ok A
rknsokoxPN Roa ee rstksa 'klEHkoe~ AA bfr AA
Hkxon~xhrk&10-41
mifu"kRizLFkkujgL;a fo|k;k vfo|k;k'p leUo;eq[ksu v=k mn~?kkfVrefLrA ;s tuk
vfo|kinokP;s"kq ;K;kxkfndeZlq] HkkSfrd&'kkL=ks"kq] ykSfdds"kq Kkus"kq nSufUnulq[klk/ulp;ukFk
layXuekulk HkofUr rs ykSfddhe~ mr izkIuqoUR;so_ fdUrq rs"kka rs"kka tukuke~ vk;kfReoaQ cye~]
vUrLloa ok fuLlkja HkofrA ;s rq fo|kinokP;s vkReKkus ,o osQoya layXueul% HkofUr]
HkkSfrdKkuL; lk/ulkexzh.kka p frjLdkja oqQoZfUr rs thoufuokZg]s ykSfdosQH;qn;s p Dys'keuqHkofUrA
vr ,o vfo|;k HkkSfrdKkujkf'kfHk% ekuodY;k.kdkjhf.k thou;k=kklEikndkfu oLrwfu
lEizkI; fo|;k vkReKkusu&bZ'ojKkusu tUee`R;qn%q [kjfgre~ ve`rRoa izkIuksfrA fo|k;k vfo|k;k'p
Kkusu ,o bg yksosQ lq[ka ij=k p ve`rRofefr dY;k.kha okpe~ mifn'kfr mifu"kr~ ^vfo|;k
e`R;qa rhRokZ fo|;ke`re'uqrs* bfrA
ikBka'ksu lg HkkolkE;a i;kZyksp;r&
fu;ra oqQ# deZ Roa deZ T;k;ksdeZ.k%A
'kjhj;k=kkfi p rs u izfl~;sndeZ.k% AA
v'kCneLi'kZe:ieO;;a rFkkjla fuR;exUkoPp ;r~A
vuk|uUra egr% ija kzqoa fupk; rUe`R;qeq[kkRizeqP;rsAA
dBksifu"kfn izfrikfnra Js;% izs;'p vf/R; l~x`hr&
fn~ek=ka ;Fkk&
Js;'p isz;'p euq";esrLrkS
laijhR; fofoufDr /hj%A
Js;ks fg /hjksfHkizs;lks o`.khrs
izs;ks eUnks ;ksx{ksekr~ o`.khrsAA
dBksifu"kr~&2-2
Hkxon~xhrk&3-8
dBksifu"kr~&3-15
10
'kk'orh
fofo/klq mifu"kRlq izfrikfnrke~ vkReizkfIrfo"k;dftKklka fo'kn;r&

uk;ekRek izopusu yH;ks
u esk;k u cgquk JqrsuA
;esoS"k o`.kqrs rsu yH;LrL;S"k
vkRek foo`.kqrs ruwa Loke~AA
dBksifu"kr~&2-23
oSfndLojk%
oSfndeU=ks"kq mPpkj.kn`"V~;k f=kfokkuka ^Lojk.kka* iz;ksxks HkofrA eU=kk.kke~ vFkZefkR; fpUrua
izfrizR;;;ks% ;ksxa] lekla okfJR; HkofrA r=k vFkZfukkZj.ks Lojk egow.kkZ HkofUrA ^mPpS#nkk%*
ûhpSjuqnkk%* ^lekgkj% Lofjr%* bfr ikf.kuh;kuq'kklukuq:ie~ mnkkLoj% rkYokfnLFkkus"kq mifjHkkxs
mPpkj.kh;%] vuqnkkLoj% rkYoknhuka uhpS% LFkkus"kq] mHk;ks% Loj;ks% lekgkj:is.k (leizkkuRosu)
Lofjr mPPkkj.kh; bfr mPpkj.ke%A oSfnd'kCnkuka fuoZpukFk izo` ks fu#Drk[;s xzUFks ikf.kuh;f'k{kk;ka
p LojL; egoe~ bRFkeqDre~&
eU=kks ghuLLojrks o.kZrks ok
feF;kiz;qDrks u reFkZekgA
l okXotzks ;tekua fgufLr
;FksUnz'k=kqLLojrksijk/kr~AA
eU=kk% Lojlfgrk% mPpkj.kh;k bfr ijEijkA vr% LofjrLoj% v{kjk.kke~ mifj fpsu] vuqnkkLoj%
v{kjk.kka uhpS% fpsu] mnkkLoj% fdefi fpa fouk p eU=kk.kka iBu&lkSd;kZFk izn';ZrsA
f}rh;% ikB%
j?kqdkSRllaokn%
izLrqr ikBka'k egkdfo dkfynkl }kjk fojfpr j?kqoa'k egkdkO; osQ ipe lxZ ls ladfyr gSA
blesa egkjkt j?kq ,oa ojrUrq f"k osQ f'k"; dkSRl uked czpkjh osQ e; lkosQr uxjh esa
gqvk laokn of.kZr gSA
dkSRl osn] iqjk.k] osnk] n'kZu vkfn 14 fo|kvksa dk v;;u lekIr djosQ xq#nf{k.kk
nsus dh bPNk ls vius xq# ojrUrq ls ckj&ckj xq#nf{k.kk ysus dh izkFkZuk djrk gSA xq# }kjk
xq#HkfDr dks gh xq#nf{k.kk :i esa ekuus ij Hkh dkSRl dh fujUrj izkFkZuk ls #"V gksdj ojrUrq
mls xq#nf{k.kk osQ :i esa 14 djksM+ Lo.kZeqnzk;sa nsus dh vkKk nsrs gSaA
dkSRl fo'oftr~ uked ;K esa loZLo nku dj pqosQ egkjkt j?kq osQ ikl xq#nf{k.kk osQ
fy, ku ekxus vkrk gSA egkjkt j?kq /uifr oqQcsj ij vke.k djus dh ;kstuk cukrs gSaA
Hk;Hkhr oqQcsj j?kq osQ dks"kkxkj esa lqo.kZ&o`f"V dj nsrs gSaA j?kq dkSRl dks /u iznku dj lUrq"V
gksrs gSa vkSj dkSRl Hkh xq# dks nsus osQ fy, xq#nf{k.kk izkIr dj lUrq"V gks tkrs gSaA
izLrqr ikBka'k ls ;g lUns'k feyrk gS fd 'kkld dks loZlk/kj.k tu osQ izfr mnkj ,oa
dY;k.kdkjh gksuk pkfg, rFkk ;kpd dks viuh vko';drk ls vf/d izkIr djus dh bPNk
ugha j[kuh pkfg,A
12
'kk'orh
reojs fo'oftfr f{krh'ka

fu%'ks"kfoJkf.krdks"ktkre~ A
mikkfo|ks xq#nf{k.kkFkhZ
dkSRl% izins s ojrUrqf'k";% AA1AA
l eÙe;s ohrfgj.e;Rokr~
ik=ks fu/k;k?;Zeu?kZ'khy% A
Jqrizdk'ka ;'klk izdk'k%
izR;qTtxkekfrfFkekfrFks;% AA2AA
repZf;Rok fof/of}f/K%
riks/ua eku/ukxz;k;h A
fo'kkaifrfoZ"VjHkktekjkr~
rktfy% R;fofnR;qokp AA3AA
13
j?kqdkSRllaokn%
vI;xz.kheZU=krke`"kh.kka
oqQ'kkxzc
q s oqQ'kyh xq#Lrs A
;rLRo;k Kkue'ks"kekIra
yksoQs u pSrU;feoks".kj'es% AA4AA
rokgZrks ukfHkxesu rÌra
euks fu;ksxf;;ksRlqoQa es A
vI;kK;k 'kkflrqjkReuk ok
izkIrksfl lEHkkof;rqa oukUeke~ AA5AA
bR;?;Zik=kkuqferO;;L;
j?kks#nkjkefi xka fu'kE; A
LokFkksiZ ifka izfr nqcy
Z k'k&
LrfeR;oksp}jrUrqf'k";% AA6AA
loZ=k uks okrZeosfg jktu~!~
ukFks oqQrLRo;'kqHka iztkuke~ A
lw;Zs riR;koj.kk; n`"Vs%
dYisr yksdL; dFka rfek AA7AA
'kjhjek=ks.k ujsUnz fr"Bu~
vkHkkfl rhFkZifz rikfnrfZ% A
vkj.;dksikkiQyizlfw r%
LrEcsu uhokj bokof'k"V% AA8AA
rnU;rLrkonuU;dk;ksZ
xqoFZ kZekgrqeZ ga ;fr";s A
LoLR;Lrq rs fuxZfyrkEcqxHk
'kjn~?kua uknZfr pkrdksfi AA9AA
14
'kk'orh
,rkonqDRok izfr;krqdkea
f'k";a eg"ksuZ iZ` frfuZf"k; A
d oLrq fo}u~! xqjos izn;
s a
Ro;k fd;}sfr reUo;q AA10AA
rrks ;Fkkof}fgrkojk;
rLeS Le;kos'kfooftZrk; A
o.kkZJek.kka xqjos l o.khZ
fop{k.k% izLrqrekpp{ks AA11AA
lekIrfo|su e;k egf"kZ&
foZKkfirksHkwnx~ #q nf{k.kk;S A
l es fpjk;kL[kfyrksipkjka
rka HkfDresokx.k;RiqjLrkr~ AA12AA
fucZU/ltkr#"kkFkZdk';Z&
efpUrf;Rok xq#.kkgeqDr% A
fokL; fo|kifjla[;;k es
dksVh'prks n'k pkgjsfr AA13AA
bRFka f}tsu f}tjktdkfUr&
jkosfnrks osnfonka ojs.k A
,uksfuo`ksfUnz;o`fkjsua
txkn Hkw;ks txnsdukFk% AA14AA
xqoFZ kZeFkhZ Jqrikjn`'ok
j?kks% ldk'kknuokI; dkee~ A
xrks onkU;kUrjfeR;;a es
ek HkwRijhoknuokorkj% AA15AA
15
j?kqdkSRllaokn%
l Roa iz'kLrs efgrs enh;s

ola'prqFkksZ fXufjokXU;xkjs A
f}=kk.;gkU;gZfl lks<eq gZu&~
;ko|rs lk/f;rqa RonFkZe~ AA16AA
rFksfr rL;kforFka izrhr%
izR;xzghRlj exztUek A
xkekklkjka j?kqjI;os{;
fu""VqeFk pdes oqQcsjkr~ AA17AA
izkr% iz;k.kkfHkeq[kk; rLeS
lfoLe;k% dks"kx`gs fu;qDrk% A
fgj.e;ha dks"kx`gL; e;s
o`f"Va 'k'kal%q ifrrka uHkLr% AA18AA
ra HkwifrHkkZljq gsejkf'ka
yC/a oqQcsjknfHk;kL;ekukr~ A
fnns'k dkSRlk; leLreso
ikna lqejs ksfjo otzfHkUue~ AA19AA
tuL; lkosQrfuokfluLrkS
}koI;HkwrkefHkuU|lokS A
xq#izn;
s kf/dfu%Li`gksFkhZ
uìksfFkZdkeknf/dizn'p AA20AA
16
'kk'orh
'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
fo'oftfr vojs
dks"ktkre~
foJkf.kre~
mikkfo|%
xq#nf{k.kkFkhZ
izisns
e`.e;s
ohrfgj.e;Rokr~
&
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fukk;
v?;Ze~
vu?kZ'khy%
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Jqrizdk'ka
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vkfrFks;%
vpZf;Rok
fof/or~
fof/K%
rikskua
eku/ukxz;k;h
fo'kkEifr%
fo"VjHkktke~
&
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fo'oftr~ uked ;K esaA

/u lewgA lEiw.kZ /ujkf'kA
iznk_ nku esa fn;k gqvkA fo $ J.kq (nkus) $ Dr_ nke~A
fo|k dks izkIr fd;k gqvkA fo|klEiA
xq#nf{k.kk nsus dh bPNk ls izkFkZuk djus okykA
igqpkA iz $ in~ (xrkS) fyV~ $ iz-iq- ,dopu
fe^h osQ cus gq,A e`r~ $ e;V~A
lksus osQ cus gq, ik=kksa osQ u jgus lsA fgj.;L; fodkj% fgj.e;e~A
fo $ b.k~ $ DrA
j[kdjA laLFkkI;A fu $ /k $ Y;i~A
v?kZ fufekd nzO;A v?kkZFkZe~ ;ksX;e~ bna nzO;e~ v?kZ $ ;r~A
vlk/kj.k vkpkjoku~A eguh; LoHkkookykA vewY;LoHkko%] vlkkkj.k&
LoHkkoks okA uk~ $ v?kZ%A vewY;e~A
osnkfn 'kkL=kksa osQ v;;u ls izflA Jqr 'kkL=kA Jqrsu izdk'k%A
re~A
osnkfn 'kkL=kA Jw;rs bfr Jqra&osnkfn'kkL=ke~A Jq $ DrA
ikl mBdj x;kA izfr $ mr~ $ xe~ $ fyV~A izFkeiq#"k ,dopuA
vfrfFk lRdkj djus okykA vfrFk;s lk/q%A vfrfFk $ <k~A
iwtu djosQA vp~Z (iwtk;ka) $ f.kp~ $ DRokA LokFksZ f.kp~A
'kkL=kksDr fu;eksa osQ vuq:iA ;Fkk'kkL=ke~A fof/ $ or~A
'kkL=kKA 'kkL=k fu;eksa osQ oskkA
f"k dksA ftldk ri gh /u gSA ri% /ua ;L;A cgqczhfg leklA
vkRe xkSjo dks gh /u ekuus okyksa esa vxzx.; @ vxzsljA
jktkA fo'k~ iztkA ifr LokehA
vklu ij @ ihB ij cSBs gq,A fo"Vje~ vklue~ vFkok ihBe~A
17
j?kqdkSRllaokn%
vkjkr~
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mokp
eU=krke~
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v'ks"ke~
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vgZr%
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rÌre~
fu;ksxf;;k
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xke~
&
lehi esaA nwj vkSj lehi nksuksa vFkks esa ^vkjkr~* in dk

iz;ksx gksrk gSA vO;;A
vius drZO; ,oa mkjnkf;Ro dks le>us okykA $ ;r~ $
fon~ $ fDoi~A
op (ifjHkk"k.ks) /krq] fyV~] izFke iq#"k] ,dopuA
eU=knz"Vkvksa esaA euu djus okyksa esaA fpUru djus okyksa esaA
izFke vFkZ esa &/krq dk vFkZ gS ^n'kZu* u fd fuekZ.kA
"k;ks eU=knz"Vkj%A
gs lw{en'khZ ! oqQ'kL; vxz oqQ'kkxza oqQ'kkxzfeo cqf;ZL; l%
oqQ'kkxzh;e~A rRlEcks/ue~A oqQ'k ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh rh[kh
ukasd okyh ?kkl gksrh gS ftldk mi;ksx ;K&;kxkfn esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
lEiw.kZA vfo|eku% 'ks"k% ;fLeu~ rr~A u $ 'ks"ke~A 'ks"k u
jgus rdA
yksxksa lsA lewgokph inA
lw;ZA m".k% jf'e% ;L; l%A cgqozhfg leklA
izkIr fd;k x;kA vkIy` (O;kIrkS) $ DrA
iz'kalk osQ ;ksX; dkA vg~Z (iwtk;ke~) $ 'kr`] "k"Bh ,dopuA
vgZ~&kkrq ls îz'kalk* osQ vFkZ esa gh 'kr` izR;; gksrk gSA
vkxeu lsA
lUrq"VA rì~ (izh.kus) $ DrA
vkKk lsA
mRdf.BrA
rkFkZ djus osQ fy,A le~ $ Hkw $ f.kp~ $ rqequ~A
(e`.e;) v?;Zik=k ls gh ftlosQ lEiw.kZ /u osQ O;; gks
tkus dk irk yxrk gS mldkA v?;ZL; ik=ke~A v?;Zik=ks.k
vuqfer% O;;% ;L; l%A rL; j?kks%A
ok.kh dksA xks 'kCn vusdkFkZd gSA bl LFkku ij ok.kh dk
okpd gSA
18
'kk'orh
fu'kE;
LokFkksZiifke~
&
&
nqcZyk'k%
&
vokspr~
okrZe~
&
&
vosfg
lw;sZ rifr (lfr)
&
&
dFka dYisr
&
rfek
'kjhjek=ks.k
vkHkkfLk
&
&
&
rhFkZizfrikfnrfkZ%
&
vkj.;dk%
&
LrEcsu
uhokj%
vuU;dk;Z%
&
&
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vkgrqZe~
;fr";s
&
&
lqudjA fu $ 'ke~ $ Y;i~A

vius iz;kstu (dk;Z) dh flf dksA ;gk vFkZ 'kCn iz;kstu
okpd gSA
fujk'k gksrs gq,_ f'kfFky euksjFk gksrs gq,A nqcZyk vk'kk ;L;
l%A
cksykA op~ $ (ifjHkk"k.ks) y~ izFkeiq#"k] ,dopuA
oqQ'kyrk] uhjksxrkA ôkr] LokLF;e~] vkjksX;e~] vuke;e~* bfr
i;kZ;inkfuA
tkuksA vo $ bfg (b.k~ xrkS) yksV~ e;eiq#"k ,dopuA
lw;Z osQ izdk'keku gksus ijA lrh lIreh iz;ksxA rifr & ri
$ 'kr` lIreh foHkfDr ,dopu (iqa-)
oSQls i;kZIr gksxk (leFkZ ugha gksxk) Dyì~ (lkeF;sZ) fofk
fy~A izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
vUkdkj lewgA ^rfek rq reLrrkS*A
osQoy 'kjhj lsA osQoya 'kjhja 'kjhjek=ke~A ek=kp~ izR;;A
lq'kksfHkr gks jgs gksA vk $ Hkk (nhIrkS) yV~ e;e iq#"k
,dopuA
lRik=kksa dks lkjh lEifk nku djus okysA rhFksZ&lRik=ks
izfrikfnrk&nkk f%&le`f% (lEir~) ;su l%A
vj.; esa fuokl djus okys eqfutu vkfn vj.;s Hkok%
vkj.;dk%A
MkaB (MaBy) ek=k lsA r`rh;k foHkfDr ,dopuA
kkU; fo'ks"kA taxy esa Lor% mRiUu gqvk kkU; fo'ks"kA
ftls fufnZ"V ms'; osQ vfrfjDr vU; dk;Z u gksA iz;kstukUrj&
jfgr%A u fo|rs vU;dk; ;L; l%A vU;Pp rr~ dk;Zp
vU;dk;Ze~A
xzg.k djus osQ fy;sA vk $ (gj.ks) $ rqe~A
iz;Ru d:xkA ;rh (iz;Rus) $ y`V~ mke iq#"k cgqopuA
19
j?kqdkSRllaokn%
fuxZfyrkEcqxHk
&
'kjn~/ue~
uknZfr
&
&
pkrd%
izfr;krqdkee~
&
&
fuf"k;
izns;e~
fd;r~
vUo;q~Dr
&
&
&
&
;Fkkor~
Le;kos'kfooftZrk;
&
&
o.khZ
vkpp{ks
&
&
xqjos
xq#nf{k.kk;S
fpjk;
&
&
&
vx.k;r~
iqjLrkr~
fucZUksu
&
&
&
ftlosQ xHkZ ls ty fudy pqdk gksA vECoso xHkZ% vEcqxHkZ%A

fuxZfyr% vEcqxHkZ% ;Lekr~ l%A
'kjr~ dkfyd es?kA
;kpuk ugha djrk gSA u $ vnZfrA vn~Z (xrkS ;kpus p) yV~
izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
iihgk (i{kh fo'ks"k) pkrd i{khA
ykSV tkus dh bPNk okys dksA izfr;krqa dke% ;L; l% re~A
izfr $ ;k (izki.ks) $ rqe~A ^rqadkeeulksjfi* bl vuq'kklu
ls ^rqe~* izR;; osQ edkj dk yksi gksrk gSA
fuokj.k djA fuok;ZA fu $ f"kk~ (xR;ke~) $ Y;i~A
nsus ;ksX;A iz $ nk (nkus) $ ;r~A
fdrukA d ifjek.ke~\A
iwNkA vuq $ ;qt~ $ y~ izFke iq#"k ,dopuA v;q~Dr
v;qtkrke~ v;qtrA
fof/or~A 'kkL=kksa osQ fu;ekuq:iA
tks xoZ osQ vkos'k ls oftZr gksA xokZfHkfuos'k'kwU;k;A Le;%
xoZ%A
czpkjhA o.kZ $ bu~A
dgus yxk FkkA vk $ pf{k~ (O;Drk;ka okfp) fyV~ izFkeiq#"k
,dopuA
fu;ked dksA iztkuka fu;kedk;A
xq#nf{k.kk Lohdkj djus gsrqA
fpjdky ls (cgqr o"kks ls@cgqr fnuksa ls)A ;g ,d vO;;
gS ftl osQ vUr esa ukuk foHkfDr;ksa osQ :i fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA
tSls fpje~] fpjkr~] fpjL;A ;s LkHkh lekukFkZd gSaA
fxu fy;kA x.k~ (la[;kus) $ f.kp~ $ y~A pqjkfn x.kA
lc ls igysA vO;;A
ckj ckj izkFkZuk fd;s tkus lsA izkFkZukfr'k;suA
20
'kk'orh
vFkZdk';Ze~
vfpUrf;Rok
fo|kifjl~[;;k
vkgj
,uksfuo`ksfUnz;o`fk%
&
&
&
&
&
txkn
Jqrikjn`'ok
&
&
ldk'kkr~
onkU;kUrje~
ekHkwr~
ijhokn%
olu~
prqFkZ% vfXu% bo
&
&
&
&
&
&
vXU;xkjs
&
RonFk lkkf;rqa ;ko|rs &
vforFke~
lje~
xke~
pdes
dks"kx`gs
'k'kalq%
uHkLr%
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
vFkZ ladV] nkfjn~z;A

fcuk lkspsA uk~ $ fprh (laKkus) $ f.kp~ $ RokA
fo|k dh x.kuk (la[;k) osQ vuqlkjA
ykvksA vk $ $ yksV~A e;e iq#"k ,dopuA
ftrsfUnz;A ikiksa ls fuo`k bfUnz; o`fk okysA ,u% iki]
vijkkA
dgkA xn~ (O;Drk;ka okfp) $ fyV~A izFkeiq#"k ,dopuA
'kkL=kK] 'kkL=keeZKA JqrL; ikja n`"Voku~A Jqr $ ikj $ n`'k~
$ fui~A
ikl lssA vO;;A
nwljs nkrkA onkU;% nkuhA vU;% onkU;% onkU;kUrje~A
u gksosA ek~ $ vHkwr~A
fuUnkA îfjokn* 'kCn Hkh fuUnkFkZd gSA
jgrs gq,A ol~ (fuokls) $ 'krÀ izFkek foHkfDr] ,dopuA
pkSFkh vfXu tSlkA nf{k.kkfXu] xkgZiR;kfXu vkSj vkgouh;kfXu
uke ls vfXu osQ rhu izdkj gSaA
vfXu'kkyk esaA ;K'kkyk esaA
rqEgkjk iz;kstu iwjk djus osQ fy, ;Ru d:xkA ro $ vFkZe~]
RonFkZe~ ;kor~ $ ;rsA ^;fr";s* bl vFkZ esa ^;rs* dk
iz;ksxA ;rh (iz;Rus) $ yV~] vkReusinhA mkeiq#"k ,dopuA
lR;A forFke~ feF;k] u forFke~ vforFke~A
izfrKk dksA ^laj* ukukFkZd 'kCn gSA
Hkwfe dksA vusdkFkZd 'kCnA
bPNk dhA de~ (dkUrkS)] fyV~] vkReusinh] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
[ktkus esaA ^dks'kx`g* in Hkh izpkj esa gSA
dgk FkkA dFk;keklq%A 'kal~ $ fyV~ izFke iq#"k cgqopuA
vkdk'k dh vksj lsA uHkl~ $ rfly~A vO;;A
21
j?kqdkSRllaokn%
Hkklqje~
vfHk;kL;ekukr~
&
&
fnns'k
lqesjks%
otzfHkUue~
&
&
&
ikne~
vfHkuU|lokS
xq#izns;kf/dfu%Li`g%
&
&
&
vfkdizn%
lkosQrfuokflu%
&
&
pedrs gq,A pedhykA HkkLoje~A

vke.k fd;s tkus okys (oqQcsj ls)A vfHk $ ;k (izki.ks)
$ y`V~ (deZf.k) ;o~Q $ 'kkup~A vfHkxfe";ek.kkr~A
ns fn;kA fn'k~ (vfrltZus) fyV~ izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
lqes# ioZr dkA iqjk.kksa osQ vuqlkj ;g Lo.kZe; ioZr gSA
otzk;q/ ls dVk gqvkA ôtz* bUnz dk vk;qk gSA mlus otzk;qk
ls ioZrksa osQ ia[k dkV fn;s] ,slh ikSjkf.kd dFkk gSA
fxfjikn%A rygVhA izR;UrioZrfeo fLFkre~A
iz'kaluh; O;ogkj okys (nksuksa)A vfHkuU|a loa ;;ks% rkSA
xq# dks nsus ls vf/d nzO; dks ysus esa bPNk u j[kus okyk
(vFkh)
vf/d nsus okykA vf/oaQ iznnkfr bfrA
v;ks;k osQ fuoklh yksxA lkosQr $ fuokl $ bu~A "k"Bh
foHkfDr ,dopuA
vH;kl%
1-
laLrHkk"k;k mkja fy[kr&

(d) dkSRl% dL; f'k"; vklhr~\
([k) j?kq% de~ voje~ vuqfr"Bfr Le\
(x) dkSRl% fdeFk j?kqa izki\
(?k) eU=krke~ vxz.kh% d% vklhr~\
() rhFkZizfrikfnrfZ% ujsUnz% dFkfeo vkHkkfr Le\
(p) pkrdksfi oaQ u ;kprs\
(N) dkSRlL; xq#% xq#nf{k.kkRosu fd;ua ns;fefr vkfnns'k\
(t) j?kq% dLekr~ ijhoknkr~ Hkhr% vklhr~\
(>) dLekr~ vFk fu""Vqe~ j?kq% pdes\
(k) fgj.e;ha o`"V osQ 'k'kalq%\
(V) dkS vfHkuU|lokS vHkwrke~\
22
'kk'orh
2-
dks"Bdkr~ leqfpra ineknk; fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

(d) ;'klk ------------------------- vfrfFka izR;qTtxkeA (izdk'k%] ".k%] vkfrFks;%)
([k) eku/ukxz;k;h ------------------------- rikskue~ mokpA (fo'kkEifr%] vrktfy%] dkSRl%)
(x) oqQ'kkxzcqs! ------------------------- oqQ'kyhA (rs f'k";%] rs xq#%] vxz.kh%)
(?k) gs jktu~ loZ=k ------------------------- vosfgA (nq%[ke~] okrZe~] vlq[ke~)
() LrEcsu vof'k"V% ------------------------- bo vkHkkflA (kkU;e~] uhokj%] o`{k%)
(p) gs fo}u~! ------------------------- xqjos fd;r~ izns;e~A (Ro;k] e;k] yksosQu)
(N) ------------------------- vfpUrf;Rok xq#.kk vgeqDr% ('kjhjDys'ke~] vFkZdk';Ze]~ jksxDys'ke~)
3-
vkksfyf[krkuka lizla fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&

(d) dksVh'prks n'k pkgjA
([k) ekHkwRijhoknuokorkj%A
(x) f}=kk.;gkU;gZfl lks<qegZu~A
(?k) fu""VqeFk pdes oqQcsjkr~A
() fnns'k dkSRlk; leLresoA
4-
vkksfyf[krs"kq fjDrLFkkus"kq fo'ks"; fo'ks"k.kinkfu ikBka'kkr~ fpRok fy[kr&

(d) ------------------------- vojsA
([k) ------------------------- dks"ktkre~A
(x) ------------------------- vuqferO;;L;A
(?k) ------------------------- iQyizlwfr%A
() ------------------------- fooftZrk;A
5-
foxzg iwoZoaQ lekluke fufnZ'kr&

(d) mikkfo|%
([k) riks/u%a
(x) ojrUrqf'k";%
(?k) egf"kZ%
() fofgrkojk;
(p) txnsdukFk%
(N) uìfr%
(t) vuokI;
23
j?kqdkSRllaokn%
6-
v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka leqfpra ;kstua oqQ#r&

(v)
(vk)
(d) rs
(1) prqnZ'k
([k) pr% n'k p
(2) xq#nf{k.kkFkhZ
(x) vL[kfyrksipkjka
(3) vgkfu
(?k) pSrU;e~
(4) LofLr vLrq
() dkSRl%
(5) izcksk% izdk'kks ok
(p) f}=kkf.k
(6) HkfDre~
7-
(d) vFkhZ ([k) e`.e;e~ (x) 'kkflrq% (?k) vof'k"V% () mDRok (p) izLrqre~
(N) mDr% (t) vokI; (>) yCke~ (k) vos{;A
8-
foHkfDr&fyX&opukfnfunsZ'kiwoZoaQ inifjp;a oqQ#r&

(d) tuL; ([k) }kS (x) rkS (?k) lqesjks% () izkr% (p) ldk'kkr~
(t) Hkw;% (>) fokL; (k) xq#.kk
9-
(N) es
vkksfyf[krkuka f;kinkuke~ vU;s"kq iq#"kopus"kq :ikf.k fy[kr&

(d) vxzghr~ ([k) fnns'k (x) vHkwr~ (?k) txkn () mRlgrs (p) vnZfr
(N) ;kprs (t) vokspr~
10- vkksfyf[krkuka inkuka foykse inkfu fy[kr&

(d) fu%'ks"ke~ ([k) vlr~ (x) mnkjke~ (?k) v'kqHke~ () leLre~
11- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka okD;s"kq iz;ksxa oqQ#r&
(d) uì% ([k) vFkhZ (x) Hkklqje~ (?k) o`f"V% () foke~ (p) onkU;% (N) f}tjkt%
(t) xoZ% (>) ?ku% (k) okrZe~
24
'kk'orh
12- v/ksfyf[krkuke~ vUo;a oqQ#r&

(d) l e`.e;s ohrfgj.e;Rokr~ ------------------------- vkfrFks;%A
([k) lekIrfo|su e;k egf"kZ% ------------------------- iqjLrkr~A
(x) l Roa iz'kLrs efgrs enh;s ------------------------- RonFkZe~A
13- vkksfyf[krs"kq iz;qDrkuke~ vyjk.kka funsZ'ka oqQ#r&
(d) ^;rLRo;k Kkue'ks"kekIra yksosQu
pSrU;feoks".kj'es%*AA
([k) 'kjhjek=ks.k ujsUnz! fr"B Hkkfl ------------------------- bokof'k"V%AA
(x) ra HkwifrHkkZlqjgsejkf'ka ------------------------- otzfHke~AA
14- vkksfyf[krs"kq NUn% fufnZ';rke~&
(d) reojs fo'oftfr f{krh'ka ------------------------- ojrUrqf'k";%AA
([k) xqoZFkZeFkhZ Jqrikjn`'ok ------------------------- uokorkj%AA
(x) l Roa iz'kLrs efgrs ------------------------- RonFkZe~AA
15- ^j?kq&dkSRllaokna* ljylaLrHkk"k;k Lodh;S% okD;S% fo'kn;rA
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
dkfynklh;k dkO;'kSyh ln;kuka euks furjka jt;frA izfregkdkO;a lqyfyrS% lqekqj%S izlknxq.kHkfjrS%
p 'kCnlUnHkSZ% euksgkfj.k% laoknku~ dfo% lek;kst;frA r=k n;ek% ifjljlfUuos'kk%
vkJeksioukn;%] yrkxqYekn;%] 'kqd&fid&e;wj&ejUn&gfj.kkn;% LoHkkoje.kh;k% dfouk fp=;UrsA
rkn`'kk% laoknk% dkfynklh;egkdkO;;ks% lUR;usosQA ;Fkk&j?kqoa'ks ,o f}rh;lxsZ lg&fnyhi;ks%
laokns&
^vya eghiky ro Jes.k iz;qDreI;L=kferks o`Fkk L;kr~A
u ikniksUewyu'kfDrjag% f'kyksPp;s ewPNZfr ek#rL;AA**
j?kqoa'ke~ 2-34
lEcUkekHkk"k.kiwoZekgqo`Zk% l ukS lr;ksoZukUrsA
rn~HkwrukFkkuqx! ukgZfl Roa lEcfU/uks es iz.k;a fogUrqe~AA
j?kqoa'ke~ 2-58
25
j?kqdkSRllaokn%
dkfynkl% miekyk jfiz;%A rL; losZ"kq dkO;s"kq miek;k% n;gkjhf.k mnkgj.kkfu yH;UrsA ;Fkk&
oU;o`fkfjeka 'k'onkRekuqxeusu xke~A
fo|keH;lususo izlknf;rqegZflAA
j?kqoa'ke~ 1-88
v?;Ze~ & v?;Ze~ bfr insu vfrfFklRdkjkFk l~xkz a nzO;e~ vfHk/h;rsA Hkkjrh;k;ke~ vfrfFklRdkj
ijEijk;ke~ ,rs"kka nzO;k.kka furjka egoa orZrsA rkfu nzO;kf.k nwjknkxrL; vfrfFktuL;
v?oJee~ viusraq leFkkZfu_ vr ,o rkfu v?;ZnzO;s"kq LFkkua HktUrsA v?kZL;] v?;ZL;
ok nzO;kf.k rq & nwokZ] v{krkfu] l"kZ;k%] iq"ikf.k lqxU/hfu] pUnukfnlqxfU/nzO;kf.k]
Loknq 'khrya typA v?kZ% v?; ok vfrFkhuke~ mipkjkFk] vknjkFk ok fo/h;r bfr
;kKoyD;% izkgA r|Fkk&
^nwokZ l"kZiiq"ik.kka nok?k iw.kZetfye~* bfrA
fo|k
& izkphudkys prqnZ'k fo|k% ikB~;Urs LeA rk% Le`fr"kq mfYyf[krk% lfUrA r|Fkk
vk fu osnk'pRokjks ehekalk U;k;foLrj%A
iqjk.ka /eZ'kkL=ka p fo|k srk'prqnZ'kAA
f'k{kk] O;kdj.ka] NUn%] fu#Dra] T;kSfr"ka] dYi% bfr "kV~ osnkk fu_ o~Q] lke]
;tq%] vFkoZ.k bfr pRokjks osnk%A osnkFkZfopkjk; izo` ka ehekalk'kkL=ke~] U;k;foLrj'kCnsu
Kk;ekuk vkUohf{kdh] n.Muhfr%] okrkZ] p_ v"Vkn'k&iqjk.kfu_ keZ'kkL=kp prqnZ'k&
fo|klq vUrHkZofUrA
eU=k%
& eU=k bfr ina êf=k* (xqIrHkk"k.ks) /krks% ?kk~ izR;;s rs fu"i%] f"kfHk% n`"Vkuke~
vkuqiwokZiz/kukuke~ X;tqLlkekFkokZ[;kuka lkekU;su ckskde~A izR;soaQ osns vUrxZrkuka
eU=kk.kka ckskdr;k fHkk% fHkk% 'kCnk% iz;qT;UrsA osQoye~ ~eU=k.kka rs ^p*
bfr lkeeU=kk.kka ^lkekfu* bfr] ;tqeZU=kk.kka ^;twaf"k* bfr vFkoZeU=kk.kka ^vkFkokZ* bfr
p laKkA
KkukFkZdkr~ êu~* /krks% vfi eU=k'kCnL; O;qRifka izn'kZ;fUrA ;kukoLFkk;ka eU=kku~
"k;% vi';u~ bfr dkj.kkr~ rs êU=knz"Vkj* bR;qP;UrsA loZnk euua oqQoZfUr] ;kueXuk
HkofUr bfr dkj.kkr~ "k;% eU=kr bR;fi mP;UrsA
26
'kk'orh
cgqHkk"kkKkue~ & vkksfyf[krkuke~ vU;Hkk"kk'kCnkuka lekukFkZdkfu inkfu ikBs vUos"VO;kfu

estcku (Host) vxokuh (to receive) ftn (insistance)
fof'k"VokD;fuekZ.kdkS'kye~
^lw;sZ rifr dFka rfek*&,rRln`'kkfu okD;kfu fuesZ;kfu
1- lw;sZ vLre~ ------------------------- (xe~) pUnz mnsfrA
2- ef; ekxsZ ------------------------- (LFkk) ;kue~ vkxre~A
3- rfLeu~ ------------------------- (izPN~) vge~ mkje~ v;PNe~A
vusdkFkZd'kCn% & ikB~ka'ks n`"Vkuke~ vusdkFkZd'kCnkuka l~xzga Rok ukuk vFkkZu~ mfYYk[krA
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& dkfynklra izfrfp=k.ke~] vkJefp=k.ka] o`{kknhuka i'kqif{k.kka p fp=k.ka

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gSa fd ;g v'oeskh; ?kksM+k gSA j{kdksa dh ?kks"k.kk lqudj ckyd yo ?kksM+s dks vkJe esa ys
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tud%
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%
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oVqifj"kna iq.;Jhd% fJ;So lHkkt;u~ A
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(fpja fuoZ.;Z ) Hkks% fdeI;srr~A
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euks es laeksgfLFkjefi gjR;s"k cyoku~
v;ks/krqa ;}Rifjy?kqj;LdkUr'kdy% AA
28
yo%
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eqRlf'pjkUeuksjFkksfi es iwfjr%A
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tud%
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% ,rkonso tkukfeA
(izfo'; lEHkzkUrk%)
ckydkSrqde~
cVo%
29
% oqQekj! oqQekj! v'oks'o bfr dksfi Hkwrfo'ks"kks tu&

ins"ouqJ;
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30
yo%
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31
ckydkSrqde~
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u ;konk;kfr] rkor~ Rofjreusu r#xgusukiliZrA
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32
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iqjh"ke~A eyA
33
ckydkSrqde~
vkezek=kku~
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34
'kk'orh
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1-
laLrsu mkja nh;rke~&

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2-
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(p) foLiQkfjr'kjkluk% vk;q/h;Js.k;% oqQekja rtZ;fUrA
35
ckydkSrqde~
(N) fuiq.ka fu:I;ek.k% yo% eq[kpUnzs.k lhr;k laonR;soA

3-
fgUnhHkk"k;k lizlO;k[;ka oqQ#r&

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([k) d O;k[;kuSot
Zz fr l iqunwjZ essfg ;ke%A
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4-
vkksfyf[krkfu dFkukfu d% oaQ izfr dFk;fr&
(d) vfLr rs ekrk\ Lejfl ok rkre~\
d%
oaQ izfr
----------------------------------------------
([k) fn"V~;k u osQoyeqRl% euksjFkksfi es iwfjr%A ---------------------------------------------(x) oRlk;k'p j?kw}gL; p f'k'kkofLefHkO;T;rsA
----------------------------------------------
(?k) lks;e/qukLekfHk% Lo;a izR;{khr%A
----------------------------------------------
() brksU;rks HkwRok isz{kkegs rkoRiyk;ekua nh?kkZ;q"ke~A------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(p) f/o~Q piy! fdeqDrokuflA

5-
v/ksfyf[krokD;kuka fjDrLFkkukfu funsZ'kkuqlkja iwj;r&

(d) d ,"k ----------------------- jkeHknzL; eqX/yfyrSjXSnkZjdksLekoaQ ykspus ---------------------- (f;kinsu)
([k) ,"k ----------------------- es lEeksgufLFkjefi eu% gjfrA (drZìnsu)
(x) -----------------------! brksfi rkonsfg! (lEcks/usu)
(?k) ^v'oks'o* ----------------------- uke i'kqlekEuk;s lkaxzkfeosQ p iB~;rsA (vO;;su)
36
'kk'orh
() ;q"ekfHkjfi rRdk.Ma ----------------------- ,o fgA (nUrinsu)

(p) ,"k oks yoL; ----------------------- iz.kkei;kZ;% (dj.kinsu)
6-
v/% leLrinkuka foxzgk% nkk%A mngkj.keuql`R; leLrinkfu jp;r] leklukekfi

p fy[krA
mnkgj.ke~& i'kwuka lekEuk;%] rfLeu~ i'kqlekEuk;s&"k"Bh rRiq#"k%
----------------------(d) fou;su f'kf'kj%
----------------------([k) v;LdkUrL; 'kdy%
----------------------(x) nh?kkZ xzhok ;L; l%
----------------------(?k) eq[ke~ ,o iq.Mjhde~
----------------------() iq.;% pklkS vuqHkko%
----------------------(p) u L[kfyre~
7-
v/ksfyf[krikfjHkkf"kd'kCnkuka leqfprkFksZu esyua oqQ#r&

(d) usiF;s
(d) izdV:i esa
([k) vkRexre~
([k) ns[kdj
(x) izdk'ke~
(x) insZ osQ ihNs
(?k) fu:I;
(?k) vius eu esa
() mRlXs x`ghRok
() izos'k djosQ
(p) izfo';
(p) vius eu esa
(N) lxoZe~
(N) xksn esa fcBk dj
(t) Loxre~
(t) xoZ osQ lkFk
8-
ikBekfJR; fgUnhHkk"k;k yoL; pkfjf=kdoSf'k"V~;a fy[kr&
9-
vkksfyf[krs"kq 'yksosQ"kq NUnksfunsZ'k% f;rke~&

(d) efgEukesrfLeu~ fou;f'kf'kjks ekSX;el`.kksA
([k) oRlk;k'p j?kw}gL; p f'k'kkofeLefHkO;T;rsA
(x) i'pkRiqPNa ogfr foiqya rPp /quksR;te~A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37
ckydkSrqde~
10- ikBekfJR; mRisz{kky~dkjL; mieky~dkjL; p mnkgj.ka fy[kr&
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
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vusu egkdfouk =khf.k ukVdkfu jfprkfu&
ekyrhekkoe~] egkohjpfjre~ mkjjkepfjra pA
mkjjkepfjra HkoHkwrs% loksZR"Vk jpukLrhfr fo}Rleqnk;s b;eqfDr% izflk orZrs
^^mkjs jkepfjrs HkoHkwfrfoZf'k";rsA**
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of.kZre~] iwoZpfjrUrq HkoHkwfrfojfprs egkohjpfjrs izfrikfnre~A vr ,o mkja jkeL; pfjra
;fLeu~ rr~ mkjjkepfjre~A vFkok mkje~ mR"Va jkeL; pfjra ;fLeu~ rr~ mkjjkepfjre~
bfr ukVdL; ukedj.ka lehphua orZrAs lhrkifjR;kxsuk=k jkeL;ksR"VjkT;keZikyuozrRoa lwP;rsA
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Hkko% eeZLi`'ka izdfVr%A rFkSo gkL;jlL;kfi #fpjk vfHkO;fDrj=k ltkrkA
([k) v'oesk% & v'oesk;K% izkphudkys jkT;foLrkjk; jk"V&le`;s p dj.kh;% ;K% vklhr~A
vfLeu~ ;Ks jkKka cyL; ijkeL; p ijh{kk Hkofr LeA ;KdrkZ uì% Lojkf"V;izrhde'oa
p lSU;cyS% lg Hkwe.My&Hkze.kk; isz"k;fr LeA ;ks uì% LojkT;s lekxre'oa fuckZka xUrq
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ukhdjksfr LeA rnk mHk;kscZy;kseZ;s ;qa Hkofr Le r=kSo p uìk.kka ijke% ijh{;rs
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bfr fu:I;rke~A rFkSo xqjo% dFke~ vk'khoZpkafl v;PNu~ bR;fi Ks;e~A
() okrkZykikFk laLrHkk"kk;k% lqpk#iz;ksxL; mnkgj.kkfu ikBkr~ vUos"VO;kfuA
prqFkZ% ikB%
deZxkSjoe~
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fo'oizfl xzUFkjRu gS] fTklesa Jh".k us fo"kknxzLr vtquZ dks dkZO; dk mins'k nsdj keZj{kkFkZ
;q osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k FkkA dekasZ esa oqQ'kyrk dks gh ;ksx crk;k x;k gSA vr% lHkh dks
fu%laxHkko ls lnk loZfgr osQ dk;ksZa esa layXu jguk pkfg,A ;gh mifu"knksa dk Hkh lUns'k
gS&oqQoZUUksosg dekZf.k ftthfo"ksPNra lek%A
cq f ;q D rks
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fu;ra oqQjQ deZ Roa deZ T;k;ks deZ.k%A
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39
deZxkSjoe~
u deZ.kkeukjEHkkUuS"dE;Ze~ iqjQ"kks'uqrAs
u p lUU;luknso flfa lef/xPNfr AA3AA
u fg df'pR{k.kefi tkrq fr"BR;deZr~A
dk;Zrs o'k% deZ loZ% izfrtSxqZ.kS% AA4AA
rLeknlDr% lrra dk; deZ lekpjA
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deZ.kSo fg laflfekfLFkrk tudkn;%A
yksdlaxzgesokfi
lai';UdrqZegZfl AA6AA
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tu%A
l
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u cqfHksna tu;snKkuka deZlfu ke~A
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'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
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(bl yksd esa) R;kx nsrk gSA
lqra p nq"ra p] }U} lekl] iq.; vkSj ikiA
;qt~ /krq (vkReusin) $ yksV~ $ e;e iq#"k ,dopu] iz;Ru
djksA
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yksdlaxgz e~ $ ,o $ vfi] yksdlaxgz dks HkhA
vgZ~ /krq $ yV~ $ e;e iq#"k ,dopu] ;ksX; gksA
40
'kk'orh
vkpjfr
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ugha djuk pkfg,A
deZ es vklDr euq";kas dkA
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pkfg,] yxuk pkfg,A
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fg $ vdeZ.k%] D;kasfd deZ u djus lsA
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41
deZxkSjoe~
vH;kl%
1-
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4-
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yksdLrnuqorZrs] tu;snKkuke~
42
'kk'orh
6-
v/ksfyf[krfozQ;kinkuka ydkjiq#"kopufunsZ'ka oqQ#r&

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7-
vkksfy[krokD;s"kq js[kkfr inkuka foHkDrhuka funsZ'ka oqQ#r&

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([k) thous fu;ra deZ oqQ#A
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() deZ.kke~ vukjEHkkr~ iq#"k% uS"dE; u v'uqrsA
8-
iznketw"kk;k% leqfprinkuka p;ua Rok vkksnk'kCnkuka izR;sdinL; =khf.k

lekukFkZdinkfu fy[kUrqA
vukjre~] euh"kk] xk=ke~] nq"deZ] izkK%] dyq"ke~] 'kseq"kh] vfojre~] dksfon%] dk;%] efr%]
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deZ vkfJR; laLrHkk"kk;ka ip okD;kfu fy[kr&
10- ikBs iz;qDrL; NUnl% uke fy[kr&

11- tu% dhn`'kS% xq.kS% dk; djksfr\ v/ksfyf[kra 'yksdek/`R; fy[kr&
u fg df'pR{k.kefi tkrq fr"BR;deZr~A
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43
deZxkSjoe~
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
v/ksfyf[krkuka lwDrhuke;;ua Rok izLrqrikBsu HkkolkE;e~ vo/k&
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vxPNUoSurs;ksfi inesoaQ u xPNfrAA
(2) m|esu fg fl;fUr dk;kZf.k u euksjFkS%A
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iprU=ke~ @ fe=klEizkfIr & 129
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rLekr~ loZiz;Rusu] lkkq deZ lekpjsr~AA
fo".kqiqjk.k & 1@18@32
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lw;ZL; i'; Jsek.ka] ;ks u rUnz;rs pju~AA
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(5) tyfcUnq f uikrs u e'k% iw ; Z r s ?kV%A
l gsrq% loZfo|kuka /eZL; p /uL; pAA
pk.kD;uhfr & 12@22
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f'kykfi ruqrka ;kfr] izikrsuk.kZlks eqgq%AA
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;tqoZsn & 40@2 7
44
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vkksfufeZrrkfydka n`"V~ok leLrinS% lg foxzgku~ esy;r&

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cqn~;k ;qDr% (r`rh;k rRiq#"k%)

u o'k% (uk~ rRiq#"k% lekl)
cqn~ks% Hksne~ ("k"Bh rRiq#"k% lekl)
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deZf.k jr% (lIreh rRiq#"k lekl)
(v) u deZ.k% (uk~ rRiq#"k)
(c) u vkjEHkkr~ (uk~ rRiq#"k)
45
deZxkSjoe~
(7) deZiQyL; gsrq% ("k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl)

(8) 'kjhjL; ;k=kk ("k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl)
(9) yksdk; laxzge~ (prqFkhZ rRiq#"k lekl)
(10) (v) u lDr% (uk~ rRiq#"k)
(c) u Kkukuke~ (uk~ rRiq#"k)
(11) u pju~ (uk~ rRiq#"k)
(12) deZlq lf~xuke~ (lIreh rRiq#"k)
(13) lqre~ n`"re~ p (}U} lekl)
vkksfyf[krkn'kZokD;kfu lEclaLFkkfHk% ;kst;r&
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vlrks ek ln~xe;
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lfUrA ;qHkwekS fo"kknxzLrktqZuk; fu"dkedeZ.k% mins'ka iz;PNrk Hkxork Jh".ksu v=k
Kku&HkfDr&deZ.kka leUo;% izLrqr%A
46
'kk'orh
iwoZofrZuks vusosQ euhf"k.k% thous mnkkxq.kkuka fodklkFk xhrk'kkL=ks.k izsj.kka izkIroUr%A rs"kq
fo}Rlq yksdekU;fryd%] egf"kZ vjfoUn%] egkRekxkU/h] fouksckHkkos bR;kn;% izeq[kk% lfUrA ,rS%
fo}f% xhrk'kkL=kL; LoHkkokfHkO;fDrLo:Ikk% O;k[;k% fofyf[krk%A xhrk'kkL=kL; Kku&HkfDr&deZ;ksxku~
Lothous vorkj;Ur% mUurkn'kkZu~ mnkkthouewY;ku~ ,rs euhf"k.k% pfjrkFkZ;fUr LeA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk;k% osQpu vU;sfi 'yksdk mj.kh;k%A r|Fkk&
vukfJR; deZiQya dk; deZ djksfr% ;%A
l laU;klh p ;ksxh p u fujfXuuZ pkf;% AA6-1
lq[knq%[ks les Rok ykHkkykHkkS t;kt;kSA
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;n`PNkykHklUrq"Vks }U}krhrks foeRlj%
le% flkoflkS p Rokfi u fuc;rs AA4-22
loZHkwrLFkekRekua loZHkwrkfu pkRefu
bZ{krs ;ksx;qDrkRek loZ=k len'kZu% AA6-29
vusoSQ% dfofHk% xhrk;k% egoa izfrikfnre~A rUegoa ;=k&r=k v;srO;e~A mnkgj.kkFkZe~&
eyfueksZpua iqalka tyLukua fnus fnusA
lnhrkEHkfl Lukua lalkjeyuk'kue~AA
v/ksfyf[krkuka inkukek';ksUos"VO;%&
yksdlaxzge~] uS"dE;Ze~] izfrt%] lUU;lue~
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jktk g"kZokZu osQ thou ij ^g"kZpfjr* fy[kk gSA g"kZoZu dk jkT;dky 606 bZ- ls 648 bZrd jgkA vr% ck.kHk^ dk Hkh ;gh le; gksuk pkfg;sA budh nks jpuk, lqizfl gSa g"kZpfjr
vkSj dknEcjhA
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dknEcjh laLo`Qr lkfgR; dk loksZRo`Q"V x| dkO; gSA ;g ^dFkk* Js.kh dk dkO; gSA
pUnzkihM&dknEcjh rFkk iq.Mjhd&egk osrk osQ iz.k; dk fp=k.k djus okyh dFkk ^dknEcjh*
osQ nks Hkkx gSaA bldk dFkkud tfVy gksrs gq, Hkh euksje gSA blesa dFkk dk izkjEHk jktk 'kwnzd
osQ o.kZu ls gksrk gSA 'kwnzd osQ ;gk pk.MkydU;k oS'kEik;u uked 'kqd dks ysdj igqprh gSA
'kqd lHkk esa vkRe&o`kkUr lqukrk gSA bl xzUFk esa rhu&rhu tUeksa dh ?kVuk, xqfEiQr gSAa
izLrqr ikB ^dknEcjh* osQ 'kqduklksins'k uked x|ka'k ls fy;k x;k gSA bl va'k dk
uk;d jktoqQekj pUnzkihM gS] tks lRo] 'kkS;Z vkSj vktZo Hkkoksa ls ;qDr gSA 'kqdukl ,d
vuqHkoh eU=kh gSa tks jktoqQekj pUnzkihM dks jkT;kfHk"ksd osQ iwoZ okRlY;Hkko ls mins'k nsrs gSaA
os mls ;qokoLFkk esa lqyHk :i] ;kSou] izHkqrk ,oa ,s'o;Z ls mwr nks"kksa osQ fo"k; esa lko/ku
dj nsuk mfpr le>rs gSaA bls ;qokoLFkk esa izos'k dj jgs leLr ;qodksa dks iznk ^nh{kkUr
Hkk"k.k* dgk tk ldrk gSA
48
'kk'orh
,oa lefrkeRlq fnols"kq jktk pUnzkihML; ;kSojkT;kfHk"ksda fpdh"kZq%

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n'kZukFkZekxrek:<fou;efi fouhrrjfePNu~ drq 'kqdukl% lfoLrjeqokp
rkr! pUnzkihM! fofnrosfnrO;L;k/hrloZ'kkL=kL; rs ukYieI;qins"VO;efLrA

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vizckskk ?kksjk p jkT;lq[klfikrfunzk Hkofr] bR;r% foLrjs.kkfHk/h;lsA
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[kYouFkZ& ijEijkA ;kSoukjEHks p izk;% 'kkL=ktyiz{kkyu&fueZykfi dkyq";eqi;kfr
cqf%A uk'k;fr p iq#"keR;klks fo"k;s"kqA
'kqduklksins'k%
49
Hkokn`'kk ,o HkofUr HkktukU;qins'kkuke~A vixreys fg eufl fo'kfUr

lq[ksuksins'kxq.kk%A gjfr vfrefyuefi nks"ktkra xq:ins'k% xq:ins'k'p uke
vf[kyeyiz{kkyu{kee~ vtya Lukue~A fo'ks"ks.k rq jkKke~A fojyk fg rs"kkeqins"Vkj%A
jktopueuqxPNfr tuks Hk;kr~A mifn';ekuefi rs u k`.ofUrA vo/hj;Ur%
[ksn;fUr fgrksins'knkf;uks xq:u~A
vkyksd;rq rkor~ dY;k.kkfHkfuos'kh y{eheso izFkee~A u sofa okeifjfprfeg
txfr fdfpnfLr ;Fks;euk;kZA yC/kfi [kyq nq%[ksu ifjikY;rsA ifjikfyrkfi
iziyk;rsA u ifjp;a j{kfrA ukfHktueh{krsA u :iekyksd;rsA u dqyeeuqorZrAs
u 'khya i';frA u oSnX;a x.k;frA u Jqrekd.kZ;frA u /eZeuqjQ;rsA u
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i';frA 'kwja d.Vdfeo ifjgjfrA nkrkja nq%LoIufeo u LejfrA fouhra uksiliZfrA
r`".kka lao/Z;frA yf?kekuekikn;frA ,oafok;kfi pku;k dFkefi nSoo'ksu
ifjx`ghrk% foDyok% HkofUr jktku%] lokZfou;kfk"Bkurka p xPNfUrA
vijs rq LokFkZfu"iknuijS% nks"kkufi xq.ki{ke;kjksi;f% izrkj.koqQ'kySkwZ kS%Z
izrk;Zek.kk fokenekfpkk loZtuksigkL;rkeqi;kfUrA u eku;fUr ekU;ku~]
tjkoSDyO;izyfirfefr i';fUr o`ksins'ke~A oqQI;fUr fgrokfnusA loZFkk
refHkuUnfUr] ra lao/Z;fUr] rL; opua k`.ofUr] ra cgq eU;Urs ;ksgfuZ'ke~
vuojra foxrkU;dkZO;% LrkSfr] ;ks ok ekgkRE;eqko;frA
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rFkk iz;rsFkk% ;Fkk uksigL;ls tuS%] u fuU|ls lk/qfHk%] u fkfD;ls xqjQfHk%]
uksikyH;ls lqf%] u oP;ls /wr%ZS ] u foMEC;ls y{E;k] ukf{kI;ls fo"k;S%]
ukif;ls lq[ksuA
bneso p iqu% iqujfHk/h;ls&fo}kalefi lpsrlefi] egkloefi]
vfHktkrefi] /hjefi] iz;RuoUrefi iq#"ka nqfoZuhrk [kyhdjksfr y{ehfjR;srk&
onfHk/k;ksi'k'kkeA
50
'kk'orh
pUnzkihMLrkfHkjQins'kokfXHk% iz{kkfyr bo] mUehfyr bo] LoPNho`Qr bo]

ifo=kho`Qr bo] mkflr bo] izhrn;ks LoHkouektxkeA
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fpdh"kqZ%
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midj.klEHkkjlaxzgkFkZe~
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vifj.kkeksi'ke%
fofnrosfnrO;L;
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vixreys
mins"Vkj%
vo/hj;Ur%
dY;k.kkfHkfuos'kh
djus dh bPNkokyk] drZqfePNq%] $ lu~ $ m $ izFkek

foHkfDr ,dopuA
fof'k"V u; (uhfr)
}kjikyksa dks
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bfr midj.kkfu] midj.kkuke~ lEHkkj% midj.klEHkkj% ("k"Bh
rRiq#"k) midj.klEHkkjL; laxzgkFkZe~A mi $ $ Y;qV~
midj.ke~] lEHkkj% le~ $ Hk` $ ?kk~A
LokHkkfod :i lsA
o`n~kkoLFkk esa Hkh u 'kkUr gksus okykA ifj.kkes mi'ke%
ifj.kkeksi'ke%A u ifj.kkeksi'ke% vifj.kkeksi'ke% (uk~ rRiq#"k)A
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fon~ $ kQ fofnre~] fon~ $ rO;r~ osfnrO;e~A
tUe ls izkIr izHkqRoA xHkZr% ,o bZ'oj% xHksZ'oj% rL;
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vki tSls gh] Hkor~ $ n`'k~ $ fi~] izFkek foHkfDrA
nks"kjfgr gksus ij] vixr% ey% ;Lekr~ rr~ vixreye~ rfLeu~
vixreys (ipeh rRiq#"k)
mins'k nsus okys] mi $ fn'k~ $ r`p~ izFkek foHkfDr cgqopuA
frjLr djrs gq,] vo $ /hj $ f.kp~ $ 'kr` izFkek foHkfDr
cgqopuA
ey osQ vfHkyk"kh] dY;k.ks vfHkfuos"Vqa 'khya ;L; l
cgqczhfgA
51
'kqduklksins'k%
ifjikY;rs
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vuq#;rs
vocq;rs
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laokZ;fr
yf?kekuekikn;fr
foDyok%
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izrkj.koqQ'kyS%
izrk;Zek.kk%
tjkoSDyO;izyfire~
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vfHktkre~
vfHk/h;ls
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mi'k'kke
j[kh tk ldrh gS] ifj $ iky $ deZf.k ;o~Q yV~ ydkj

izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
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tku tkrh gSA
lehi ugha tkrh] ik'osZ u xPNfrA
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f.kp~
$
yV~
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foy&fodyA
vkjksfir djus okysA
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lIreh rRiq#"kA
Bxs x;s] iz $ r` $ deZf.k ;o~Q $ 'kkup~ $ izFkek foHkfDr
,dopuA
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iz'kLra tkra ;L; l vfHktkr% re~ vfHktkre~] cgqohz fg leklA
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nq"V cuk nsrh gSA u [kye~ v[kya] v[kya [kya djksfr bfr]
[ky $ fPo $ $ yV~] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
pqi gks x;s] mi $ 'ke~ $ fyV~] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
52
'kk'orh
iz{kkfyr bo
vgfuZ'ke~
mn~Hkko;fr
uksikyH;ls
uksigL;ls tuS%
iw.kZr;k /ks;s gq,A iz $ {kky $ kQ] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA

fnu&jkrA
izdV djrk gSA mn~ $ Hkw $ f.kp~ $ yV~] izFke iq#"k
,dopuA
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$ yV~] e;e iq#"k ,dopu] ;gk ^migL;ls* f;k esa
deZf.k ;o~Q izR;; gqvk gSA vr% ^tuk%* dkkZ osQ vuqkQ
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x;h gSA
vH;kl%
1-

(d) y{ehen% dhn`'k%\
([k) pUnzkihMa d% mifn'kfr\
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() yC/kfi nq%[ksu dk ifjikY;rs\
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2-
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53
'kqduklksins'k%
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() vfrefyue~
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laxzgkFkZe~] leqifLFkre~] fou;e~] ifj.ke;fr] k`.ofUr] Li`'kfrA
4-
v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka lfU/&foPNsna oqQ#r&

-------------(d) ,okfrxgue~
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5-
6-
izfr&izR;;foHkkx% f;rke~&
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([k) vR;kl%
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&
&
&
$
$
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$
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54
'kk'orh
(?k) LokFkZfu"iknuijS%
() vgfuZ'ke~
(p) o`n~/ksins'ke~
&
&
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7-
fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
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8-
lizla fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&

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([k) gjfr vfrefyuefi nks"ktkra xq:ins'k%A
(x) fo}kalefi lpsrlefi] egkloefi] vfHktkrefi] /hjefi] iz;RuoUrefi iq#"ka
nqfoZuhrk [kyhdjksfr y{ehfjfrA
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Z kr~ vfrltZukFkZdkr~ ^fn'k~* /krks% ^?kk~* izR;;s mins'k'kCn% fu"i|rsA leqfprdk;s"Z kq
fe=ka] cU/qa] vkfJrtua] fo|kfFkZua ok lUekxsZ izorZf;rqa osQufpr~ fgrfpUrosQu lqn~ojs.k Kkfuuk ok
nh;eku% ijke'kZ% ekxZfunsZ'k% fgropua ok ^mins'k* bfr mP;rsA laLrok~e;s yksdizcks/dkfu
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ckydku~] ;qodku~] izkS<ku~] o`n~/ku~ fofoks"kq {ks=ks"kq dk;kZf.k oqQoZr% p vfkR; lkekU;su izdkjs.k
iz.khrkfu lfUrA
v=k mn~/`rs Hkkxs 'kqduklksins'kk[;s jktoqQekja pUnzkihMa izfr 'kqduklL; mins'k% lax`ghr%A
55
'kqduklksins'k%
rFkkfg&,s'o;] ;kSoua] lkSUn;] 'kfDr'psfr izR;soaQ vuFkZdkj.kfefr eok pUnzkihMe~ mins"Vqa

izkUr% 'kqdukl%A ;|fi pUnzkihM% fouhr% x`ghrfo|'p rFkkfi ,s'o;kZfnfHk% vL; eu%
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pUnzkihMa izfr vfirq rUek;esu losZ"kka tukuka rsfiA
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iprU=ke~ ,oeqfYy[kfr&
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56
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6-
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7-
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58
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{kh;Urs [kyq Hkw"k.kkfu lrra okXHkw"k.ka Hkw"k.ke~ AA 11AA
59
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eu% ekuljksoja p
ruq"ks (ru~ $ vkReusfoLrkj;fl
yV~] e;e iq#"k ,dopu)
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gal dk
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60
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futk/hua
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(vfHk $ mn;s] ;.k~ lfU/)
lnfl
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(lnl~ 'kCn uiqa- lIreh foHkfDr ,dopu)
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fuxwgfr
vkPNkn;fr
tgkfr
R;tfr
opfl
okfp
(opl~ lIreh foHkfDr ,dopu)
izh.k;Ur%
izlUua oqQoZUr%
ijxq.kijek.kwu~
vU;s"kke~ vfrlw{eku~ xq.kku~
ioZrhR;
fo'kkyrka uhRok
fn (r~ 'kCn lIreh
n;s
foHkfDr ,dopu)
fodlUr%
fodkla oqQoZUr%
osQ;wjkf.k
fof'k"VkHkw"k.kkfu
ewkZtk%
osQ'kk%
{kh;Urs
fou';Urs
dysojx`ga
'kjhjL; x`ga
("k"Bh rRiq-lekl)
tjk
o`Roa
izkshIrs
izTTofyrs
m|e%
ifjJe
'kk'orh
Lo;a osQ v/hu

czk osQ }kjk
vkoj.k
loZKksa osQ
mUufr esa
lHkk esa
ok.kh esa oqQ'kyrk
;q esa
fNikrk gS
NksM+ nsrk gS
ok.kh esa
izlUu djrs gq,
nwljksa osQ vfr lw{e xq.kksa dks
c<+k p<+k dj
n; esa
f[kyrs gq,
cktwcU/] HkqtcU/
flj osQ cky
u"V gks tkrs gSa
'kjhj
cq<+kik
tyus ij
esgur
61
lwfkQlqkk
vH;kl%
1-
laLrHkk"k;k iz'ukskjkf.k fy[kr&

(d) loZ=k dhn`'ka uhje~ vfLr\
([k) ejkyL; ekula oaQ fouk u jersA
(x) fo}ku~ de~ vis{krs\
(?k) lRdfo% dkS }kS vis{krs\
() ;% ;L; fiz;% l% rL; rs d Hkofr\
(p) lglk d u fon/hr\
(N) fo/k=kk d fofufeZre~\
(t) vif.Mrkuka foHkw"k.ka fde~\
(>) egkReuka izfrfla d Hkofr\
(k) ikikr~ d% fuokj;fr\
(V) lUr% dku~ ioZrhoqQoZfUr\
(B) dhn`'ka Hkw"k.ka u {kh;rs\
(M) owQi[kuua dnk u mfpre~\
2-
vkksfyf[kri|ka'kkuka lizla fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k fo/s;k&

(d) o`.krs fg foe`';dkfj.ka xq.kyqCkk% Lo;eso lEin%A
([k) {kh;Urs [kyq Hkw"k.kkfu lrra okXHkw"k.ka Hkw"k.ke~A
(x) izkshIrs Hkous p owQi[kuua izR;q|e% dhn`'k%A
3-
fjDrLFkkuiwfrZ% dj.kh;k&
(d) lRdfofjo fo}ku~ 'kCnkFkkSZ --------------- vis{krsA
([k) lUr% --------------- izonfUrA
62
'kk'orh
4-
fuEufyf[kr'yksd;ks% vUo;a fy[kr&

;Fkk& ;|fi uhjt&jkftra uhja loZ=k vfLrA (ija) ejkyL; ekula ekula fouk u jersA
(d) uhj{khjfoososQ --------------- A
([k) foifn kS;ZeFkkH;qn;s --------------- A
5-
fuEufyf[kr'kCnkuke~ vFk fyf[kRok okD;iz;ksxa oqQ#r&

uhjte~] jlky%] ikS#"k%] foe`';dkfj.k%] tjkA
6-
fuEufyf[kr'kCnkuka lkFkZoaQ esyua f;rke~&

(d) ejkyL;
(i) vkJ;rs
([k) voyEcrs
(ii) cz.kk
(x) v/quk
(iii) fo'knhR;
(?k) fo/k=kk
(iv) galL;
() ioZrhR;
(v) lkEizre~
(p) uhjta
(vi) vkez%
(N) jlky%
(vii) foHkwr;%
(t) lEin%
(viii) deye~
(>) ;'kfl
(ix) dhkkSZ
7-
vkksfyf[kr'kCnkuka ikBkr~ foykseina fpRok fy[kr&

--------------(d) ew[kZ%
--------------([k) vfiz;%
--------------(x) iq.;kr~
--------------(?k) ;kSoue~
--------------() mis{krs
8-
lfU/foPNsn% f;rke~&
(d) ukyEcrs & u $ --------------([k) fo'ofLeUukqukU;% & fo'ofLeu~ $ --------------- $ vU;%
lwfkQlqkk
(x) dksfi & d% $ --------------(?k) pkfHk#fpO;Zlua & p $ --------------- $ O;lue~

() pUnzksTToyk% & --------------- $ --------------9-
(v) vkksfyf[kr'kCnkuka leklfoxzg% dk;Z%&

;Fkk&uhjt&jkftre~ & uhjtS% jkftre~A
(d) vfyeky%
([k) okDiVqrk
(x) pUnzksTToyk%
(?k) vizfrgrk
() okXHkw"k.ke~
(vk) vkksfyf[kr&foxzginkuka leLrinkfu jp;r&
;Fkk&oqQyL; ozra --------------- oqQyozre~
(d) ouL; vUrjs --------------([k) xq.kkuka yqC/k% --------------(x) izR;k fle~ --------------(?k) midkjL; Jsf.kfHk% --------------() vkReu% Js;fl ---------------
10- vkksfyf[kr'kCns"kq izfrizR;;kuka foHkkx% dj.kh;e~&

;Fkk&jkftre~
& jkt~
$ Dr
(d) nSf"Vdrka & --------------- $ ry~
([k) oqQokZ.k%
& --------------- $ 'kkup~
(x) iVqrk
& iVq
$ --------------(?k) fle~
& --------------- $ Dr
() foe`';
& fo
$ e`'k~
$ ---------------
63
64
'kk'orh
11- vkksfyf[kr'yksosQ"kq NUnks fufnZ';rke~&

;Fkk&vfLr ;|fi --------------- AAvuq"Vqi~ NUn%A
(d) rkor~ dksfdy --------------- leqYylfrAA
([k) Lok;kesdkUr --------------- ekSueif.Mrkuke~AA
(x) foifn /S;ZeFkk --------------- egkReuke~AA
(?k) ikikfUUkokj;fr --------------- izonfUr lUr%AA
() osQ;wjkf.k u --------------- Hkw"k.ke~AA
12- vkksfyf[kriafDr"kq dksykj%\ fy[;rke~&
(d) 'kCnkFkkSZ lRdfofjo };a fo}kuis{krsA
([k) okXHkw"k.ka Hkw"k.ke~A
(x) futfn fodlUr% lfUr lUr% fd;Ur%A
(?k) jers u ejkyL; ekula ekula foukA
() ;kofUeynfyeky% dksfi jlky% leqYylfrA
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(v) lekukFkZd'yksdk%
1- gal% 'osrks cd% 'osr% dks Hksnks cdgal;ks%A
uhj{khjfoososQ rq galks galks cdks cd%AA
2- egktuL; lalxZ% dL; uksUufrdkjd%A
ii=kfLFkra okfj /ks eqDrkiQyfJ;e~AA
3- vkRekFksZ thoyksosQfLeu~ dks u thofr ekuo%A
ija ijksidkjkFk ;ks thofr l thofrAA
4- vK% lq[kekjk;% lq[krjekjk;rs fo'ks"kK%A
KkuyonqfoZnX/a czkfi ra uja u jt;frAA
5- ;koRLoLFkks ;a nsgks ;koUe`R;q'p nwjr%A
rkonkRefgra oqQ;kZr~ izk.kkUrs d dfj";frAA
65
lwfkQlqkk
(c) NUnlka y{k.kksnkgj.kkfu&

1- 'kknZwyfohfMre~&
y{k.ke~&^^lw;kZ'oSeZltkLrrk% lxqjo% 'kknwZyfohfMre~**A
mnkgj.ke~
(i) osQ;wjkf.k u Hkw"k;fUr-----A (ii) ;koRLoLFkfena dysojx`ge~-----A
2-
vuq"Vqi~ NUn% &

y{k.ke~&^^'yksosQ "k"Ba xq#Ks;a loZ=k y?kq ipee~A
f}%prq"ikn;ksZLoa lIrea nh?kZeU;;ks%AA**
mnkgj.ke~
vfLr ;|fi loZ=k uhja uhjtef.Mre~-----A
3-
olUrfrydk&
y{k.ke~&^^mDrk olUrfrydk rHktk txkS x%A**
mnkgj.ke~
ikikfUuokj;fr ;kst;rs fgrk;A
mitkfr%&bUnzotzk misUnzotzk bfr o`k;ks% la;ksxsu mitkfr% o`ka HkofrA
y{k.ke~&^^L;kfnUnzotzk ;fn rkS txkS x%A
misUnzotzk trtkLrrks xkSAA**
mnkgj.ke~
Lok;kesdkUrxq.ka
ekfyuh&
y{k.ke~&^ûue;;;qrs;a ekfyuh HkksfxyksoSQ%A**
mnkgj.ke~
eufl opfl dk;s iq.;ih;w"kiw.kkZ---A
vk;kZ
y{k.ke~&^^;L;k% izFkes ikns }kn'kek=kkLrFkk r`rh;sfiA
v"Vkn'k f}rh;s prqFkZosQ ipn'k lk;kZAA**
4-
5-
6-
66
'kk'orh
mnkgj.ke~
(i) uhj{khj foososQ ----A
(ii) rkor~ dksfdy ----A
vk;kZPNUnfl fof'k"V% y;% xs;rk p HkofrA
rnuqlkjs.k vk;kZ;k% xkuL; vH;kl% dk;Z%A
(l) vkksfyf[krkuke~ fgUnhHkk"kk;k% vkHkk.kdkuka lekukFkZdk% laLr iaDr;% vUos"VO;k%&
1- vkx yxus ij oqQvk [kksnuk
2- lcls Hkyh pqi
3- nw/ dk nw/ ikuh dk ikuh
lIre% ikB%
foozQeL;kSnk;Ze~
flagklu}kf=kaf'kdk ckhl euksjtd dFkkvksa dk laxzg gSA blds osQoy x|e;] osQoy
i|e;] x|i|e;] ;s rhu ikB ik;s tkrs gSaA laxzg esa fLFkr izR;sd dFkk /kjk uxjh osQ
jktk Hkkst dks lquk;h x;h gSA vr% bl xzUFk dk le; jktk Hkkst (10181063) osQ
vuUrj gh ekuk tkrk gSA
,d Vhys dh [kqnkbZ djus ij jktk Hkkst dks ,d flagklu feykA og flagklu jktk
foozQekfnR; dk FkkA 'kqHk eqgwrZ esa jktk Hkkst ml flagklu ij cSBuk pkgrk gS rks flagklu esa
cuh 32 iqkfydkvksa esa ls izR;sd iqkfydk jktk foozQekfnR; osQ xq.kksa rFkk ijkozQe dh ,d,d
dFkk lqukdj jktk dks flagklu ij cSBus ls iqu%iqu% jksdrh gSA izR;sd iqkfydk us jktk ls
;gh iz'u fd;k fd ^D;k rqeesa foozQe tSlk xq.k gS\ ;fn gS rks bl flagklu ij cSB ldrs
gks vU;Fkk ughaA*
izLrqr ikB mi;ZqkQ ^flagklu}kf=kaf'kdk* ls gh mn~/`r gSA blesa crk;k x;k gS fd fdl
izdkj jktk foozQe dks ;g lalkj vlkj izrhr gksrk gSA vius vkSnk;Zo'k os lEiw.kZ jktdks"k dks
nku djuk pkgrs gSaA blosQ fy, mUgksaus ^loZLonf{k.k;K* dk vuq"Bku fd;kA ml ;K esa lc
oqQN ifjR;kx dj fn;kA ;gk rd fd leqnz dh vksj ls iznku fd;s x;s vf}rh; pkj jRu Hkh
czk.k dks iznku dj fn;sA bl izdkj ls foozQe us vR;f/d mnkjrk dk ifjp; fn;kA
iqujfi jktk flagklus leqios"Vqa xPNfrA rrksU;k iqkfydk leonr~ Hkks

jktu~] ,rfRlagklus rsuSo v;kflrO;a ;L; foozQerqY;e~ vkSnk;ZefLrA
HkkstsukskQe~ Hkks iqkfyds] dFk; rL;kSnk;Ze~A lk onfr] jktu~ ;LRofFkZuka
iwj;fr] rL;sfIlra nso% lEikn;frA** ;PpkskQe~
mRlkglEiUuenh?kZlw=ka fozQ;kfof/Ka O;lus"olkQe~ A
'kwja o`QrKa n`<fup;a p y{eh% Lo;a okNfr oklgsrks% AA
68
'kk'orh
,oa ldyxq.kfuokl% l foozQeks jktk ,dnk LoeuL;fpUr;r~

^vgks vlkjks;a lalkj%] dnk dL; fda Hkfo";rhfr u Kk;rsA ;PpksikftZrkuka
foka rnfi nkuHkksxfS oZuk liQya u HkofrA rFkk pksDre~
mikftZrkuka fokkuka R;kx ,o fg j{k.ke~ A
rVkdksnjlaLFkkuka ijhokg bokEHklke~ AA
vfi p
nkrO;a HkksDrO;a /ufo"k;s l@;ks u dkZO;%A
i';sg e/qdjh.kka lf@reFk gjUR;U;s AA
foozQeL;kSnk;Ze~
69
bR;soa fopk;Z loZLonf{k.ka ;Ka dkqeZ iq kUroku~A rr% f'kfYifHkjrho euksgjks

e.Mi% dkfjr%A lokZfi ;Klkexzh lerkA nsoeqfuxUkoZ;{kflkn;'p lekgwrk%A
rfLeUuoljs leqnkz kukFk df pn~ckz .k% leqnrz hjs izfs "kr%A lksfi leqnrz hja xRok
xU/iq"ikfn"kksM'kksipkja fokk;kczohr~ Hkks% leqn!z foekdksZ jktk ;Ka djksfrA
rsu izfs "krksga Rokekkrqa lekxr%A** bfr tye;s iq"iktfya nok {k.ka fLFkr%A
dksfi rL; izR;qkja u nnkSA rr mTtf;uha ;koRizR;kxPNfr rkosnhI;eku'kjhj%
leqnkz s czk.k:ih lu~ rekxR;konr~ Hkks czk.k] foes.kkLekukkrqa izfs "krLRoa]
rfgZ rsu ;kLekoaQ lEHkkouk rk lk izkIrSoA ,rnso lqnks y{k.ka ;Rle;s
nkuekukfn f;rsA** mDra p
nnkfr izfrx`kfr xqek[;kfr i`PNfr A
HkqD~ rs Hkkst;rs pSo "kM~fo/a izhfry{k.ke~ AA
nwjfLFkrkuka eS=kh u';fr lehiLFkkuka o/Zrs bfr u okP;e~A
fxjkS dykih xxus i;ksnks y{kkUrjsoZQp tys p ie~A
bUnqf}Zy{ks oqQeqnL; cU/q;ksZ ;L; fe=ka u fg rL; nwje~AA
rLeS jkKs O;;kFk jRuprq"V;a nkL;kfeA ,rs"kka egkRE;e~&,oaQ jRua ;}Lrq
Le;Zrs rnkfrA f}rh;jRusu Hkkstukfndee`rrqY;eqRi|rsA r`rh;jRukPprqjXcya HkofrA
prqFkkZnRz ukfO;kHkj.kkfu tk;UrsA rnsrkfu jRukfu x`ghRok jkKks gLrs iz;PNsfrA
rrks czk.kLrkfu jRukfu x`ghRok mTtf;uha ;konkxrLrko|KlekfIrtkZrkA
jktkoHk`FkLukua Rok lokZufFkZtuku~ ifjiw.kZeuksjFkkudjksrA~ czk.kks jktkua n`"V~ok
jRukU;iZf;Rok izR;soQa rs"kka xq.kdFkuedFk;r~A rrks jktkonr~] Hkks czk.k! Hkoku~
;Knf{k.kkdkya O;frE; lekxr%A e;k loksZ fi czk.klewgks nf{k.k;k rksf"kr%A
rfgZ Roesr"s kka jRukuka e;s ;kqH;a jksprs rn~xg` k.ksfrA czk.ksuksDre~] ^x`ga xRok
x`fg.kha] iq=ka] Luq"kka p i`"V~ok losHZ ;ks ;nzkp
s rs rn~xgz h";kehfrA* jkKksDra ^rFkk
oqQ#A* czk.kksfi Lox`gekxR; lo o`kkUra rs"kkexzs dFk;r~A iq=ks.kksDra ^;nzRua
prqjXcya nnkfr rn~xgz h";ke%A ;r% lq[ksu jkT;a dkqeZ fgZ";ke%A* fi=kksDra ^cqferk
70
'kk'orh
jkT;a u izkFkZuh;e~A* iqu% firk onfr ^;Lekua yHkrs rn~ x`gk.kA /usu loZefi
yH;rsA* Hkk;Z;ksDra ^;nzRua "kM~jlku~ lwrs rn~x
` rke~A los"Z kka izkf.kukeUusuoS izk.kkkj.ka
HkofrA* Luq"k;ksDra ^;nzRua jRukHkj.kkfnoaQ lwrs rn~ xzke~A*
,oa prq.kk ijLija fooknks yXu%A rrks czk.kks jktlehiekxR; prq.kk
fookno`kkUredFk;r~A jktkfi rPNqRok rLeS czk.kk; pRok;Zfi jRukfu nnkSA
bfr dFkka dFkf;Rok iqkfydk jktkueonr~] ^Hkks jktu~] Ro;sofa ok& lgtekSnk;
fo|rs psnfLeu~ flagklus leqifo'kA* rPNRq ok jktk rw".kheklhr~A
'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
iqkfydk
leqios"Vqe~
rsuSo
v;kflrO;e~
;LRofFkZuke~
bZfIlre~
f'kfYiu~
;PpksDre~
lekgwrk%
rVkdksnjlaLFkkuke~
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
ijhokg
e/qdjh.kke~
loZLonf{k.ke~
xqek[;kfr
dykih
&
&
&
&
&
iqryh
le~ $ mi $ fo'k~ /krq $ rqequ~ izR;; cSBus osQ fy,A
rsu $ ,o] mlh osQ }kjkA
vf/ $ vkl~ /krq $ rO;r~ izR;;] cSBuk pkfg,A
(;% rq vfFkZuke~)] tks ;kpdksa dhA
bZIl~ /krq $ Dr izR;; bfPNrA
dkjhxjA
;r~ $ p $ mDre~] ,slk dgk x;k gSA
lE;o~Q vkgwrk%] vkefU=kr fd;s x;sA
rVkdL; mnjs laLFkkuke~ (vofLFkrkuke~) rkykc dh xgjkbZ
esa fLFkr
ifj $ og~ /krq $ ?kk~ izR;;] fudkl
e/qefD[k;ksa dk
loZLoa nf{k.kk ;fLeu~ rr~A ;K dk uke
xqe~ (xksiuh;e~) vk[;kfrA xksiuh; dks dgrk gS
dykie~ vfLr vL;] eksj
71
foozQeL;kSnk;Ze~
y{kkUrjsoZQ'p
ie~
bUnqf}Zy{ks
&
&
&
prqjcye~
&
O;frE;
Luq"kke~
&
&
yk[kksa ;kstu] ehy dh nwjh

dey
bUnq% f}y{ks] pUnzek ls 2 yk[k ;kstu nwj (vR;fkd nwjh
ls vk'k;)
?kqM+lokj] jFklokj gkFkhlokj] iSny lSfud] budks feykdj
pkj vksa okyh lsuk
fo $ vfr $ e~ /krq $ Y;i~ izR;; chrus ij
iq=ko/w dks
vH;kl%
1-
laLrHkk"k;k mkjr&
(d) foeL;kSnk;Ze~ ikB% dLekr~ xzUFkkr~ lfyr%\
([k) mikftZrkuka fokkuka j{k.ka dFka Hkofr\
(x) /ufo"k;s dhn`'k% O;ogkj% dkZO;%\
(?k) tye;s iq"ikty nRok {k.ka d% fLFkr%\
() leqnz% jkKs fdeFk jRuprq"V;a nkoku~\
(p) f}rh;jRusu fde~ mRi|rs\
(N) izhfry{k.ke~ dfrfo/a Hkofr\
2-
fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(d) mikftZrkuka fokkuka ------------------- fg j{k.ke~A
([k) nkrO;a HkksDrO;a /ufo"k;s ------------------- u dkZO;%A
(x) rr% f'kfYifHkjrho ------------------- e.Mi% dkfjr%A
(?k) Hkks leqnz! ------------------- ;Ka djksfrA
() rLeS jkKs O;;kFk ------------------- nkL;kfeA
(p) ;nzRua prqjcya ------------------- rn~ xzgh";ke%A
(N) losZ"kka izkf.kukeusuSo ------------------- HkofrA
72
'kk'orh
3-
vkksfyf[krkuka inkuka okD;s"kq iz;ksxa oqQ#r&

fokkuke~] f'kfYifHk%] fxjkS] ,rs"kke~] nkrO;e~ jksprsA
4-
mikUroku~] fo/k;] xRok] x`ghRok] fLFkr%] O;frE;] nkrO;e~A
5-
lfUkfoPNsna oqQ#r&
rsuoS ] ;PpksDre~] rL;sfIlre~] pSo] ;Pp] rnfi] lokZfi] lksfi] izkIrSo] psnfLeu~] rPNRq ok]
Ro;soe~
6-
lizlXa fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&

(d) mikftZrkuka fokkuka R;kx ,o fg j{k.ke~A
rVkdksnjlaLFkkuka ijhokg bokEHklke~AA
([k) nnkfr izfrx`kfr xqek[;kfr i`PNfrA
Hkq~Drs Hkkst;rs pSo "kM~fo/a izhfry{k.ke~AA
7-
vkksfyf[krkuka leLrinkuka foxzga oqQ#r&

foerqY;e~] f;kfof/Ke~] ldyxq.kfuokl%] ;Klkexzh] leqnrz hje~] tye;s] iq"iktfye~]
nsnhI;eku'kjhj%] ;;kFkZe~] ;KlekfIr%] xq.kdFkue~] czk.klewg%] izk.k/kj.ke~] jktlehie~A
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
vkksfyf[krkuka lwDrhuke;;ua Rok izLrqrikBsu HkkolkE;e~ vo/kA
1- fe=ke~&
(i) fe=ka izhfrjlk;ua u;u;ksjkuUnua psrl%
ik=ka ;Rlq[knq%[k;ks% lg HkosfUe=ks.k rn~nqyZHke~A
;s pkU;s lqn% le`fle;s nzO;kfHkyk"kkoqQykLrs
loZ=k feyfUr rofud"kxzkok rq rs"kka foir~AA
foozQeL;kSnk;Ze~
(ii) u ekrfj u nkjs"kq u lksn;sZ u pkRetsA

fo'oklLrkn`'k% iqalka ;kn`~ fe=ks LoHkkotsAA
(iii) u rfUe=ka ;L; dksikf}Hksfr ;}kfe=ka 'kfr suksip;Ze~A
;fLefUe=ks firjhok'olhr r}S fe=ak lr kuhrjkf.kAA
2-
3-
(iv) osQuke`rfena l`"Va fe=kfeR;{kj};e~A

vkinka p ifj=kk.ka 'kksdlUrkiHks"kte~AA
vkSnk;Ze~&
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izlUu eq[k dey ls n`< flkUr osQ egksRlkg dks
izdV djus okyk
pknh osQ rkj dh d<kbZ (f'kYi) osQ dkj.k vR;fkd
pedus okyh rFkk Vs<+h c/h gqbZ gjh ixM+h ls
lq'kksfHkrA jktrlw=kL; f'kYisu ra cgqya pkdpD;a
;L; rFkkHkwra oa gfjra p ;r~ m".kh"ka] rsu 'kksfHkr%
cgqohz fg leklA
ysdjA vk $ nk $ Y;i~ izR;;
tkrk gSA iz $ ;k (izki.ks) $ yV~ ydkj] izFke
iq#"k ,dopu
vk/h ls mBhA >a>kokrsu mwr%S A mr~ $ /w (dEius)
Dr izR;;
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nqxquk gks x;kA f}xq.kL; Hkko%A f}xq.k $ ";k~
leryA u $ mn~HksfnuhA u $ mn~ $ fHkn~ $ bu~
$ hi~ izR;;
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83
vf/R;dkrksf/R;dk%
&
miR;dkr miR;dk%
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vf/R;dk (ioZr osQ ij dh ph Hkwfe) osQ

ckn vf/R;dk;sa
ioZr osQ ikl dh uhph HkwfeA miR;dk osQ ckn
miR;dk;sa
vR;f/d fgyus okys A iq u % iq u % vR;f/oa Q
dEiekuk%A /wk~ $ ;~ $ 'kkup~ izR;;
vfHk?kkrA pksVA vk $ gu~ $ Dr izR;;
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vUk;fr bfr vU/e~A vU/a p rr~ re'pA vU/rele~A
egPp rr~ vU/rela p egkU/rele~A rsu
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doyhre~A doy $ fPo $ re~ izR;;
vk $ gu~A yV~ ydkj] izFke iq#"k] cgqopu
?kqM+lokj
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fl d:xkA lk/~ (laflkS) $ f.kp~ izR;; $
fy~ ydkjA mke iq#"k ,dopu
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ydkj mke iq#"k ,dopu
vH;kl%
1-

(d) lk;a le;s Hkxoku~ HkkLdj% oqQ=k ftxfe"kq% Hkofr\
([k) vLrkpyxeudkys HkkLdjL; o.kZ% dhn`'k% Hkofr\
(x) uhMs"kq osQ izfrfuorZUrs\
(?k) f'koohjL; fo'oklik=ka d LFkkua iz;kfr Le\
() izfr{k.kef/dkf/dka ';kerka dkfu dy;fUr\
(p) f'koohjfo'oklik=kL; m".kh"ke~ dhn`'keklhr~\
(N) es?kekyk dFka 'kksHkrs\
84
2-
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lehphukskjl~[;ka dks"BosQ fy[kr&

v- f'kojktfot;L; jpf;rk d% vfLr\
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(d) ck.kHk^%
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(d) prqnZ'ko"kZns'kh;%
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(?k) "kksM'ko"kZns'kh;%
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(d) laokne~ vknk;
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fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;rA
(d) vFkkdLekr~ ifjrks es?kekyk ----------------- izknqjHkwr~A
([k) {k.ks {k.ks ----------------- [kqjkf'pDd.kik"kk.k[k.Ms"kq izL[kyfUrA
(x) ins ins ----------------- o`{k'kk[kk% lEeq[kek?ufUrA
(?k) rizfrKkslkS ----------------- futdk;kZ fojefrA
4-
v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuke~ vFkkZu~ fofy[; okD;s"kq iz;qtrA

HkkLdj%] es?kekyk] oukfu] ekxZ%] ohj%] xxurye~] >>kokr%] ekl%] lk;e~A
5-
v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka lfUkfoPNsna Rok lfU/funsZ'ka oqQ#rA

rL;So] f'k[kjkfPN[kjkf.k] dksfi] izknqjHkwr~] vFkkdLekr~] dk;kZA
85
6-
v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka izfrizR;;foHkkxa izn'kZ;rA

iz;qDr%] mfRFkr%] mRIyqR;] #rS%] miR;dkr%] mfRFkr%] xzL;eku%A
7-
vykjfunsZ'ka oqQ#rA
(1) onukEHkkstsu (2) fnxUrnUrkoy% (3) flUnwjnzoLukrkukfeo o#.kfnxoyfEcuke~
8-
foxzgokD;a fofy[; leklukekfu fufnZ'krA

es?kekyk] egkU/dkj%] ioZrJs.kh%] egksRlkg%] fo'oklik=ke~] gfjrks".kh"k'kksfHkr%A
9-
ikB~;ka'kL; lkja fgUnhHkk"k;k vk~XyHkk"k;k ok fy[krA
10- ikB~;ka'ks iz;qDrkfu vO;;kfu fpRok fy[krA
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
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ok lwpuk laxzghrO;kA r|Fkk laLrs ^Jhf'kojkT;ksn;a* uke egkdkO;e~ vfLrA
}kn'keklkuka ukekfu Ks;kfu] vfLeu~ ikBs dL; eklL; o.kZua re~] rsu dFkkizls d%
fo'ks"k% leqRiUu bfr fu:i.kh;e~A
vfLeu~ ikBs fulxZL; (izrs%) dhn`'ka Lo:ia fpf=kre~] rLekPp ?kVukpoazQ dFka ifjorZrs
bfr izfriknuh;e~A
n'ke% ikB%
nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj%
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dFkklaxzg osQ laLr vuqokn ls ladfyr gSA
blosQ vuqoknd MkW ukjk;.k nk'k gSaA bl dFkk osQ uk;d Jhuk;kj dk ikyu&iks"k.k ,d
vukFkkJe esa gqvk gSA Jhuk;kj us viuh deZn{krk] nkf{k.; vkSj lsokeukso`fk ls lekt esa
vkn'kZ LFkkfir fd;k gSA og izfrekl vius osru dk vk/k ls vf/d Hkkx osQjy esa LFkkfir
vukFkkJe dks Hkstrs gSaA izLrqr dFkk esa Jhuk;kj dk yksddY;k.kdkjh vkn'kZ pfj=k of.kZr gSA
Jhuk;kj% osQUnzloZdkjr% LFkkukUrj.ksu vkxR; vksfM'kkloZdkjL; v/hus izk;%

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lfpdklq euksfuos'k%] dk; lekI; Lox`ga izR;kxeup rL; oSf'k"V~;eklhr~A
rL; deZuiS .q ;a n`"V~ok ,o vksfM'kkloZdkjLra LFkkukUrj.ksu LohR; [kk|kiwfrZfoHkkxs
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n'kxq.kS% of/Zre~A [kk|s vifeJ.ka U;wuhHkwre~A vr miHkksDr.kkefi vfHk;ksxks
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leL;kukefi lekkkua tkre~A Lodk; R;DRok vijL; lgdkjLrL; ije/eZ%A
l% izfrekla izFkefnols LoosruL; v/kZf/oaQ Hkkxa osQjya iz"s k;fr Le df'pr~
lEioZQ%A rsukuqeh;rs rL; jkT;su lg vfLr df'pr~ lEioZQ%A dkfupu
ey;kyeHkk"kk;k% laokni=kkf.k vfrfjP; dnkfi rL; ukEuk fdefi i=kEkkxrfefr
dksfi dnkfi u tkukfrA
nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj%
87
,dfLeu~ fnus Jhuk;kj% i=kesoQa /`Rok eLrdeoue; iBu~ vklhr~A us=krhjkn~

foxfyrk vJq/kjk vknzhd
Z jksfr Le i=kL; v/kZf/oaQ Hkkxe~ A rnkuheso rL;
dk;kZy;fyfid% Jhnkl%izfo'kfrA Jhuk;kj% reqDroku~&v/quk ee xeule;%
leqikxr ,oA ee nkf;RogLrkUrj.ki=kda lTthoqQjQA vge/quk f}=kk.kka fnolkuka
ldkj.kkodk'ka Lohdfj";kfeA iqu% rnuq Lohdfj";kfe nh?kkZodk'ke~ A ;fn
dLeSfpn~ vKkrsu e;k :{kks O;ogkj% iznf'kZr% L;kr~] rnFk rs eeqnkjfpksu
{keka iznkL;fUr bfr losHZ ;ks fuosn;rqA vuUrja losZ vJqyn;S% lkSiLz Fkkfudha
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rRi=keqn?~ kkfVroku~ A ysf[kdk vklhr~ lqJh esjh ;L;k% ik'osZ l% izfreklekkZfkda
kua /ukns'ksu is"z k;fr LeA i=ks ,oa fyf[kreklhr~-----
88
'kk'orh
Jhuk;kj!
Hkxoku~ ;h'kqLro eay
a foruksrq A ee iworZ ua i=ka Ro;k izkIra L;kr~A ro
lehis bna ee 'ks"ki=ke~A ;rks fg ee thouiznhiks fuokZfirks HkforqfePNfrA
izk;Lrokxeule;s vga u LFkkL;kfeA iwoiZ =ks&vgekJeL; loZfo/ek;O;;kdyua
iszf"krorhA dsoya ;h'kks% lehis xeukRiwo ro n'kZufePNkfeA izFkea Ro;k
fufeZrksukFkkJeks/quk egknzeq .s k ifj.kr%A v/quk=k 'krkf/dk vukFkf'k'koks ykfyrk%
ikfyrk'p HkofUr A ro gLr;ksLro vukFkkJea leI;Z vga lkSiLz FkkfudhfePNkfeA
v| lektLRokks cgq fdefi bPNfrA ;kS dkS oka ro firjkS Hkorka uke] rkS
kU;oknkgkSZA dnkfpkkH;ka Roa foLe`r% L;kr~ Roeo';esrku~ f'k'kwu~ laiks";
mkeeuq";ku~ dkjf;";lhfr ee dkeuk orZrAs izHkq% Rok bekesok'kka iks"k;frA
;ks tUe nkoku~] l thforqef/dkjefi nkoku~A Hkxoku~ Roka nh?kZthoua
dkj;rq A bfrAA
ro 'kqHkkdkaf{k.kh
lqJh% esjh
'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
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cks/us xE;k] cks/ (Kku) osQ }kjk xE;] tkuus ;ksX;A
eul% fuos'k%] "k- rRiq#"k lekl] nkfpk gksukA
izfr $ vk~ $ xe~ $ Y;qV~] okfil ykSVukA
deZlq uSiq.;e~] lIreh rRiq#"k] deks esa fuiq.krk
Loh $ $ Y;i~] Lohdkj djosQ]
feykoV
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fd;k tkrk gSA
89
nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj%
U;wuhHkwre~
vfrfjP;
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voue;
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vo $ ue~ $ Y;i~] >qdkdj
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rS;kj djksA
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fuj~ $ okfi (f.kp~) $ Dr%] 'kkUr
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1-
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([k) foHkkxL; foi{ks osQ"kke~ vfHk;ksxks ukfLr\
(x) Jhuk;kj% LoosruL; v/kZf/da Hkkxa oqQ=k izs"k;fr Le\
(?k) Jhuk;kjL; us=krhjkn~ foxfyrk vJq/kjk fde~ vdjksr~\
() cgqfnusH;% LFkfxrkuka leL;kuka lek/kua dnk tkre~\
(p) Jhuk;kjL; ik'osZ i=ka d;k izsf"kre~\
(N) vkJes osQ ykfyrk% ikfyrk'p HkofUr\
(t) i=kysf[kdk dL; gLr;ks% vukFkkJea leI;Z lkSizLFkkfudhfePNfr\
90
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2-
lizla fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;ka oqQ#r&

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([k) losZ vJqyn;S% lkSizLFkkfudha KkfiroUr%
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3-
v/% leLrinkuka foxzgk% nkk%] rkukfJR; leLrinkfu jp;r leklukekfi fy[kr&

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---------------------------------
4-
js[kkfrinkfu vk/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r&

(d) Jhuk;kj% LoYiHkk"kh vklhr~A
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() Jhnkl% rRi=keqn~?kkfVroku~A
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5-
foijhrkFkZdinkfu esy;r&
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91
nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj%
6-
v/ksfyf[krkuka fo'ks";inkuka fo'ks"k.kinkfu ikBkr~ fpRok fy[kr&

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7-
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lekI;] tkre~] R;DRok] /`Rok] iBu~] laiks";A
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izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA bl xzUFk dh Hkk"kk vR;Ur ljy] ljl rFkk izokgiw.kZ gSA budh Hkk"kk esa
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gh O;aX;iw.kZ izgkj djrs gSaA
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93
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u LoYiefi fcH;fr ikikpkjsH;%] u fdfpnfi yTtUrs eqgjq u`rO;ogkjkr~A ufg
{k.kefi fojefUr ijihMukr~A
u osQoyesrs i'kqH;ks fuo`Q"VkLr`.ksH;ksfi fuLlkjk ,oA r`.kkfu [kyq okR;;k
lg Lo'kfDrr% lqfpjefHk;q; lEeq[klejizorZekuk ohjiqjQ"kk bo 'kfDr{k;s
f{kfrrys fuirfUr] u rq dnkfpr~ dkiqjQ"kk bo LoLFkkue~ vigk; iziyk;UrA
euq";k% iqu% Lopsrlk ,o Hkfo";r~ le;s la?kfV";ek.ka defi foiRikrekdy;
ifjdEiekudysojk% nq%[k&nq%[ksu le;efrokg;fUrA ifjdYi;fUr p i;kZoQq yk
cgqfo/ku~ izfrdkjksik;ku~ ;su euq";thous 'kkfUrlq[ka euksjFkiFkknfr=kQkUresoA
vFk rs rkok`.ksH;ksI;lkjk% i'kqH;ksfi fuo`Q"Vrjk pA rFkk p r`.kk&
fnl`"VsjuUrja rFkkfo/thofuekZ.ka fo ofo/krq% dhn`'ka uke cqfekkizd"k izdV;frA
94
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bR;so gsriq ez k.kiqjLlja lqfpja cgqfo/a fo'kna p O;k[;k; lHkkifrj oRFknso

mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~ foltZ;keklA
'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
mn~fHkTt%
&
(mn~fHkT; tk;rs bfr mn~fHkTt%) ouLifr
foVih
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(foVi $ bu~) o`{k
v'oRFk%
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oqQyyyuk%
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lkofgrk
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esa
fu"Vrek
&
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ijizrkjdk%
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'okinku~
&
taxyh tkuojksa dks
;kFkkrF;su
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oLrqr%
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tBjkuy&fuokZ.ke~ &
tBjkuyL; fuokZ.ke~ "k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl] isV dh vfXu] Hkw[k dh

'kkfUr
djryxrku~
&
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mi?ufUr
&
mi $ gu~ $ yV~ ydkj] izFke iq#"k] cgqopu] ekjrs gSa
?kkrkFkZe~
&
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vVohr% vVohe~
&
vVoh $ rl~] ,d taxy ls nwljs taxy dks
fujof/%
&
vlhe
vkhMue~
&
vk $ dhM~ $ Y;qV~ izR;;] [ksy
95
mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~
foDykUr%
&
fo $ Dye~ $ Dr izR;;] Fkdk gqvk
mixE;
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izorZUrs
mis{kUrs
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vfrokg;fUr
i;kZoqQyk%
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&
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mi $ xe~ $ DRok (Y;i~ izR;;)] ikl tkdj

iwjs eu ls (lHkh izdkj ls)
iz $ o`r~ $ yV~ ydkj izR;;] izFke iq#"k cgqopu] izo`k gksrs gSa
mi $ bZ{k~ $ yV~] ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopu] mis{kk djrs gS
tksHkkZo% vktZoe~] lh/kiu
Hkh $ yV~ ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopu] Mjrs gSa
iki'pklkS vkpkj%] ikikpkj% rsH;%] vuqfpr vkpj.k ls
fo $ je~ /krq $ yV~ ydkj $ izFke iq#"k cgqopu] #drs gSa
vk/h ls
vfHk $ ;q/~ $ DRok (Y;i~) izR;; la?k"kZ djosQ
dk;j
iz $ ijk $ v;~ $ y~ ydkj] Hkkxrs gSa] izFke iq#"k] cgqopu
vxz $ rl~] vkxs
le~ $ ?kV~ $ 'kkup~ izR;;] ?kfVr gksus okys
ifj $ dEi~ $ dkup~ izR;;] izFkek foHkfDr ,dopu] dkirk
gqvk
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ifj $ vkoqQyk%] cspSu
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96
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vH;kl%
1-
laLr Hkk"k;k mkjr&

(d) mn~fHkTtifj"kn~ bfr ikBL; ys[kd% d% vfLr\
([k) mn~fHkTtifj"kn% lHkkifr% d% vklhr~\
(x) v oRFkers ekuok% r`.kor~ de~ mis{kUrs\
(?k) l`f"V/kjklq ekuoks uke dhn`'kh l`f"V%\
() euq";k.kka glko`fk% dhn`'kh\
(p) i'kqgR;k osQ"kke~ vkhMue~\
(N) 'okinkuka glkdeZ dhn`'ke~\
2-
fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(d) ekuok uke lokZlq l`f"V/kjklq --------------------- l`f"V%A
([k) euq";k.kka --------------------- fujof/%A
(x) ufg rs djryxrkufi --------------------- mi?ufUrA
(?k) ija r`.kon~ mis{kUrs --------------------- A
() u osQoyesrs i'kqH;ks fuo`Q"VkLr`.ksH;ksfi --------------------- ,oA
3-
v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka okD;s"kq iz;ksxa oqQ#r&

ek;kfou%] 'okinku~] fujof/%] foltZ;kekl] fcH;fr] i;kZoQq yk%] yTtUrs] fojefUr] dkiq#"kk%]
izdV;frA
4-
lizla fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&

euq";k.kka glko`fkLrq fujof/%A i'kqgR;k rq rs"kke~ vkhMue~A osQoya foDykUrfpkfouksnk;
egkj.;e~ mixE; rs ;FksPNa funZ;a p i'kq?kkra oqQoZfUrA rs"kka i'kqigz kj&O;kikjekyksD; tMkukefi
vLekoaQ fonh;Zrs n;e~A
5-
izo`Qfr&izR;;foHkkx% f;rke~&
fuo`Q"Vrek] mixE;] izorZekuk] vfrkUre~] O;k[;k;] dFk;Urq] mi?ufUr] vkhMue~
97
mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~
6-
lfU/foPNsna oqQ#r&
ekuok bo] HkoUrks fuR;e~] LoksnjiwfrZe~] fgalko`fkLrq] vkReksfre~] LoYiefi
7-
v/ksfyf[krkuka leLrinkuka foxzga oqQ#r&

egkiknik%] l`f"V/kjklq] djryxrku~] ohjiqjQ"kk%] 'kkfUrlq[ke~
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
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vuwiks cgqnks"k'p le% lk/kj.kks er%AA
pjdlafgrk
(2) ekuoa iq=kon~ o`{kkLrkj;fUr ij=k pA

iq=koRifjikY;kLrs iq=kkLrs /eZr% Le`rk%AA
egkHkkjr vuq'kkluioZ
(3) ,rs"kka loZo`{kk.kka Nsnua uSo dkj;sr~A

pkrqekZls fo'ks"ks.k fouk ;Kkfndkj.ke~AA
(4) ,osQukfi lqo`{ks.k iqf"irsu lqxfU/ukA

okflra oS oua lo lqiq=ks.k oqQya ;FkkAA
(5) ^^n'kowQilek okih n'kiq=kleks nzqe%**A

o``{kfo"kf;.;% bZn`'; vU;k lwDr;ksfi xos"k.kh;k%AA
}kn'k% ikB%
fdUrks% oqQfVyrk
;g ikB nsof"kZ JhdykukFk 'kkL=kh }kjk lEikfnr ia- Jh HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ fucU/laxzg
îzcU/&ikfjtkr%* ls ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA
ia- HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ firk ia- HkV~V }kjdkukFk t;iqj fuoklh FksA ia- HkV~V
eFkqjkukFk dk tUe t;iqj esa lu~ 1889 bZ- esa gqvk vkSj fu/u Hkh ogha 4 twu] 1964 bZ- dks
gqvkA vkidh iwoZt ijEijk vR;Ur izfrHkk lEi jghA bUgksaus egkjktk laLr dkWyst ls
lkfgR;kpk;Z dh mikf/ izkIr dh vkSj ogha O;k[;krk cu x,A vki t;iqj ls izdkf'kr
^laLo`QrjRukdj* if=kdk osQ lEiknd jgsA HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh iz.khr laLr dh jpukvksa esa
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gSaA buosQ vfrfjDr pkyhl dFkk, vkSj lkS ls Hkh vf/d fucU/ laLr esa fy[ksA budh
^lqjHkkjrh*] ^lqtu&nqtZu&lUnHkZ%* vkSj ^;qeqre~* uked i| jpuk, Hkh mYys[kuh; gSaA
;gk ladfyr ikB esa Jh HkV~V th us fn[kk;k gS fd tc dHkh fdlh dFku ds lkFk
^fdUrq* yx tkrk gS] rc cgq/k og igys dFku osQ vPNs Hkko dks lekIr dj mls nks"kiw.kZ
vkSj lEcksf/r O;fDr osQ fy, nq%[k iSnk djus okyk] mlosQ mRlkg dk uk'kd vkSj 'k=kq:i
cuk nsrk gSA ,sls volj fojy gksrs gSa tgk ^fdUrq* lEcksf/r O;fDr osQ fy, lq[knk;d fl
gksrk gSA
ys[k dh Hkk"kk ljy o lqcks/ gS] vyadkjksa vkSj nh?kZ leklksa vkfn dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k
x;k gSA Hkko lqLi"V vkSj lkekU; thou esa tulk/kj.k }kjk vuqHkwr gSaA
oqQfVysukequk ^fdUrq*&uk fd;Rdkykr~ Dysf'krksfLeA ;=k ;=kkga xPNkfe r=k r=kSokL;

'k=kqrk lEeq[kfLFkrk HkofrA vL; ^fdUrks%* dkj.kkr~ dfLefi dk;sZ liQyrk
nq?kZVkfLrA cgwu~ okjku~ n`"VokufLe ;Rdk; loZFkk lTta lEi|rs] loZid
z kjS%
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wjks;a fdUrqeZ ;s izfo'; lo fouk'k;frA
fdUrks% oqQfVyrk
99
jkT;rks yC/k;k Hkwejs fHk;ksxks cgks% dkykUU;k;ky;s pyfr LeA vfLefHk;ksxs

izkM~fookdegksn;ks fu.kZ;a Jko;u~ vokspr~ ---ô;a i';keks ;nfHk;kskqQ%
i{kknko';dkfu lokZ . ;s o iz e k.kkU;q i fLFkrkfu lfUrA jkT;rks yC/k;k
HkwesnkZui=keI;qqiLFkkfirefLrA U;k;ky;su ifjKkra ;r~ b;a HkwfejfHk;kskqQjfk&
dkjHkqkQkfLr---------A*
vga fuf pUrrk;k ,oaQ 'kkUra fu% okleeqpe~A e;k loZFkk fLFkjhra ;kX;&
y{ehjuqineso es dU/jk;ka fot;ekY;a iznnkrhfrA ija izkM~fookdegksn;% iqujxsz
izkokspr~ --- ^--------- fdUrq jktLo&foHkkxL; iz/ku% fdySdksf/dkjh ,rf}jksks
,oaQ i=ka izfs "krokufLrA ,rnqi;Zfi y{;nkueko';da eU;kegsA* ee loksZ I;qRlkg%
iyk;kpsA ^fdUrq*&oqQUrks eekUr%dj.ka leUrkr~ Urfr LeA futn;eo"VH;
U;k;a iz'kalu~ x`gekxee~A
n`"Va e;k ;ns"k ^fdUrq%* n;k/ekZfn"ofi vuf/dkjps"Vkrks u fojrks HkofrA
izkr% dkyL;So dFkkfLr--- /eZO;oLFkkidegks n ;L; lehis ,dks nhu%
djQ.kUnuiqj%lja U;osn;r~--- êgkjkt! uookf"kZdh es dU;kA tkrL; rL;k
fookgL; v| r`rh;ks fnol%A uk|kfi prqFkhZdeZ lEia ;su fookg% iw.kZ%
ifjx.;srA rL;k% ifr% lglkfez;rA gk gUr! rL;k vcks/ckfydk;k vxzs d
Hkkfo\ vLrdeZl[a ;ko`kS d eeksPpoqQyefi lgk;oaQ Hkfo";fr\ vkKki;Urq
JheUr% d e;k lkEizra dkZO;e~A*
if.Mregksn;ks xHkhjreeqn;
z kokspr~---^vo';fena n;kLFkkue~A orZekudkys
lektL; Hkh"k.kifjfLFkrs% i;kZykspu bnesoksfpra izrh;rs ;r~ ,oafo/LFkys
iqufoZokgL; O;oLFkk nh;sr--- ^fdUrq* o;a eq[ksu dFkesrr~ dFkf;raq 'kDuqe%A
izkphue;kZnkfi rq jf{krO;k L;kr~A*
oqQ=kfpr~ lks;a ^fdUrq%* furkUreuqrkia tu;frA vusdo"kkZ.kka ifjJeL;
iQyLo:ia effeZresda uohulaLriqLrdeknk; lkfgR;eeZKL; ,dL; ns'kusr%q
lehisxPNe~A ûsr*` & egksn;% iqLrdL; xq.kku~ lE;o~Q ijh{; izl% lokspr~-- îqLroaQ okLro ,o vqra fufeZrefLrA cgqdkykuUrja laLo`Qrs ,oafokk uohurk
n`f"VxrkHkor~A --- ^fdUrq* eRlEeR;ka rfnna iqLrda Hkoku~ laLrs u fofy[;
;fn fgUnhHkk"kk;kefyf[k";r~ rfgZ lE;xHkfo";r~A*
100
'kk'orh
x`ga izfr fuorZekuksga ^fdUrq* o`Qrk;k vL;k eeZo/

s df'k{kk;k mifj leLrsfi
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L;ka rfgZ iqujfLeu~ ekxsZ infu{ksiL; ukekfi u x`g.~ kh;ke~A
dnkfpr~ dnkfpo;a wj% ^fdUrq%* eq[kL; doyeI;kfPNufkA LoYi&
fnukukeso okrkZfLrA vk;qonZs ekrZ.ML; Jher% LokfeegkHkkxL; vkS"kf/a fu"ksO;
v/quoS kga uhjksxksHkoe~A vfLeso le;s fe=kxks"B~;k fueU=k.ka izkIuoe~A Hkkstuxks"B~;ka
leosraq eekihPNk'kDrkS izkcY;L; izokg% iw.kZek=kk;ka izoZeku vklhr~A vga
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ukfLrA ^fdUrq* xfj"BoLrquks Hkkstus vo/kueR;ko';de~ v/qukfi nkScYZ ;efLrA*
mRlkgL; Tokyk ;k iwo izp.Mrek vklhr~ vZek=kk;ka rq r=kSo fuokZ.kkHkor~A
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s kgei';a ;r~ lokZi .w kkZ ,dk HkksT;O; ukuka izn'kZuh
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Hkkstua r=kSo lekIredjksrA~ *
vga ns'klsoka drq x`gkn~ cfgjHkoe~A e;k fuf preklhr~ ^,rkofUr fnukfu
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fueqPZ ; LoSja xUrqegsrZ A~ *
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LFkkuknso ijkofrZf"kA
fdUrks% oqQfVyrk
101
e;kuqHkwrefLr ;n;a oqQfVy% ^fdUrq%* ukukns'ks"kq ukuk:ikf.k lUkk;Z xqIra

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rkUrksfLeA vga okNkfe ;nsrL;ke.kkr~ lqjf{krks Hkos;e~A ija uk;a eka
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le;s izk.kj{kka oqQoZrh n`"VkA* vgefi lR;L;SdkUrrksiykia u dfj";kfeA ,rL;
dFkuL; lR;rk;k e;kfi ifjp;% dnkfpr~ dnkfpr~ izkIrksfLrA
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pkSjfuxzg% dhn`'k%] futizk.kifj=kk.keso es vUos"k.kh;eHkor~A yxqMa izf{kI; dks"BosQ
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,o ;r~ okrkZ dkeeqkekLrq v/ek ok ije;a e;s izfo"; rL;k% dFkk;k
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fo=kL;UR;soA oSfj.kka Hkkjkorkjk; dnkfpr~ fgrkkjkfi djokykkjk wjkdkjk
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102
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&
eqdnek] vfHk $ ;qt~ $ ?kk~] iqfYy] izFke iq#"k ,dopu

eqbZ dk] eqdnek pykus okys dk] vfHk $ ;qt~ $ rÀ dkjkUr
iqfYy] ipeh ,dopuA
vlEHko] nq%[ksu ?kVkf;rqa 'kD;k] nqj~ $ ?kV~ $ vk
Hkkyk
eq[kko`Qfr
izcyrk dk] osxiwoZd] iz $ cy $ ";k~] uiqald fy] "k"Bh
,dopu
lekIr gks pqdh] fuj~ $ ok $ Dr] L=khfy] izFkeiq#"k] ,dopu
lekfIr
roK] fo"k;K] eeZ $ Bo~Q] izFkeiq#"k ,dopu
tt] U;k;k/h'k
n`f"Vikr] ;kunsuk] y{;L; nkue~] "k"Bh rRiq#"k
fookgksijkUr pkSFks fnu fd;k tkus okyk deZ] prqFksZ vgfu f;ek.ka
deZ] e;ein] yksih lekl
xzkl
lko/kuh] ijgst] vo $ /k $ Y;qV~ izR;;
Hk;] Mj] fo $ Hkh $ f"kp~ $ .oqy~ $ Vki~] izR;; "kqdkxe vkSj
bRo
ihfM+r] ijs'kku
fxuk tk,] ifj $ x.k~ (la[;kus) $ fof/fy~
xys esa] xnZu ij (esa)
vHkh] orZeku esa] lEizfr ,o lkEizre~
xEHkhjre] xHkhj $ rei~
ns[kus ij] lexz n`f"Vikr djus ij] ifj $ vk $ yksp~ $ Y;qV~]
lIreh foHkfDr] ,dopu (n'kZu] vadu)
103
fdUrks% oqQfVyrk
U;osn;r~
&
infu{ksi
vuqrkie~
foyksD;rs
&
&
&
vo"VH;
ifj=kk.ke~
&
&
vUos"k.kh;e~
yxqMe~
fuyhu%
pisVkH;%
oqQfRlr%
&
&
&
&
&
fuosnu fd;k] fu $ vosn;r~] fon~ (Kkus) /krq y~] ydkj

f.ktUr] izFkeiq#"k] ,dopu
dnej[kuk] in;ks% fu{ksi%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k
i'pkkki] iNrkok] vuq $ rkie~
ns[kk tkrk gS] fo $ ykso~Q (n'kZu] vadu) $ ;o~Q] yV~ ydkj
vkReusin] izFkeiq#"k] ,dopu Hkkos iz;ksx%
jksddj] vo $ LrEHk~ (vojks/) $ Y;i~ izR;;
j{k.k] cpko] ifj $ =kS~ (ikyus) $ Y;qV~] uiaqldfy izFkeiq#"k
,dopu
<w<us ;ksX;] [kkstus ;ksX;] vuq $ b"k~ $ vuh;j~ izR;;
ykBh] n.M
Nqik gqvk] fu $ yh $ Dr izR;;
rkMu ls] FkIiM+ksa ls
fufUnr] xfgZr
vH;kl%
1-

(d) Hkwfefo"k;osQ vfHk;ksxs ^fdUrq*&uk dk ck/k miLFkkfirk\
([k) okD;e;s izfo'; lo dk; osQu fouk';rs\
(x) ys[kdL; ns'klsok;k% fopkjL; dFke~ bfrJhjHkwr~\
(?k) usrègksn;% iqLrdiz'kalka oqQoZu~ ^fdUrq* iz;ksxsu oaQ ijke'kZe~ vnnkr~\
() Hkkstu&xks"BhLFkys dhn`'kh izn'kZuh lek;ksftrk vklhr~\
(p) Hkkstuxks"B~;ka ys[kdL; d.Bufydka d% v#/r~\
(N) /eZO;oLFkkid% fo/ok;k% iqufoZokgeqfpra eU;ekuksfi O;oLFkka fdeFk u nnkS\
(t) x`fg.kh iR;q% d.kZlehis vkxR; 'kuS% fde~ vonr~\
(>) yksdk% fdUrq ;qDrka okrk osQu dkj.ksu foxq.kka x.k;fUr\
(k) fdUrks% lkoZfnd% izHkko% d%\
104
2-
'kk'orh
mi;qkQ'kCnku~ fpRok fjDrLFkkukuka iwfrZ% fo/s;k&

(nq?kZVk] vo/kue~] lUnkfur%] Lokfeegksn;e~] laLrs] fookgL;] 'kkUre~] iyk;kaposQz ]
dkykr~] ladVs)
(d) vge~ ------------------- vizk{ka fdega r=k xUrqa 'kDuksfeA
([k) vL; ^fdUrks%* dkj.kkr~ dfLefi dk;sZ liQyrk ------------------- vfLrA
(x) rL; Loknlw=ks.k ------------------- vga ;FkSo f}rh;a xzklexà rFkSo ^fdUrq%* ee
d.BufydkejQkr~A
(?k) xfj"BoLrquks Hkkstus ------------------- vR;ko';de~A
() foxq.k% dk"kkZi.k% oqQfRlr'p iq=k% ------------------- dnkfpnqi;qDkQks Hkosr~A
(p) jkT;rks yC/k;k HkwesjfHk;ksxks cgks% ------------------- U;k;ky;s pyfr LeA
(N) ee loksZI;qRlkg% ------------------- A
(t) vga fuf'pUrrk;k ,oaQ ------------------- fu%'okleeqpe~A
(>) tkrL; rL;k ------------------- v| r`rh;ks fnol%A
(k) cgqdkykuUrja ------------------- ,oa fo/ka uohurk n`f"VxrkHkor~A
3-
vkksfyf[krS% mfprf;kinS% fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

ifjx.;sr] ijkofrZf"k] vkfPNufk] eU;kegs] nh;sr] vfyf[k";r~
(d) iz/ku% ,oaQ i=ka izsf"krokufLrA ,rnqi;Zfi y{;nkueko';oaQ -------------------A
([k) x`gkfHkeq[ka eq[ka oqQoZu~ rLekr~ LFkkuknso -------------------A
(x) ;fn fgUnhHkk"kk;ke~ ------------------- rfgZ lE;xHkfo";r~A
(?k) bnesoksfpra izrh;rs ;r~ ,oafo/LFkys iqufoZokgL; O;oLFkk -------------------A
() dnkfpr~ dnkfpo;a wj% ^fdUrq%* eq[kL; doyefi -------------------A
(p) uk|kfi prqFkhZdeZ lEia ;su fookg% -------------------A
105
fdUrks% oqQfVyrk
4-
lfU/&foPNsna oqQ#r&
(d) r=kSokL;
([k) lokZ.;so
(x) efUufeZresde~
(?k) fdySdksf/dkjh
() };ks#i;sZo
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5-
izfr&izR;;foHkkx% f;rke~
-----------------(d) fueqZP;
-----------------([k) vknk;
-----------------(x) izfo"V%
-----------------(?k) vkxR;
-----------------() ifjKkre~
6-
vkksfyf[krs"kq ins"kq foHkkQ opua p n'kZ;r&

-----------------(d) dk;sZ
-----------------([k) vfHk;kskqQ%
-----------------(x) ckfydk;k%
-----------------(?k) U;k;ky;su
-----------------() usrq%
-----------------(p) 'kDrkS
-----------------(N) vkS"kf/e~
7-
LojfprokD;s"kq vkksfyf[krinkuka iz;ksxa oqQ#r&

fdUrq] xUrqe~] ee~] foHkhf"kdk] Hkj.kiks"k.ke~] n`"V~okA
106
8-
'kk'orh
foykse'kCnku~ fy[kr&
(d) foxq.k%
([k) 'kkS;Ze~
(x) lqjf{kr%
(?k) 'k=kqrk
() /hj%
(p) Hk;e~
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
1-
LodYiu;k okD;iwfr oqQ#r&

(d) vge~ mPpk;;ua dkqZfePNkfe] fdUrq ------------------ A
([k) Nk=kk% d{kk;keqifLFkrk%] fdUrq ------------------ A
(x) l% xUrqfePNfr] fdUrq ------------------ A
(?k) o;a rkqfZ PNke%] fdUrq ------------------A
() rs dk; dkqZfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(p) vokZphuk% tuk vfi izkphuka Hkk"kka ifBrqfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(N) fu/Zuk vfi /ufePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(t) losZ tuk vkthfodkfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(>) ewdksfi okqQfePNfr] fdUrq ------------------A
(k) v;kidk v;kiua dkqZfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
2-
vkksfyf[krkuke~ vkHkk.kdkuka lekukFkZdkfu okD;kfu ikBkr~ vUos"VO;kfu&

(d) eqg dk dkSj NhuukA
([k) oqQN fnu igys dh ckr gSA
(x) [kksVk flDdk vkSj [kksVk csVk Hkh le; ij dke vkrs gSaA
(?k) ukd&HkkSag fldksM+ukA
ifjf'k"V &1
NUn
NUn
i| fy[krs le; o.kks dh ,d fuf'pr O;oLFkk j[kuh iM+rh gSA ;g O;oLFkk NUn ;k o`k dgykrh
gSA
o`k osQ Hksn
izk;% izR;sd i| osQ pkj Hkkx gksrs gSa] tks ikn ;k pj.k dgykrs gSaA ftl o`k osQ pkjksa pj.kksa esa
cjkcj o.kZ gksa] os leo`k dgykrs gSaA ftlosQ izFke vkSj r`rh; rFkk f}rh; vkSj prqFkZ pj.k o.kks
dh n`f"V ls leku gksa] os v/Zleo`k gSaA ftlosQ pkjksa pj.kksa esa o.kks dh la[;k leku u gkss] os
fo"keo`k dgs tkrs gSaA
xq# y?kq O;oLFkk
NUn dh O;oLFkk o.kks ij vk/kfjr jgrh gS] eq[;r% Loj o.kZ ijA ;s o.kZ NUn dh n`f"V ls nks
izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& y?kq vkSj xq#A lkekU;r% Lo Loj y?kq gksrk gS vkSj nh?kZ Loj xq#A fdUrq oqQN
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Lo Loj y?kq u gksdj xq# ekuk tkrk gSA NUn esa xq#&y?kq O;oLFkk dk fu;e bl
izdkj gS& vuqLokj;qDr] folxZ;qDr] la;qDro.kZ osQ iwoZ dk o.kZ xq# gksrk gSA 'ks"k lHkh o.kZ y?kq gksrs
gSaA NUn osQ fdlh ikn dk vafre o.kZ y?kq gksus ij Hkh vko';drkuqlkj xq# eku fy;k tkrk gSA
lkuqLokj'p nh?kZ'p folxhZ p xq#HkZosr~A
o.kZ% la;ksxiwoZ'p rFkk iknkUrxksfi pAA
xq# ,oa y?kq osQ fy, v/ksfyf[kr fp iz;qDr gksrs gSa&
xq# &
y?kq & A
;fr O;oLFkk
NUn esa ftl&ftl LFkku ij fdfpn~ fojke gksrk gS] mldks ^;fr* dgrs gSaA foPNsn] fojke] fojfr
vkfn blosQ ukekUrj gSaA
;frftZs"VfoJkeLFkkua dfofHk#P;rsA
lk foPNsnfojkek|S% inSokZP;k futsPN;kAA
108
'kk'orh
x.k O;oLFkk
vkfne;kolkus"kq Hktlk ;kfUr xkSjoe~A
;jrk yk?koa ;kfUr eukS rq xq#yk?koe~AA
rhu o.kks dk ,d x.k ekuk tkrk gSA xq#&y?kq osQ e ls x.k vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA
Hkx.k & AA
tx.k & AA
lx.k & AA
;x.k & A
jx.k & A
rx.k & A
ex.k &
ux.k & AAA
d- oSfnd NUn
oSfnd eU=kksa esa xs;rk dk lekos'k djus osQ fy, ftu NUnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS muesa xk;=kh] vuq"Vqi~
rFkk f=k"Vqi~ izeq[k gSaA
xk;=kh % ftl NUn osQ rhu pj.k gksa] izR;sd pj.k esa vkB o.kZ gksa og xk;=kh NUn gksrk gSA bldk
ikpok o.kZ y?kq rFkk NBk o.kZ xq# gksrk gSA mnkgj.k&
ikodk u% ljLorh oktsfHkokZftuhorhA
;Ka o"Vq f/;k olqAA
(;tqosZn% &40@1)
vuq"Vqi~ % vuq"Vqi~ NUn esa pkj pj.k gksrs gSa] izR;sd pj.k esa vkB o.kZ gksrs gSaA
l~xPNoa laonoa la oks eukafl tkurke~A
nsok Hkkxa ;Fkk iwosZ ltkukuk miklrs AA
f=k"Vqi~ % ftl NUn osQ pkj pj.k gksa vkSj izR;sd pj.k esa X;kjg v{kj gksa og f=k"Vqi~ NUn gksrk
gSA mnkgkj.k&
lekuks eU=k% lfefr% lekuh lekua eu% lg fpkes"kke~
lekua eU=kefHkeU=k;s o% lekusu oks gfo"kk tqgksfeAA
(Xosn% 10@192@3)
[k- ykSfdd NUn
izLrqr iqLrd osQ ikBksa esa vusd ykSfdd NUnksa dks Hkh ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA vr% ladfyr 'yksdksa
osQ NUnksa osQ y{k.k rFkk mnkgj.k izLrqr gS&a
ifjf'k"V
1-
2-
3-
4-
109
vuq"Vqi~ & vkB o.kks okyk leo`k

vuq"Vqi~ NUn osQ lHkh pkjksa pj.kksa dk ikpok o.kZ y?kq] NBk o.kZ xq# rFkk izFke ,oa r`rh;
pj.k dk lkrok o.kZ xq# vkSj f}rh; ,oa prqFkZ pj.k dk lkrok o.kZ y?kq gksrk gSA bls
'yksdNUn Hkh dgrs gSA mnkgj.k&
ifrrS% irekuS'p] ikniLFkS'p ek#r%A
oqQlqeS% i'; lkSfe=ks! hMfUuo leUrr%AA
(jkek;.ke~)
bUnzotzk & (X;kjg o.kks okyk leo`k)
ftl NUn osQ izR;sd ikn esa nks rx.k] ,d tx.k vkSj nks xq# o.kZ e ls gksa og bUnzotzk
NUn gksrk gSA
L;kfnUnzotzk ;fn rkS txkS x%A
mnkgj.k&
galks ;Fkk jktritjLFk%] flagks ;Fkk eUnjdUnjLFk%A
ohjks ;Fkk xfoZroqQtjLFk'pUnzksfi cHkzkt rFkkEcjLFk%AA
(jkek;.ke~)
misUnzotzk & (X;kjg o.kks dk leo`k)
ftl NUn osQ izR;sd ikn esa e'k% ,d tx.k] ,d rx.k] ,d tx.k vkSj nks xq# o.kZ gksa
og misUnzotzk NUn gksrk gSA
misUnzotzk trtkLrrks xkSA mnkgj.k&
Roeso ekrk p firk Roeso
Roeso cU/q'p l[kk RoesoA
Roeso fo|k nzfo.ka Roeso
Roeso lo ee nso&nsoA
mitkfr & (X;kjg o.kks okyk leo`k)
ftl NUn esa bUnzotzk rFkk misUnzotzk osQ pj.kksa dk feJ.k gksrk gS og mitkfr NUn gksrk gSA
vuUrjksnhfjry{eHkktkS iknkS ;nh;koqitkr;Lrk%A
bRFka fdykU;kLofi fefJrklq onfUr tkfrf"oneso uke AA
bl NUn dk izFke rFkk r`rh; pj.k misUnzotzk NUnkuqlkj rFkk f}rh; ,oa prqFkZ pj.k
bUnzotzkuqlkj gSaA vr% bls mitkfr NUn dgk tk ldrk gSA
110
'kk'orh
mnkgj.k&
5-
6-
7-
vLR;qkjL;ka fnf'k nsorkRek]

(bUnzotzk)
fgeky;ks uke uxkf/jkt%A
(misUnzotzk)
iwokZijkS rks;fu/hoxkg~;]
fLFkr% i`fFkO;k bo ekun.M%AA (oqQekjlEHkoe~)
ekfyuh & (iUnzg o.kks okyk leo`k)
ftl NUn osQ izR;sd pj.k esa e'k% nks ux.k] ,d ex.k rFkk nks ;x.k gksa og ekfyuh NUn
gksrk gSA blosQ izR;sd pj.k esa vkBosa rFkk rnuUrj lkrosa vFkkZr~ pj.k osQ vfUre o.kZ iUnzgosa
o.kZ osQ ckn ;fr (fojke) gksrh gSA uue;;;qrs;a ekfyuh HkksfxyksoSQ%A
mnkgj.k&
ee fg fir`fHkjL; izLrqrks KkfrHksn&
Lrfng ef; rq nks"kks ok`QfHk% ikruh;%A
vFk p ee l iq=k% ik.Mokuka rq i'pkr~
lfr p oqQyfojks/s ukijk/;fUr ckyk%AA
(ipjk=ke~)
oa'kL; & (ckjg o.kks okyk leo`k)
ftl NUn osQ izR;sd ikn esa e'k% tx.k] rx.k] tx.k] jx.k gksa og oa'kLFk NUn dgykrk gSA
trkS rq oa'kLFkeqnhfjra tjkSA
HkofUr uezkLrjo% iQyksn~xeS&
uZokEcqfHknwZj foyfEcuks ?kuk%A
vuqrk% lRiq#"kk% le`ffHk%
LoHkko ,oS"k ijksidkfj.kke~AA
'kknwZyfohfMr (mUuhl v{kjksa okyk leo`k)
ftl NUn osQ izR;sd ikn esa e'k% ex.k] lx.k] tx.k] lx.k nks rx.k ,oa ,d xq# o.kZ
gks og 'kknwZyfohfMr NUn dgykrk gSA blesa ckjgosa v{kj osQ ckn igyh ;fr vkSj mUuhlosa
v{kj osQ ckn nwljh ;fr gksrh gSA (lw;kZ'oS;Zfn ekltkSlrrxk% 'kknwZyfohfMre~A)
mnkgj.k &
oRlk;k'p j?kw}gL; p f'k'kkofLeUufHkO;T;rs]
lao`fk% izfrfcEcrso fuf[kyk lSokfr lk |qfr%A
lk ok.kh fou;% l ,o lgt% iq.;kuqHkkoksI;lkS]
gk! gk! nsfo fdeqR;FkSeZe eu% ikfjIyoa /kofrAA
mkjjkepfjre~
ifjf'k"V
8-
111
olUrfrydk (pkSng v{kjksa okyk leo`k)

ftlosQ izR;sd pj.k esa e'k% rx.k] Hkx.k] tx.k] tx.k ,oa nks xq# o.kZ gksa] og NUn
olUrfrydk dgykrk gSA mDrk olUrfrydk rHktktxkSx%
mnkgj.k&
ikikfUuokj;fr ;kst;rs fgrk;
xqa fuxwgfr xq.kkUizdVhdjksfrA
vkin~xra p u tgkfr nnkfr dkys
lfUe=ky{k.kfena izonfUr lUr%AA
uhfr'krde~ 73
9- f'k[kfj.kh& (l=kg v{kjkas okyk leo`k)
ftlosQ izR;sd pj.k esa e'k% ;x.k] ex.k] ux.k] lx.k] Hkx.k rFkk ,d y?kq vkSj ,d xq#
o.kZ gksa] og f'k[kfj.kh NUn dgykrk gSA NBs vkSj l=kgosa o.kZ osQ i'pkr~ blesa ;fr gksrh gSA
jlS#ZnzSf'NUuk ;eulHkykx% f'k[kfj.khA
mnkgj.k&
efukesrfLeu~ fou;f'kf'kjks ekSX;el`.kks
fonX/SfuZxzkks u iqujfonX/Sjfr'k;%A
euks es laeksgfLFkjefi gjR;s"k cyoku~
v;ks/krqa ;}Rifjy?kqj;LdkUr'kdy%AA
mkjjkepfjre~
10- eUnkkUrk (l=kg v{kjksa okyk leo`k)
ex.k] Hkx.k] ux.k] nks rx.kksa vkSj nks xq#vksa ls eUnkkUrk NUn gksrk gSA blesa pkSFks v{kj osQ
i'pkr~ igyh ;fr] NBs v{kj osQ i'pkr nwljh ;fr rFkk vkBosa v{kj osQ ckn rhljh ;fr
gksrh gSA
eUnkkUrkEcqf/ jluxSeksZHkukSrkSx ;qXee~A
mnkgj.k&
i'pkRiqPNa ogfr foiqya rPp /wuksR;te~
nh?kZxzho% l Hkofr] [kqjkLrL; pRokj ,oA
'k"ik.;fr izfdjfr 'kr~ fi.Mdkukezek=kku~
d O;k[;kuSozZtfr l iqunwZjessfg ;ke%AA
mkjjkepfjre~
ifjf'k"V &2
vykj
yksd esa ftl izdkj vkHkw"k.k 'kjhj dh 'kksHkk c<+kus esa lgk;d gksrs gSa mlh izdkj dkO; esa miekfn
vyadkj mldh pk#rk dh vfHko`f djrs gSaA oLrqr% dkO; osQ 'kksHkk/k;d rRo dks gh vyadkj
dgrs gSaA
'kCnkFkZ;ksjfLFkjk ;s /ekZ% 'kksHkkfr'kf;u%A
jlknhuqioqQoZUrksykjkLrsnkfnor~AA
'kCn rFkk vFkZ dks dkO; dk 'kjhj dgk x;k gSA vr% dkO;&'kjhj dk vyadj.k Hkh 'kCn
rFkk vFkZ nksuksa :iksa esa gksrk gSA tks vyadkj 'kCnksa osQ }kjk dkO; esa pk#rk dh vfHko`f djrs gSa
os 'kCnkyadkj dgs tkrs gSa tSls vuqizkl] ;ed vkfnA tks vyadkj vFkZ osQ }kjk dkO; dh pk#rk
dh vfHko`f djrs gSa os vFkkZyadkj dgs tkrs gSa] tSls miek] :id vkfnA bu nksuksa izdkj osQ
vyadkjksa dk izLrqr ladyu osQ ikBksa esa iz;ksx gqvk gSA oqQN mnkgj.k izLrqr gSa&
vuqizkl%
o.kZlkE;euqizkl%A (dkO;izdk'k%)
leku o.kks dh vko`fk dks vuqikz l vyadkj dgk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k &
ogfUr o"kZfUr unfUr HkkfUr ;k;fUr u`R;kfUr lek'olfUrA
u|ks ?kuk ekxtk oukUrk% fiz;kfoghuk% f'kf[ku% Iyoaxk%AA
(jkek;.ke~)
bl 'yksd esa vk, gq, ogfUr] o"kZfUr] unfUr] HkkfUr] ;k;fUr] u`R;fUr rFkk lek lfUr bu
'kCnksa esa vusd o.kks dh leku vko`fk gS tks 'yksd dh pk#rk dh vfHko`f esa lgk;d gSA vr%
;gk ij vuqizkl vyadkj gSA
;ed%
lR;FksZ i`FkxFkkZ;k% LojO;tulagrs%A
es.k rsuSoko`fk;Zeda fofux|rsAA
(lkfgR;niZ.ke~)
113
ifjf'k"V
tc o.kZ lewg dh mlh e ls iqujko`fk dh tk, drq vko`k o.kZ leqnk; ;k rks fHkUukFkZd
gks ;k va'kr% vFkok iw.kZr% fujFkZd gks rks ;ed vyadkj dgykrk gSA mnkgj.k&
vfLr ;|fi loZ=k uhja uhjtjkftre~
jers u ejkyL; ekula ekula foukAA
bl 'yksd esa ekule~ 'kCn dh vko`fk gqbZ gS vkSj nksuksa in fHkkFkZd gSaA vr% ;gk ij iz;qDr
vaydkj ;ed gS tks 'yksd osQ lkSan;Z dh vfHko`f esa lgk;d gSA
miek%
lk/E;Zeqiek HksnsA
(dkO;izdk'k%] 10] 87)
nks oLrqvksa esa] Hksn jgus ij Hkh] tc mudk (lekurk) izfrikfnr fd;k tkrk gS rks ogk miek
vyadkj gksrk gSA mnkg.k
jfolakUrlkSHkkX;Lrq"kkjk#.ke.My%A
fu%oklkU/ bokn'kZ'pUnzek u izdk'krsAA
(jkek;.ke~)
;gk ij lw;Z osQ izdk'k ls efyu pUnzek dh miek fu% oklksa ls efyu vkn'kZ (niZ.k) ls nh
xbZ gSA ;g miek 'yksd osQ vFkZ dh pk#rk dh o`f esa lgk;d gSA
miek esa pkj ro gksrs gSa
1- mies; & ftldh lekurk crkbZ tk,
2- mieku & ftlls lekurk crkbZ tk,
3- lk/kj.k /eZ & mDr nksuksa esa leku xq.k
4- okpd 'kCn & lekurk izdV djus okys 'kCn& bo ;Fkk vkfnA
:id%
rnzwideHksnks ; miekuksies;;ks%A
(dkO;izdk'k%] 10]93)
vfr'k; lkn`'; osQ dkj.k tgk mies; dks mieku dk :i ns fn;k tk;s vFkok mies; ij mieku
dk vkjksi dj fn;k tk;s ogk :id vyadkj gksrk gSA mnkgj.k&
vuyar'kjhjksfi pUnzeq[k vkuUn;fr ee n;e~A
lkSo.kZ'kdfVdk ikB osQ bl okD; esa iz;qDr pUnzeq[k 'kCn esa :id vyadkj gSA ;gk ij eq[k ij
pUnzek dk vkjksi gksus ls :id vyadkj gSA
114
'kk'orh
mRizs{kk%
^^Hkosr~ lEHkkouksRizs{kk izrL; ijkReukAA
(lkfgR;niZ.ke~)
ij (mieku) osQ }kjk izr (mies;) dh lEHkkouk (mRdV lUnsg) dks mRizs{kk vyadkj
dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k&
ifrrS% irekuS'p ikniLFkS'p ek#r%A
oqQlqeS% i'; lkSfe=ks! hMfo leUrr%AA
(jkek;.ke~)
;gk ij ok;q osQ }kjk iq"iksa osQ lkFk dh tkus okyh hMk dh lEHkkouk esa mRizs{kk vyadkj gSA
vFkkZUrjU;kl%
HkosnFkkZUrjU;klksuq"kDrkFkkZUrjkfHk/kA
(pUnzkyksd%] 5-66)
eq[; vFkZ dk leFkZu djus okys vFkkZUrj (nwljs okD;kFkZ) dk izfriknu (U;kl) vFkkZUrjU;kl
dgykrk gSA mnkgj.k&
;% LoHkkoks fg ;L;kfLr l fuR;a nqjfre%A
'ok ;fn f;rs jktk rfRda uk'ukR;qikuge~AA
;gk ij iwokZZ osQ okD;kFkZ dk leFkZu mkjkZ osQ okD;kFkZ }kjk fd;k x;k gSA vr% ;gk
vFkkZUrjU;kl vyadkj gSA
vfr'k;ksfDr%
flRos;olk;L;kfr'k;ksfDrfuZx|rsA
(lkfgR;niZ.ke~] 10-46)
v;olk; osQ fl mies; osQ fy, osQoy mieku dk gh dFku gksus ij vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj gksrk
gSA v;olk; dk rkRi;Z gS& mies; osQ fuxj.k osQ lkFk mieku ls vHksn dk vkjksi vFkkZr~ mies;
rFkk mieku esa vHksn dh LFkkiuk A
115
ifjf'k"V
mnkgj.k&
;wFksi;krs gfLrxzg.kks|rsu osQu dyHkks x`ghr%A
;gk ij vtqZu dks gLrh rFkk vfHkeU;q dks dyHk (gkFkh dk cPpk) osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k
x;k gSA bl izdkj mies; vtqZu o vfHkeU;q dk fuxj.k dj mUgsa mieku gLrh rFkk dyHk osQ :i
esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA vr% ;gk vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj gSA
'ys"k%
f'ky"VS% inSjusdkFkkZfHk/kus 'ys"k b";rsA
(lkfgR;niZ.ke~) in ;k in leqnk; }kjk vusd vFkks dk dFku 'ys"k vykj dgykrk gSA
mPNyn~ Hkwfj dhyky% 'kq'kqHks okfguhifr%A
;gk ij ^dhyky* rFkk ôkfguhifr* 'kCnksa esa vusd vFkZ gksus osQ dkj.k 'ys"k vykj gSA
(dhyky #f/j@ty] okfguhifr lsukifr@leqn)z A
O;ktLrqfr%
O;ktLrqfreZq[ks fuUnk LrqfrokZ :f<jU;FkkA
(dkO;idk'k) izkjEHk esa fuUnk vFkok Lrqfr izrhr gks ijUrq okLro esa og mlosQ foijhr gks vFkkZr~
nh[kus okyh fuUnk dk Lrqfr esa vFkok Lrqfr dk fuUnk esa i;Zolku gksus ij O;ktLrqfr vyakj
gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
fgRok Rokeqijks/oU;eulka e;s u ekSfy% ijks]
yTtkotZueUrjs.k u jekeU;=k lan`';rsA
;LR;kxa ruqrsrjka eq[k'krSjsR;kfJrk;k% fJ;%
izkI; R;kxrkoekuuefi Ro;so ;L;k% fLFkfr%AA
vFkkZr~ gs jktu~! eq>s rks ;gh Li"V yx jgk gS fd vkidks NksM+ dj u rks vkfJrksa osQ vuqjksk ls
fjDrn; vkJ;nkrkvksa dk dksbZ nwljk f'kjksef.k gS vkSj u y{eh dks NksM+ dj dgha vU;=k
(L=khtkfr esa) dksbZ fuyZTtrk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS D;ksafd vki rks ,sls Bgjs fd ukukfo/ mik;ksa ls
LokfJrk y{eh osQ vuojr ifjR;kx (nku) ls viekfur gksdj Hkh y{eh lnk vkiosQ lkFk gh jguk
pkgrh gSaA
116
'kk'orh
;gk jktk dh vkikrr% fuUnk mlosQ egknku ;k y{eh le`f dh Lrqfr (iz'kalk) esa ifj.kr
gks jgh gSA
vr% O;ktLrqfr vyadkj gSA
vU;ksfDr%
vlekufo'ks"k.kefi ;=k lekusfro`keqies;e~A
mDrsu xE;rs ijeqiekususfr lkU;ksfDr%AA
(dkO;kyk j%)
tgk dfFkr mieku osQ }kjk ,sls mies; dh izrhfr gks tks (mieku osQ) fo'ks"k.kksa osQ vleku gksrk
gqvk Hkh leku bfro`k okyk gks] ogk vU;ksfDr vyadkj gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
rkor~ dksfdy fojlku~ ;ki; fnolku~ oukUrjs fuolu~A
;kofUeynfyeky% dksfi jlky% leqYylfrAA
(jlxk/j%)
gs dks;y! ou esa jgrs gq, vius cqjs le; dks rc rd fdlh izdkj fcrk yks tc rd fd
dksbZ ckSj (eatjh) ls ynk gqvk HkkSjksa ls ;qDr vke dk isM+ rqEgsa ugha fey tk,A
;gk dks;y mieku gS vkSj dksbZ lTtu mies; gSA ;|fi dks;y vkSj lTtu osQ fo'ks"k.k
,dleku ugha gSa rFkkfi budk bfro`k ,d leku gSA vr% ;gk ij vU;ksfDr vyadkj gSA
ifjf'k"V &3
vuq'kaflr xzUFk
-la- xzUFkuke
1- bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kn~
2- j?kqoa'kegkdkO;e~
ys[kd
34567891011-
HkoHkwfr
osnO;kl
ck.kHk^
dkfynkl
lEiknd@izdk'kd
xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj
pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh izdk'ku
okjk.klh
pkS[kEck izdk'ku] okjk.klh
xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj
pkS[kEck izdk'ku] okjk.klh
mkjjkepfjre~
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk
dknEcjh
Lkgklu}k=kf'kdk
f'kojktfot;%
laLrpfUnzdkif=kdk
izcU/etjh
izcU/ikfjtkre~
vfEcdknkO;kl%
vIik'kfL=kjkf'k oMsdj%
"khosQ'kHk^kpk;Z%
HkêFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh
lkfgR; Hk.Mkj] esjB
Sanskrit Drama in its

origin, Development
and Theory
A. B. Keith
Oxford Press,
London 24
12- laLr ukVd
,- ch- dhFk
13- laLr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl
cynso mik;k;
14- oSfnd lkfgR; vkSj laLfr
cynso mik;k;
mn;Hkkuq lg (fgUnh
vuqokn) eksrhyky
cukjlhnkl fnYyh
'kkjnk efUnj okjk.klh]
1973
'kkjnk efUnj okjk.klh]
118
'kk'orh
1973
15- History of Classical
M. Krishnamacharya
Sanskrit literature,
16- laLr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl

17- laLr lkfgR; dk
vfHkuo bfrgkl
18- NUnksetjh
19- O;kdj.k lkSjHke~

20- laLr lkfgR; ifjp;
21- pUnzkyksd
22- o`kjRukdj
23- leqnzle
24- dFkklfjr~ (if=kdk)

(f}rh;k%)
Moti Lal Banarsidas

Delhi
okpLifr xSjksyk
pkS[kEck fo/kHkou] okjk.klh]

1978
jkkkoYyHk f=kikBh
fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku
pkSd] okjk.klh f} la- 2007
xaxknkl
MkW czkuUn f=kikBh] pkS[kECkk
lqjHkkjrh izdk'ku okjk.klh
1903
jk- 'kS- vuq- vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
jk- 'kS- vuq- vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ }kjk izdkf'kr
t;nso
la- rFkk vuq- lqcks/pUnz
iUr] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl
fnYyh 1925
HkôsQnkj]
la- vk;sZUnq 'kekZ] laLr
vdkneh] mLekfu;k fo'o&
fo|ky;] gSnjkckn
nkjkf'kdksg
fgUnh vuq- ckcw yky 'kqDy
'kkL=kh Hkkjrh; fo|k
izdk'ku] fnYyh 1995
ogh& fgUnh vuq- txUukFk
IkkBd jkdk izdk'ku]
bykgkckn 2005
lEiknd%
dVde~] vksfM'kk
MkW- ukjk;.knk'k

Class12 Sanskrit Textbook2

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eye~

Hknza d.ksfZ Hk% k`.kq;ke nsok%

fnlacj 2006 ikS"k 1928

vDrwcj 2007 vkf'ou 1929

jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 70 th-,l-,e- isij

108] 100 iQhV jksM

uothou VLV Hkou

vkoj.k ,oa fp=kkadu

izk-s ukeojflagegksn;kuka] laLrikBiqLrdkuka eq[;ijke'kZdkuka izk-s jkkkoYyHkf=kikfBegkHkkxkuka]

IkkB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr

tc f'k{kk HkkjeqDr gksxh rks og Lo;eso ,d ^vkuUnizn vuqHkwfr* fl gksxhA ;g

egkdfo HkoHkwfr }kjk fojfpr ^mkjjkepfjre~* ukVd ls ladfyr ^ckydkSrqde~* ikB

bZ'kkokL;fena lo ;fRdp txR;ka txr~ A

vustnsoQa eulks toh;ks uSun~no

xPNfr bfr txr~A lrra ifjorZeku% izip%A lrr ifjorZu'khy lalkjA

yksyqi% ek HkoA yksyqi er gksA yksHk er djksA x`k~ (vfHkdka{kk;ke~)

fdlh dkA bl osQ lekukFkZd in gSa&dL;fpr~] dL;puA vO;;A

djrs gq , ghA $ 'kr` iqaf y ] iz F kek foHkfDr] ,dopu

thforqe~ bPNsr~A thus dh bPNk djsaA tho (izk.kkkj.ks) kkrq] bPNkFkZd

rj.kdjA r (Iyourj.k;ks%) $ DRokA vO;;A

laLrHkk"k;k mkja fy[kr&

(N) fr"Bfi d% /kor% vU;ku~ vR;sfr\

^bZ'kkokL;e~------dL;fLoue~* bR;L; Hkkoa ljylaLrHkk"k;k fo'kn;rA

^vUkUre% izfo'kfUr------fo|k;ka jrk%* bfr eU=kL; Hkkoa fgUnhHkk"k;k vkaXyHkk"k;k

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vkksfyf[krkuka lizla fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&

mifu"kUeU=k;ks% vUo;a fy[kr&

izr izR;;a p ;kstf;Rok injpuka oqQ#r&

10- vkksfyf[krkfu inkfu vkfJR; okD;jpuka oqQ#r&

(x) ftthfo"ksr~ $ 'kra

-------------------- $ --------------------------------------- $ -------------------- $ ---------------------------------------

(?k) rr~ $ /kor%

(p) vkgq% $ vfo|;k

-------------------- $ --------------------------------------- $ --------------------

12- v/ksfyf[krkuka leqfpra ;kstua

13- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka i;kZ;inkfu fy[kr&

fofo/klq mifu"kRlq izfrikfnrke~ vkReizkfIrfo"k;dftKklka fo'kn;r&

reojs fo'oftfr f{krh'ka

l Roa iz'kLrs efgrs enh;s

fo'oftr~ uked ;K esaA

lehi esaA nwj vkSj lehi nksuksa vFkks esa ^vkjkr~* in dk

lqudjA fu $ 'ke~ $ Y;i~A

ftlosQ xHkZ ls ty fudy pqdk gksA vECoso xHkZ% vEcqxHkZ%A

vFkZ ladV] nkfjn~z;A

pedrs gq,A pedhykA HkkLoje~A

laLrHkk"k;k mkja fy[kr&

dks"Bdkr~ leqfpra ineknk; fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

vkksfyf[krkuka lizla fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&

vkksfyf[krs"kq fjDrLFkkus"kq fo'ks"; fo'ks"k.kinkfu ikBka'kkr~ fpRok fy[kr&

foxzg iwoZoaQ lekluke fufnZ'kr&

v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka leqfpra ;kstua oqQ#r&

([k) pr% n'k p

(4) LofLr vLrq

(5) izcksk% izdk'kks ok

foHkfDr&fyX&opukfnfunsZ'kiwoZoaQ inifjp;a oqQ#r&

vkksfyf[krkuka f;kinkuke~ vU;s"kq iq#"kopus"kq :ikf.k fy[kr&

10- vkksfyf[krkuka inkuka foykse inkfu fy[kr&

12- v/ksfyf[krkuke~ vUo;a oqQ#r&

cgqHkk"kkKkue~ & vkksfyf[krkuke~ vU;Hkk"kk'kCnkuka lekukFkZdkfu inkfu ikBs vUos"VO;kfu

& dkfynklra izfrfp=k.ke~] vkJefp=k.ka] o`{kknhuka i'kqif{k.kka p fp=k.ka

(usiF;s dydy%A losZ vkd.kZ;fUr)

% (izfo';] Loxre~) vfoKkro;% ekSfpR;kr~ iwT;kufi lr%

% oqQekj! oqQekj! v'oks'o bfr dksfi Hkwrfo'ks"kks tu&