MIS 601 : MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Topic 3 DATA RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

CONTENTS :

Data Resource Management

Types of Databases Concept of a DBMS Database Objects DDLC

Types of Databases
1. 2. 3. 4.

Operational Databases Distributed Databases Multimedia databases Data warehousing

z z

Data mining OLAP

Data Resource Management

It is a Managerial activity that applies Information Systems technologies like: Database

management Data Warehousing Other Data Management tools

to the task of managing the organizations data resources to meet the information needs of their business stakeholders

Database
A database is an integrated collection of logically related data elements. The data stored in a database are independent of the application programs using them & of the type of storage devices on which they are stored.

Operational Databases
These databases store detailed data needed to support business processes & operations of a company.
Other names for this are : Subject Area Databases (SADB) Transaction Databases Production Databases Examples: HR Database Customer Database etc

Operational Databases
HR Database
Payroll Benefits

Employee Record 1

Employee Record 2

Employee Code

Employee Name

Salary

Employee Code

Employee Name

Salary

1001

James

$3500

1002

Martha

$2750

Multimedia databases
Multimedia databases. Multimedia databases can be defined as the database systems that can store, manipulate and query information presented in more than one format such as text, audio, video, graphics, and images. The multimedia databases are of prominence in the world of computers today and more so for the flexibility and convenience they offer in representing various forms of objects that we come across in our everyday lives

Multimedia databases
Thishasnecessitatedutilizationofdifferentformsforsoring multimediaandtheyinclude: ImageData:Imagesareverycommonlyfoundinmultimedia databasesandtheirapplicationscoversimplefigures,icons,medical imageslikeXraysetc. VideoFiles:Thesehavebecomeveryimportantwiththeadventof technologieslikedistributionofvideoetc.Itisnowmoreconvenient thanevertostoreahomevideoonapersonalcomputer. Audiofiles:Thesefilesarebeingusedextensivelytostoreaswellas distributemusicandareeveneing sharedovertheinternet! DocumentData:Thesearethetraditionaltextfileswhere informationisstoredintheformoftext.Thesefilesarestill inuseand havechangedintermsofthecapabilityofstoragesize.

A sample application that represents a Police application is presented below:

Distributed database system

A distributed database system consists of loosely coupled sites that share no physical component Database systems that run on each site are independent of each other Transactions may access data at one or more sites

Distributed Databases
Many Organizations replicate and distribute copies of parts of databases to network servers at a variety of sites. These Distributed databases can reside on network servers on the WWW on corporate intranets or extranets etc.

Distributed Databases

Partitioned Databases

Duplicate Databases

Distributed Databases

Distributed Databases

Fragmentation

Horizontal fragmentation: each tuple of r is assigned to one or more fragments Vertical fragmentation: the schema for relation r is split into several smaller schemas Example : relation account with following schema Account-schema = (branch-name, accountnumber, balance)

Horizontal Fragmentation of account Relation

branch-name Hillside Hillside Hillside account-number A-305 A-226 A-155 balance 500 336 62

account1=branch-name=Hillside(account) branch-name Valleyview Valleyview Valleyview Valleyview account-number A-177 A-402 A-408 A-639 balance 205 10000 1123 750

account2=branch-name=Valleyview(account)

Vertical Fragmentation of employee-info Relation

branch-name customer-name tuple-id 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Lowman Hillside Camp Hillside Camp Valleyview Kahn Valleyview Kahn Hillside Kahn Valleyview Green Valleyview deposit1=branch-name, customer-name, tuple-id(employee-info) account number balance

tuple-id 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

500 A-305 336 A-226 205 A-177 10000 A-402 62 A-155 1123 A-408 750 A-639 deposit2=account-number, balance, tuple-id(employee-info)

Advantages of Fragmentation

Horizontal:

allows parallel processing on fragments of a relation allows a relation to be split so that tuples are located where they are most frequently accessed

Vertical:

allows tuples to be split so that each part of the tuple is stored where it is most frequently accessed tuple-id attribute allows efficient joining of vertical fragments allows parallel processing on a relation

Vertical and horizontal fragmentation can be mixed.

Fragments may be successively fragmented to an arbitrary depth.

Data warehousing
A data warehouse stores data that have been extracted from the various operational, external & other databases of an organization.
It is a central source of data that has been cleaned, transformed & catalogued so that they can be used by managers & other business professionals for data mining, online analytical processing & other forms of business analysis, market research & decision support.

Data warehousing

Case Study : Shell Exploration & Production

Various units worldwide each having their own IT resources (collecting & processing local data) The fuel company wanted to combine data from its ERP Financial applications with data from its various systems to process information on how much GAS & OIL the company finds & collects? Steve Much (Data warehouse team leader SHELL Scotland) faced major problems as each system had their set of codes. The option of going back cleansing & integrating data in host system wasn't an option which was feasible ???

Case Study : Shell Exploration & Production

Steve Mutch found a tool from KALIDO LTD (London) that analysed & mapped data from various systems & then combined it into one data warehouse. After 7 months of Data analysis and mapping work data from 27 data sources now came together in one 450 GB Warehouse.

Case Study : Shell Exploration & Production

Benefits

No single Business Unit lost control of its data. Hence all Business Heads contribute to a greater understanding of information for the company as a whole. After this success Mutch faced pressure from TOP Executives to integrate data from other applications also. Hence the TRUE POTENTIAL of a Data warehouse is realized at SHELL

Database Management Systems

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data (database) and a set of programs to access those data. A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software that: Defines a database Stores the data Supports a Query Language Produces Reports Creates data entry screens

Components of Database Management Systems

Databases/ Files

Database Engine Data Dictionary Query Processor

Forms Gener rator

Report Writer

Components of Database Management Systems

Database Engine Data Dictionary Query Processor Report Writer

Components of Database Management Systems

Form

Generator Generator

Application

Security

CASE : Experian Automotive

Experian Inc a unit of a LONDON based company. It runs one of the largest credit reporting agencies in the US. Experian wanted to go beyond credit checks for automotive loans. Experian wanted to collect vehicle data from various Motor vehicle departments in the US, & blend it with other data such as Change of Address records & then it could sell the enhanced data. To offer these services, Experian first needed a way to extract, transfer and load data from 50 different US State Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) systems into a single database.

CASE : Experian Automotive

This was difficult as per Ken Kauppila, VP(IT) at Experian Automotive (California) As Each DMV had their own format for entering data Kaupilla decided to use ETL( Extracting, Transforming & Loading) tools to combine very large data repositories. Using ETL EXTRACT by Evolutionary Technologies, Experian created database that can incorporate vehicle information within 48hrs of its entry into any States DMV computer. Experian automotive database is the 10th largest automobile database in the world (16 billion rows of data)

The entire relational database is managed by just 3 IT professionals

Database Concepts

The Three Types of Associations among Classes

Employee Salary Account
Sales 1

1:1

Employee
1:many Employee 1

Sales 2 Sales 3

Customer A Customer B

Employee 2 Many:Many

Customer C Customer D Customer E

Employee 3

Designing a Relational Database

Relational Database Model -- need to include a common, unique field between tables in order to link or "relate" the different tables.
Basic Definitions
Primary

key

field (column) that is unique for table (a data item cannot be repeated anywhere in the field -- product number, employee id., etc.)

Foreign

key

A primary key in another table that is used to join (connect) two tables.

Relational Databases

Tables
Rows Columns Primary

Customer Table
Phone 312-555-1234 502-555-8876 602-555-9987 612-555-4325 Name Jones Smith Juarez Olsen Address 123 Main 456 Oak 887 Ribera 465 Thor City Chicago Glasgow Phoenix Minneapolis

keys
Orders Table
Customer 502-555-8876 602-555-9987 612-555-4325 502-555-8876 Date 3/3/04 4/4/04 4/9/04 5/7/04 Salesperson 2223 8876 8876 3345 Total_sale 157.92 295.53 132.94 183.67

Data types
Text Dates

& times Numbers Objects