DS - en 1997-1 DK Na - 2010 e

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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

EN 1997-1 DK NA:2010-09
National Annex to
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design Part 1: General rules
_______________________________________________________________________
Foreword

This National Annex (NA) is a revision of EN 1997-1 DK NA:2008 and EN 1997-1 DK NA
2008 with the following amendments.

Previous versions, addenda and an overview of all National Annexes can be found at
www.eurocodes.dk

This NA specifies the conditions for the implementation in Denmark of this Eurocode which
deals with building structures covered by the Danish Building Regulations of the Danish En-
terprise and Construction Authority and the civil engineering works subject to the Road Rules
of the Road Directorate and the Railway Codes published by Banedanmark.

The national choices may be in the form of nationally applicable values, an option between
methods given in the Eurocode, or the addition of supplementary guidance.

This National Annex includes:

National choices and an overview of all clauses where national choices are al-
lowed
Descriptions of national choices
Complementary (non-contradictory) information which may assist the user of
the Eurocode.

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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
National choices and overview of all clauses where national choic-
es are allowed

Clause Subject

Choice
2.1(8)P

Design requirements
The manner in which these minimum
requirements are satisfied may be
given in the National Annex.
The national minimum requirements
are given in Annexes D, K and L of
this National Annex.
2.4.6.1(4)P

Design values of actions
The values of the partial factors may
be set by the National Annex.
Values of the partial factors are given
in Annex A of this National Annex.
2.4.6.2(2)P

Design values of geotechnical pa-
rameters
2.4.7.1(2)P

General
2.4.7.1(3)

General
2.4.7.2(2)P

Verification of static equilibrium
(EQU)
in Tables A.1 and A.2 of this National
Annex.
2.4.7.3.2(3)P

Design effects of actions
in Tables A.3 and A.4 of this National
Annex.

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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

2.4.7.3.3(2)P

Design resistances
in Tables A.5, A.6, A.7, A.8, A.12,
A.13 and A.14 of this National An-
nex.
2.4.7.3.4.1(P)

General
NOTE 1 - The way to use equations
(2.6) and (2.7) and the particular De-
sign Approach to be used may be
NOTE 1 - The way to use equations
(2.6) and (2.7) are given by the re-
spective tables in Annex A of this
National Annex. Design Approach 2
is used in DK for piles and anchors.
Design approach 3 is used in DK for
spread foundations, earth pressure and
stability.
2.4.7.4(3)P

Verification procedure and partial
factors for uplift
in Tables A.15 and A.16 of this Na-
tional Annex.
2.4.7.5(2)P

Verification of resistance to failure
by heave due to seepage of water in
the ground (HYD)
in A.5 of this National Annex.
2.4.8(2)

Serviceability limit states
in A.6 of this National Annex.
2.4.9(1)P

Limiting values for movements of
foundations
The permitted foundation movements
may be set by the National Annex.
Permitted foundation movements are
given in Annex H of this National
Annex.
2.5.(1)

Design by prescriptive measures
Reference to such conventional and
generally conservative rules may be
Conventional and generally conserva-
tive rules are given in Annex D and
Annexes K and L of this National
Annex.

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7.6.2.2(8)P

Ultimate compressive resistance
from static load tests
The values of the correlation factors
Values of the correlation factors are
given in Table A.9 of this National
Annex.
7.6.2.2(14)P

Values of the partial factors for per-
sistent and transient situations are
given in Tables A.6, A.7 and A.8 of
7.6.2.3(4)P

from ground test results

7.6.2.3(5)P Ultimate compressive resistance
Annex.
7.6.2.3(8)

If this alternative procedure is ap-
plied, the values of the partial factors
b
and
s
recommended in Annex A
may need to be corrected by a model
factor larger than 1,0. The value of
the model factor may be set by the
National Annex.
The values are not applicable in DK.
7.6.2.4(4)P

from dynamic impact tests
The values of the partial factors and
correlation factors may be set by the
National Annex.
Values of the partial factor and corre-
lation factors are given in Table A.11
of this National Annex.

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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

7.6.3.2(2)P

Ultimate tensile resistance from
pile load tests
in Tables A.6, A.7 and A.8 and this
National Annex.
7.6.3.2(5)P

pile load tests
Annex.
7.6.3.3(3)P

ground test results
7.6.3.3(4)P

ground test results
Annex.

7.6.3.3(6)

ground test results
If this alternative procedure is ap-
plied, the values of the partial factor
(s,t recommended in Annex A may
need to be corrected by a model fac-
tor larger than 1,0. The value of the
model factor may be set by the Na-
tional Annex.
The model factor applied in DK is
taken as 1,0 where design is based on
the analytical method for determining
bearing resistance specified in Annex
L of this National Annex.
8.5.2(2)P

Design values of pull-out resistance
determined from the results of
tests
The value of the partial factor may be
set by the National Annex.
The value of the partial factor is given
in Table A.12 of this National Annex.

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8.5.2(3)

Design values of pull-out resistance
determined from the results of
tests
NOTE - 8.5.2(3) refers to those types
of anchorage that are not individually
checked by acceptance tests. If a cor-
relation factor
a
is used, it must be
based on experience or provided for
in the National Annex.
NOTE - 8.5.2(3) applies to all types
of anchorage. The value of the corre-
lation factor
a
is given in A.3.3.4 of
8.6(4)

Serviceability limit state design
The value of the model factor may be
set by the National Annex.
No value of a model factor is given in
DK. Reference is made to A.6 of this
National Annex.
11.5.1(1)P

Stability analysis for slopes

given in Tables A.3 and A.4 of this
National Annex.
A.2 Partial factors for equilibrium lim-
it state (EQU) verification
Partial factors and consequence fac-
tors are given in Tables A.1 and A.2
A.3.1
Partial factors on actions (
F
) or
the effects of actions (
E
)
tors are given in Table A.3 of this
National Annex.
A.3.2 Partial factors for soil parameters
(
M
)
Partial factors are given in Table A.4
A.3.3.1 Partial resistance factors for
spread foundations
Partial resistance factors for spread
foundations
Partial resistance factors (
R
) for
spread foundations are not used in
DK, cf. Table A.5 of this National
Annex.

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A.3.3.2 Partial resistance factors for pile
foundations
Values of partial resistance factors for
pile foundations are given in Tables
A.6, A.7 and A.8 of this National An-
nex.
A.3.3.3 Correlation factors for pile founda-
tions
Correlation factors for pile founda-
tions are given in Tables A.9, A.10
and A.11 of this National Annex.
A.3.3.4 Partial resistance factors for pre-
stressed anchorages
Partial resistance factors for pre-
stressed and non pre-stressed anchor-
ages.
Partial resistance factors for pre-
stressed and non pre-stressed anchor-
ages are given in Table A.12 and in
A.3.3.4 (2)P and (3)P of this National
Annex together with the correlation
factors for deriving characteristic val-
ues from static load tests and ground
test results, respectively, determined
from geotechnical investigations.
A.3.3.5 Partial resistance factors (
R
) for
retaining structures
R
) for re-
taining structures are not used in DK,
cf. Table A.13 of this National An-
nex.
R
) for
slopes and overall stability
R
) for
slopes and overall stability are not
used in DK, cf. Table A.14 of this
National Annex.
A.4 Partial factors for uplift limit state
(UPL) verifications
tors are for uplift limit state (UPL)
verifications are given in Tables A.15
and A.16 and in A.4 (3)P of this Na-
tional Annex.
A.5 Partial factors for hydraulic heave
limit state (HYD) verification
Partial factors for hydraulic heave
limit state (HYD) verification in DK
are those applied for uplift limit state
(UPL) verification.

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National choices

Annex A - normative

Partial and correlation factors for ultimate limit states and serviceability
limit states

A.1 Partial factors and correlation factors
(1)P The partial factors for ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states in persistent
and transient design situations and the correlation factors for pile foundations in all design
situations, are given in this Annex.

(2)P The partial factors for soil parameters
M
and resistance
R
as well as the correlation
factors for pile foundations and anchorages are stated for design situations where the safety
evaluation shall be performed using the lower design values. Where the safety evaluation is to
be performed using the upper design values, reciprocal values of the partial factors and corre-
lation factors given shall be applied.
A.2 Partial factors for equilibrium limit state (EQU) verification
Partial factors and consequence factors are given in Tables A.1 and A.2 of this National An-
nex.
(1)P For the verification of equilibrium limit state (EQU) the following partial factors on ac-
tions
F
shall be applied:

G;dst
on destabilising unfavourable permanent actions;
G;stb
on stabilising favourable permanent actions;
Q;dst
on destabilising unfavourable variable actions.
Q;stb
on stabilising favourable variable actions.
The consequence factor K
FI
depends on the consequences class:

High consequence class CC3: K
FI
= 1,1
Medium consequence class CC2: K
FI
= 1,0

The low consequence class CC1 is not applied for geotechnical structures.

For the load combination factor
0
, cf. EN 1990.

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Table A.1 - Partial factors on actions (
F
)
Action Symbol Value
Permanent
1) 2)
Unfavourable
a
Favourable
b

G;dst

G;stb

1,1 K
FI
0,9

Variable, leading, unfavourable
a

Variable, other, unfavourable
a

Q;dst

Q;dst

1,5 K
FI

1,5
0
K
FI

a
Destabilising
b
Stabilising
1)
The characteristic values of permanent actions are multi-
plied by
G;dst
where actions are unfavourable, and by
G;stb
where actions are favourable.
2)
Sources of permanent actions are the self weight of struc-
tural members, ballast, non load-bearing walls and floorings
including screeds, soil and ground water.

(2)P For the verification of equilibrium limit state (EQU) the following partial factors on soil
parameters
M
shall be applied.

on the tangent of the angle of shearing resistance;
c
on effective cohesion;
cu
on undrained shear strength;
qu
on unconfined strength;

on weight density.

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Table A.2 - Partial factors for soil parameters (
M
)
Soil parameter Symbol Value
Angle of shearing re-
sistance
a
1,2
Effective cohesion

c
1,2
Undrained shear strength
cu
1,8
Unconfined strength
qu
1,8
Weight density

1,0
a
This factor is applied to tan '

A.3 Partial factors for structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit
states verification
A.3.1 Partial factors on actions (
F
) or the effects of actions (
E
)
Partial factors and consequence factors are given in Table A.3 of this National Annex.
(1)P For the verification of structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states set A1 and
set A2 of the following partial factors on actions (
F
) or the effect of actions (
E
) shall be ap-
plied:

G;sup
on permanent unfavourable actions;
G;inf
on permanent favourable actions;
Q,1
on leading variable unfavourable actions;
Q,i
on other variable unfavourable actions.

FI
depends on the consequence class:

FI
= 1,1
FI
= 1,0


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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
0
, cf. EN 1990.

Table A.3 - Partial factors on actions (
F
) or the effects of actions (
E
)
Action Sym-
bol
Set
A1 A2
Equation
6.10a
Equation
6.10b
Equation
6.10a
Equation
6.10b
P
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t

a
c
t
i
o
n

4
)

Weight
of
struc-
tural
mem-
ber
Unfavour-
able
G;sup
1,2 K
FI
2)
1,0 K
FI
1,2
2)
1,0
Favourable
G;inf
1,0 0,9 1,0 0,9
Self
weight
of
ground
and
ground
water
Unfavour-
able
G;sup
1,0 K
FI
1,0 K
FI
1,0 1,0
Favourable
G;inf
1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e

a
c
-
t
i
o
n
s

B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
Lead-
ing
Unfavour-
able
Q,1
0 1,5 K
FI
0 1,5
Other Unfavour-
able
Q,i
0 1,5
0
K
FI
0 1,5
0

V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e

a
c
-
t
i
o
n
s

B
r
i
d
g
e
s

1
)
Lead-
ing
Unfavour-
able
Q,1
0 1,4 K
FI

3)
0 1,4
3)
Other Unfavour-
able
Q,i
0 1,5
0
K
FI
0 1,5
0

The partial factor for effects of actions (
E
) is not relevant in DK, i.e. equation 2.6a only is applied.
Equations 6.10a and 6.10b are given in EN 1990. For details relating to partial factors for actions and load combination
factors, reference is made to DS/EN 1990 DK NA and DS/EN 1990/A1 DK NA, (STR/GEO) (Set B) and (STR/GEO)
(Set C), respectively.
1)
For variable actions on embankments for infrastructure, quays etc. the partial factors for bridges apply.
2)
For bridges: 1,25 K
FI
and 1,25, respectively.
3)
For heavy special transports on rail (SW/2): 1,2 K
FI
and 1,2, respectively.
4)
The characteristic values of all permanent actions from one source is multiplied by
G;sup
if the total resulting action
effect is unfavourable and by
G;inf
if the total resulting action effect is favourable. As an example all actions originating
from the self weight of the structure may be considered as coming from one source; this also applies if different materi-
als are involved.

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A.3.2 Partial factors for soil parameters (
M
)
Partial factors are given in Table A.4 of this National Annex.
(1)P For the verification of structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states set M1 or set
M2 of the following partial factors on soil parameters (
M
) shall be applied:
c
cu
qu
on unconfined strength;
on weight density.
FI

FI
= 1,1
FI
= 1,0


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M
)
Soil parameter Sym-
bol
Spread founda-
tion
Piles and an-
chors
Earth pressure
and stability
M1 M2 M1 M2 M1 M2
Angle of shearing
resistance
a

-
b
1,2 -
b
-
b
-
b
1,2 K
FI

Effective cohesion
c

-
b
1,2 -
b
-
b
-
b
1,2 K
FI

Undrained shear
strength
cu
-
b
1,8 -
b
-
b
-
b
1,8 K
FI

Unconfined
strength
qu
-
b
1,8 -
b
-
b
-
b
1,8 K
FI

Weight density

-
b
1,0 -
b
-
b
-
b
1,0
a
b
Not relevant in DK
For spread foundations, stability and earth pressure Design Approach 3 and equation
2.7a only are applied in DK.
The partial factors for spread foundations ensure that the required Danish safety is
attained when the equations for resistance given in Annex D are applied.
In Geotechnical Category 1 the partial factors given shall be multiplied by a model
factor
s
= 1,25.
Where documentation is provided to substantiate that warning of failure with spare
resistance is given for the failure mode of the geotechnical structure, K
FI
= 1 may be
assumed.
For excavation supports, temporary excavations and other geotechnical structures un-
der construction, partial factors shall be used with values taken as (
M
)
, where is a
number for which the following applies: 0 1. Where failure involves the risk of
personal injury or damage to third party buildings and/or areas with heavy road and
rail traffic, or will have considerable social consequences, partial factors correspond-
ing to = 1 shall be used.
NOTE - Where failure of excavation supports, temporary excavations and other ge-
otechnical structures during construction do not have serious consequences, partial
factors corresponding to = 0,5 or, circumstances permitting, corresponding to val-
ues closer to = 0 (partial factor 1,0) may be used.

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A.3.3 Partial resistance factors (
R
)
A.3.3.1 Partial resistance factors for spread foundations
R
) for spread foundations are not used in DK, cf. Table A.5 of this
National Annex.
(1)P For spread foundations and verifications of structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO)
limit states, set R1, R2 or R3 of the following partial factors on resistance (
R
) shall be
applied:
R;v
on bearing resistance;
R;h
on sliding resistance.

Table A.5 - Partial resistance factors (
R
) for spread foundations
Resistance Symbol Set
R1 R2 R3
Bearing
R;v
- - -
Sliding
R;h
- - -
R1, R2 and R3 are not relevant as equation 2.7.a is applied in
DK.

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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
A.3.3.2 Partial resistance factors for pile foundations
Values of partial resistance factors for pile foundations are given in Tables A.6, A.7 and A.8
(1)P For pile foundations and verifications of structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit
states, set R1, R2, R3 or R4 of the following partial factors on resistance (
R
) shall be applied:
b
on base resistance;
s
on shaft resistance for piles in compression;
t
on total/combined resistance for piles in compression;
s;t
on shaft resistance for piles in tension.

R
) for driven piles

R1 R2 R3 R4
Base
b
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

Shaft (compression)
s
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

Total/combined (compres-
sion)
t
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

Shaft in tension
s;t
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

b Not relevant in DK
For piles Design Approach 2 and equation 2.7b only are applied in DK.
factor
s
= 1,25.
For excavation supports, temporary excavations and other geotechnical structures
under construction, partial factors shall be used with values taken as (
R
)
, where
is a number for which the following applies: 0 1. Where failure involves the
risk of personal injury or damage to third party buildings and/or areas with heavy
road and rail traffic, or will have considerable social consequences, partial factors
corresponding to
= 1 shall be used.
NOTE - Where failure of excavation supports, temporary excavations and other
geotechnical structures during construction do not have serious consequences, par-
tial factors corresponding to = 0,5 or, circumstances permitting, corresponding to
values closer to = 0 (partial factor 1,0) may be used.

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R
) for bored piles
R1 R2 R3 R4
Base
b
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

Shaft (compression)
s
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

sion)
t
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

Shaft in tension
s;t
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

b Not relevant in DK
factor
s
= 1,25.
The bearing resistance for bored piles shall be determined according to the specifi-
cations given in Annex L of this National Annex.
R
)
, where
corresponding to = 1 shall be used.

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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
R
) for continuous flight auger (CFA) piles
R1 R2 R3 R4
Base
b
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

Shaft (compression)
s
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

sion)
t
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

Shaft in tension
s;t
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

b
Not relevant in DK
factor
s
= 1,25.
The bearing resistance for CFA piles shall be determined as for bored piles accord-
ing to the specifications given in Annex L of this National Annex.
R
)
, where
corresponding to = 1 shall be used.

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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
A.3.3.3 Correlation factors for pile foundations
Correlation factors for pile foundations are given in Tables A.9, A.10 and A.11 of this
National Annex.
(1) P For verifications of structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states, the following
correlation factors shall be applied to derive the characteristic resistance of axially loaded
piles:
1
on the mean values of the resistances measured in static load tests;
2
on the minimum values of the resistances measured in static load tests;
3
on the mean values of the calculated resistances from ground test results;
4
on the minimum values of the calculated from ground test results;
5
on the mean values of the measured resistances in dynamic load tests;
6
on the minimum values of the measured resistances in dynamic load tests.
Table A.9 - Correlation factors to derive characteristic values from static pile load
tests (n - number of tested piles)
for n = 1 2 3 4 5
1
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
2
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
b
Not relevant in DK
When deriving the characteristic ultimate resistance, R
c;k
,
from values of R
c;m
, measured in one or several pile load
tests, allowance shall be made for the variability of the
ground conditions and the effect of pile installation. The
characteristic ultimate resistance is determined as:
m c
k c
R
R
;
;
=
where
= 1,1 for the test loaded piles
= 1,25 for other piles where the pile load tests are
representative.

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Table A.10 - Correlation factors to derive characteristic values from ground test re-
sults (n - the number of profiles of tests)
for n = 1 2 3 4 5 7 10
3
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
4
-
b

-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
b
Not relevant in DK
The characteristic ultimate resistance:

ber c
k c
R
R
;
;
=
shall be derived from design rules based on verified correlations be-
tween the results of static load tests and the results of field or laboratory
tests. These design rules shall be such that the ultimate resistance when
applying the characteristic value R
c;k
does not exceed the measured ul-
timate resistance divided by
=1,5
The design rules shall be based on recognised documentation. An ana-
lytical method for determining the bearing resistance is given in Annex
L of this National Annex.

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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
Table A.11 - Correlation factors to derive characteristic values from dynamic impact
tests (n - number of tested piles)
for n = 2 5 10 15 20
5
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
6
-
b

-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b

b
Not relevant in DK
The characteristic ultimate resistance:

m c
k c
R
R
;
;
=
shall be derived from design rules based on verified correlations between the
results of static load tests. These design rules shall be such that the average ul-
timate resistance when applying the characteristic value R
c;k
does not exceed
the measured ultimate resistance divided by
= 1,5 where the resistance is based on a pile driving formula
= 1,25 where wave equation analysis has been used to assess the re-
sistance of the pile considered
= 1,4 for the piles where the wave equation analysis is representative.
For end-bearing piles driven into non-cohesive soil, the characteristic ultimate
resistance is determined using the "Danish Driving Formula", see Annex L of
this National Annex and the values given.

A.3.3.4 Partial resistance factors and correlation factors for pre-stressed and non pre-
stressed anchorages
Partial resistance factors for pre-stressed and non pre-stressed anchorages are given in Table
A.12 and in A.3.3.4 (2)P and (3)P of this National Annex together with the correlation factors
for deriving characteristic values from static load tests and ground test results, respectively,
determined from geotechnical investigations.
(1)P For pre-stressed and non pre-stressed anchorages and verifications of structural (STR)
and geotechnical (GEO) limit states, set R1, R2, R3 or R4 of the following partial factors on
resistance (
R
) shall be applied:

a;t
on temporary anchorages;

a;p
on permanent anchorages.

Page 21 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
R
) for pre-stressed and non pre-stressed anchor-
ages
R1 R2

R3 R4
Temporary
a;t
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

Permanent
a;p
-
b
1,3 -
b
-
b

b
Not relevant in DK
For anchorages Design Approach 2 and equation 2.7b only are applied in DK.
The partial factors stated shall be used together with the correlation factors
a

given in (2)P and (3)P.
For excavation supports, temporary excavations and other geotechnical struc-
tures under construction, partial factors shall be used with values taken as
(
R
)
, where is a number for which the following applies: 0 1. Where

failure involves the risk of personal injury or damage to third party buildings
and/or areas with heavy road and rail traffic, or will have considerable social
consequences, partial factors corresponding to = 1 shall be used.
NOTE - Where failure of excavation supports, temporary excavations and oth-
er geotechnical structures during construction do not have serious consequenc-
es, partial factors corresponding to = 0,5 or, circumstances permitting, corre-
sponding to values closer to = 0 (partial factor 1,0) may be used.
= 0 (partial factor 1,0).

(2)P When deriving the characteristic anchorage resistance (ultimate resistance), R
a;k
, from
values of R
a;m
, measured in one or several load tests, allowance shall be made for the
variability of the ground conditions and the effect of the construction method. The
characteristic ultimate resistance is determined as:

a
m a
k a
R
R
;
;
=
where

a
= 1,1 for the test loaded anchors and
a = 1,25 for other anchors where the load tests are representative.
(3)P When deriving the characteristic anchorage resistance (ultimate resistance) R
a;k
from
values of R
a;ber
determined using design rules, these rules shall be based on established
correlations between the results of static load tests and the results of field or laboratory tests.
The characteristic ultimate resistance is determined as:

a
ber a
k a
R
R
;
;
=

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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
The design rules shall be such that the ultimate resistance using the characteristic value R
a;k

does not exceed the measured ultimate resistance divided by

a
=1,75.
(4) Where documented experience is available, the resistance may be determined on the basis
of design rules in accordance with the principles specified in National Annex L. Special con-
sideration shall, however, be given to the risk of progressive failure.

R
) for retaining structures
R
) for retaining structures are not used in DK, cf. Table A.13 of this
National Annex.
(1)P For retaining structures and verifications of structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO)
limit states, set R1, R2 or R3 of the following partial factors on resistance (
R
) shall be
applied:
R;v
on bearing capacity;

R;h
on sliding resistance;

R;e
on earth resistance.

R
) for retaining structures
R1 R2 R3
Bearing capacity
R;v
- - -
Sliding resistance
R;h
- - -
Earth resistance
R;e
- - -
R1, R2 and R3 are not relevant as equation 2.7a is applied in DK.

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EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

R
) for slopes and overall stability

R
) for slopes and overall stability are not used in DK, cf. Table
A.14 of this National Annex.
(1)P For slopes and overall stability and verifications of structural (STR) and geotechnical
(GEO) limit states a partial factor on ground resistance (
R;e
) shall be applied.

R
) for slopes and overall stability
R1 R2 R3
Earth resistance
R;e
- - -
R1, R2 and R3 are not relevant as equation 2.7a is applied in DK.

Page 24 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

A.4 Partial factors for uplift limit state (UPL) verifications
Partial factors and consequence factors are for uplift limit state (UPL) verifications are given
in Tables A.15 and A.16 and in A.4 (3)P of this National Annex.
(1)P For the verification of uplift limit state (UPL) the following partial factors on actions
(
F
) shall be applied:

G;dst
on destabilising unfavourable permanent actions;
G;stb
on stabilising favourable permanent actions;
Q;dst
on destabilising unfavourable variable actions.
FI

FI
= 1,1
FI
= 1,0


0
, cf. EN 1990

Table A.15 - Partial coefficients on actions (
F
)
Action Symbol Value
Permanent
1) 2)
Unfavourable
a
Favourable
b

G;dst

G;stb

1,1 K
FI
0,9

Variable, leading, unfavoura-
ble
a

Variable, other, unfavourable
a

Q;dst

Q;dst

1,5 K
FI

1,5
0
K
FI

a
Destabilising
b
Stabilising
1) The characteristic values of permanent actions are multi-
plied by
G;dst
where actions are unfavourable, and by
G;stb

where actions are favourable.
2)
Sources of permanent actions are the self weight of struc-
tural members, ballast, non load-bearing walls and floorings
including screeds, soil and ground water.

Page 25 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

(2)P For the verification of uplift limit state (UPL) the following partial factors shall be ap-
plied when including resistances:

c
cu
s;t
on tensile pile resistance;
a
on anchorage resistance.
M
) and resistances (
R
)
Soil parameter Symbol Value
Angle of shearing resistance
a

1,2
Effective cohesion
c

1,2
Undrained shear strength
cu
1,8
Tensile pile resistance
s;t
1,3
Anchorage resistance
a
1,3
a
The safety evaluation of structures where the self weight of structural members and
water are the predominant forces requires special consideration. This is inter alia due to
the fact that deformations, fissuring and variable soil conditions with the inherent risk
of erosion may give rise to changes in the level of the water table and permeability
which are of vital importance for safety.

(3)P For pure buoyancy problems (e.g. in docks, basins and basements) either the values in
Tables A.15 and A.16 or the partial factor
G,stb
= 1,0 on permanent actions and a partial factor
G,dst
=1,05 K
FI
for buoyancy shall be used and no adhesion or friction forces on vertical sur-
faces shall be applied. The most unfavourable realistic levels of the water table and conserva-
tively assessed self weights shall be used.

(4) For geotechnical structures where the self weight of structural members and water are the
predominant forces, structural solutions (e.g. overflow arrangements) that will provide well-
defined design assumptions associated with a relatively low design safety level should be
used rather than achieving a higher design safety level together with design assumptions
which are less safe. For example to secure a structure against erosion and uplift, it will usually

Page 26 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
not be sufficient solely to apply a partial factor for the water pressure. It will be necessary to
protect the structure by structural measures.

(5)P Where tensile members are applied to protect partly against uplift, the overall effect of
the tensile members shall be assessed by using partial factors equal to those applying to the
individual tensile members.

A.5 Partial factors for hydraulic heave limit state (HYD) verification
Partial factors for hydraulic heave limit state (HYD) verification in DK are those applied for
uplift limit state (UPL) verification.
(1)P Hydraulic heave (HYD) is handled as uplift (UPL) in DK.
NOTE - Piping and erosion require special considerations.

Page 27 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

Complementary (non-contradictory) information

Clause Subject Choice
2.4.7.3.4.4 Design method 3 NOTE 2 applies in DK also for the
determination of earth pressure.
7.6.2.2(9)

The specifications are not applicable
in DK.
7.6.2.3(7)

The specifications are not applicable
in DK.
A.6 Partial factors, correlation factors and
model factors for the verification of
serviceability limit states and acci-
dental situations
Partial factors, correlation factors and
model factors for the verification of
serviceability limit states and acci-
dental situations are given in A.6 of

A.6 Partial factors, correlation factors and model factors for the verifi-
cation of serviceability limit states and accidental situations
(1)P For serviceability limit states and accidental situations, partial factors
M
=1,0 for the
strength and deformation parameters of ground and structural materials shall be used. For
piles and anchors partial factors
R
= 1,0 and correlation factors =1,0 are applied. Design
values of actions are determined according to EN 1990 (Table A.1.3).

(2) Model factors for actions in serviceability limit states should be determined on the basis
of an interaction analysis using varying stiffness for the ground, anchors and structure. The
value of the model factor is determined such that the safety of the anchor resistance always
corresponds to the safety at the ultimate limit state.

(3) The load combination factors
0
,
1
and
2
in EN 1990 should be applied taking into ac-
count the duration of the action and the ground properties.

Page 28 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

Annex Subject

Choice
D Spread foundations. A sample analyt-
ical method for bearing resistance
calculation.

Bearing resistance expressions that
together with the partial factors for
spread foundations ensure the safety
required in Denmark are given in An-
nex D.
K Special conditions for geotechnical
investigations and parameters
Particular Danish conditions for ge-
otechnical investigations are given in
Annex K of this National Annex.
L Pile foundations. A sample analytical
method for bearing resistance calcu-
lation.
An analytical method for determining
the bearing resistance of piles is given
in Annex L of this National Annex.

Page 29 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
Annex D - informative

Spread foundations - A sample analytical method for bearing resistance
calculation
D.1 General
(1) The design vertical bearing resistance, R
d
, of a foundation should be examined both for un-
drained and drained conditions.

(2) Allowance should be made for the effects of the following:
the strength of the ground, generally represented by the design values of c
u
, c' and ';
eccentricity and inclination of design loads;
the shape, depth and inclination of the foundation;
the inclination of the ground surface;
ground water pressures and hydraulic gradients;
the variability of the ground, especially layering.
(3) It is not possible to provide a general definition of resisting deposits. Examples of
deposits that may not be considered to be resisting without special measures include gyttja
(mixed silt and organic soils), peat, postglacial clay, topsoil, uncontrolled fill, and re-
excavated or frozen soil.
(4) Frost-safe depth for foundations may in DK normally be taken as 0,9 m for common
buildings and 1,2 m for separate structures. The depth may be reduced by heating or
insulation.
(5) For foundations on clay with I
P
>15 %, desiccation and water absorption may cause
considerable vertical and horizontal movements which may be met by using a fortified
foundation (extra foundation depth, reinforcement) and by specifying restrictions on
vegetation close to the foundation.

D.2 Analytical method
D.2.1 Symbols used in Annex D
(1) The following symbols are used in Annex D.

A' = B' L the design effective foundation area
b the design values of the factors for the inclination of the base, with subscripts c, q and
B the foundation width
B' the effective foundation width
e the eccentricity of the resultant action, with subscripts B and L
i the inclination factors of the load, with subscripts cohesion c, surcharge q and weight
density
L the foundation length

Page 30 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
L' the effective foundation length
m exponent in formulas for the inclination factor i
N the bearing capacity factors, with subscripts for c, q and
q overburden or surcharge pressure at the level of the foundation base
q' the design effective overburden pressure at the level of the foundation base
s the shape factors of the foundation base, with subscripts for c, q and
V the vertical load
the inclination of the foundation base relative to the horizontal
structure-ground interface friction angle
' the design effective weight density of the soil below the foundation level
direction angle of H.

D.2.2 Undrained conditions
(1) The design bearing resistance should be calculated from:

( ) q i s b c A R
c c c d u
+ + =
;
2 ' / (D.1)
with the dimensionless factors for:

the inclination of the foundation base:

2
2
1
+
=
c
b

the shape of the foundation:
( ) ' / ' 2 , 0 1 L B s
c
+ =

the inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H:

|
|
\
|
+ =
d u
c
c A
H
i
;
'
1 1
2
1

where
d u
c A H
;
'

D.2.3 Drained conditions
(1) The design bearing resistance should be calculated from:

i s b N B i s b N q i s b N c A R
q q q q c c c c d d
' ' 5 , 0 ' ' ' / + + = (D.2)

with the design values of dimensionless factors for:

the bearing resistance:
( ) 2 / ' 45 tan e
2 ' tan
d q
d
N
+ =
( )
d q c
N N ' cot 1 =

Page 31 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
( ) ( )
2 / 3
' cos 1 4 / 1
d q
N N
= where 2 / '
d
(rough base)

the inclination of the foundation base:
( ) ( ) ' tan / 1
d c q q c
N b b b =
( )
2
' tan 1
d q
b b
= =

the shape of the foundation:
( ) ' / ' 2 , 0 1 L B s s
c q
+ = =
( ) ' / ' 4 , 0 1 L B s =

the inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H:

2
q
i i =

2
' cot ' '
1
|
|
\
|
+
= =
d d d
d
c q
c A V
H
i i

Page 32 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

Annex K - informative
Special conditions for geotechnical investigations and parameters

K.1 General
(1) Deposits lying below stiff, late glacial deposits, or older strata are generally characterised
by good strength and deformation properties. Important exceptions are:
late glacial Allerd deposits;
interglacial marine and fresh water deposits;
fissured clay, where the exception relates to normal structural actions;
clays characterised by I
P
>15 %, where the exception relates to seasonal variations of wa-
ter content (vegetation);
calcareous deposits crushed by ice or disintegrated (dissolved) by percolation of surface
water ("sinkholes").

(2) A geological evaluation shall be made of soil samples or of soil strata on site in order to
ensure that the investigation covers all significant soil strata, including in particular:
highly compressible deposits consisting of gyttja (mixed silt and organic soils), peat,
postglacial clay, topsoil, uncontrolled fill and re-excavated soil;
swelling deposits of clays;
deposits susceptible to sliding.
The investigation shall normally be performed down to stiff late glacial deposits or older strata.
If this is not possible, the investigation shall be carried out to a depth beyond which the strata
have no substantial influence on the resistance of the structure to failure, or on its movements
and deformations.

K.2 Design investigations
(1) Design investigations comprise various types of geophysical surveys, mechanical sound-
ings, test drillings or test pits with sampling, vane tests and registration of water tables, meas-
urement of pore water pressures, pumping tests and laboratory analyses. The laboratory anal-
yses comprise geological evaluation and soil description, classification tests and more special-
ised tests to determine strength, deformation properties, permeability and geochemical proper-
ties, etc. It is practical to divide design investigations into three phases:
Site investigations, which will typically include few separate investigation points (bore-
holes, CPT etc.) to give a rough estimate of the foundation conditions of a given site. At
the same time it could be investigated whether the site is contaminated. One objective of
this investigation will be to point out the most appropriate areas for placing of the build-
ing.
Parameter investigations, which will typically be investigations to determine which kind
of foundation will be appropriate for a given project. Such investigations will normally be
performed to such an extent that they can form the basis of a foundation project. In case

Page 33 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
of contamination, tests from the drillings will often be analysed to estimate the environ-
mental conditions.
Optimisation investigations, which are usually performed to obtain an economic optimi-
sation of a foundation project. In this connection it will be appropriate to assign the pro-
ject to the high foundation class.
(2) For the extent of design investigations, reference is made to EN 1997-2.

K.3 Geotechnical categories
(1) Structures of Geotechnical Category 1 shall not involve the risk of damaging neighbouring
structures, sewage and supply pipes, public traffic areas, etc.

(2) Structures with spread foundations, backfill and floors supported directly on the soil should
only be assigned to Geotechnical Category 1 when the foundation bed consists of stiff, late gla-
cial deposits or older deposits, which are not included in the exceptions specified in K1.

(3) The following are examples of structures or structural members which can be assigned to
Geotechnical Category 1:
light structures with a maximum design load of 250 kN on spread foundations and 100 kN
per m continuous foundations where no special requirements regarding settlements are
made;
0,30 m and 0,40 m thick in situ case concrete basement walls subject to earth pressure and
in sections up to 10 m2 and 15 m2, respectively, when the walls are supported only by
transverse walls and basement floor, and 15 m2 and 20 m2, respectively, when the base-
ment wall is also restrained on top by e.g. a floor. It is assumed that the wall does not con-
tain openings for windows or doors;
retaining walls and excavation supports where the difference in the ground levels does not
exceed 2 m;
fills with a maximum depth of 3 m;
pipes and drainage which can be laid in accordance with standard procedures as specified
in the relevant Eurocodes;
compacted sand fills below floors not exceeding 0,6 m;
floor slabs and pavements laid and with dimensions according to common practice with-
out detailed design analyses;
cuttings with inclinations not exceeding 1 vertical to 1,5 horizontal and a maximum dif-
ference in level of 4 m.

(4) The design action of Geotechnical Category 2 shall not exceed 5 000 kN for spread founda-
tions or 1 000 kN per m continuous foundation.. For structures with spread foundations, the
design bearing pressure of the effective area shall not exceed 1 000 kN/m2 in Geotechnical Cat-
egory 2.

(5) Where a project, e.g. by excavation, pile driving or ground water lowering, involves a risk
of damaging neighbouring structures, sewage and supply lines, public traffic areas, etc., the
geotechnical investigations and calculations with regard to these neighbouring structures should

Page 34 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
at least correspond to Geotechnical Category 2, adapted to the nature, size and foundation of
theses structures.

(6) Where permanent damage to structures or bearing strata can occur without prior warning
due to the absence or failure of ground water lowering or drainage systems, the structure should
be assigned to Geotechnical Category 3.

(7) Foundation on white chalk with cavities and on Tertiary high plasticity clay shall be ana-
lysed and assigned to Geotechnical Category 3.

(8) In deposits where the permeability increases with depth, excavations considerably below
the water table shall be assigned to Geotechnical Category 3.

K.4 Geotechnical parameters
(1) For plane strain conditions the angle of shearing resistance for sand and gravel should be
determined by increasing the angle of shearing resistance by 10%.
(2) For unloading (excavation and active earth pressure) in fissured clay and clay with
cleavage c = 0 is to be assumed. For loading conditions (resistance or passive pressure) fully
developed failure, particularly for normally consolidated deposits, may cause deformations of
a magnitude that only allows the corresponding strength parameters to be defined by applying
deformation dependent failure criteria.

Page 35 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

Annex L - informative
Pile foundations. A sample analytical method for bearing resistance
calculation.
(1) The bearing resistance of individual prismatic or cylindrical piles with the base driven
into cohesive soil should be determined by:

ber s ber b
k c
R R
R
; ;
;
+
= for compression piles

ber s
k t
R
R
;
;
= for tension piles

where

b u ber b
A c R 9
;
= in cohesive soil

si
n
i
u ber s
A c r m R

=
=
1
;
in cohesive soil

si m
n
i
m ber s
A q N R
'
1
;
=
= in non-cohesive soil

b
A cross-sectional area

si
A surface area in ground layer i

6 , 0 =
m
N for compression piles
2 , 0 =
m
N for tension piles

=
steel for 7 , 0
concrete for 0 , 1
for wood 0 , 1
m

(2) For driven piles with the base in very firm glacial till, the following empirical expression
may be used:

b u ber b
A c R 18
;
=
(3) The regeneration factor r will depend on the strength of the clay and r will decrease with
increasing strength. Where a precise determination is not made, the regeneration factor for
cohesive soil may be taken as r = 0,4, when the strengths used in the calculations do not ex-
ceed
u
c = 500 kN/m
2
. For geostatic calculation of the downdrag r = 1,0 should be assumed.

(4) For calculation of the pile base resistance, the strength in the layers above as well as be-
low the pile base level should be taken into account.

Page 36 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01
(5) For driven piles with the base in non-cohesive soil, the geostatic calculation is so unrelia-
ble that it should not be used for the final determination of the compressive resistance.

(6) For bored cast in situ piles, the resistance may be considerably lower than for correspond-
ing driven piles. A shaft resistance of more than 30% of the shaft resistance of the corre-
sponding driven pile or a design base resistance larger than 1 000 kN/m
2
shall not be as-
sumed, unless recognised documentation is available to justify a larger resistance.

(7) Where a pile driving formula is applied to determine the resistance of compression piles,
the validity of the formula shall be based either on recognised documentation or measured in
static load tests on the same pile type, of similar length and cross-section, and in similar con-
ditions.

(8) For piles driven into non-cohesive soil, the characteristic ultimate resistance is determined
using the "Danish Driving Formula".

(9) In geotechnical category 1, the Danish Driving Formula is permitted when the pile base
is driven below the compressible layers.

(10) The characteristic ultimate resistance
k c
R
,
of piles driven by a drop hammer is deter-
mined on the basis of the Danish Driving Formula.

m dyn
k dyn k c
R
R R
;
; ;
= =
where

0
;
5 , 0 s s
hG
R
m dyn
+
=

E A
hGL
s
b
p
2
0
=

) tan 1 (
0
=
efficiency factor
0
efficiency factor for vertical lead
friction coefficient between hammer and lead
inclination of the lead
G weight of the drop hammer
h vertical component of the drop height
s permanent subsidence of pile per blow
L
p
pile length
A
b
cross-sectional area of the pile
E modulus of elasticity of the pile.

Page 37 of 37
EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

The formula assumes the use of the following values of the moduli of elasticity:
Concrete piles E = 20 10
6
kN/m
2

Wooden piles E = 10 10
6
kN/m
2

Steel piles E = 210 10
6
kN/m
2

For piles shorter than 20 times the pile width, the mean value of the actual pile length and 20
times the pile width should be inserted in the driving formula. For wooden piles, the mean
diameter is used for calculating the area A
b
. For steel piles, A
b
is the cross-sectional area of the
steel.

(11) For small pile foundations, the serviceability limit state analysis may normally be re-
duced to an analysis of the influence of downdrag on the settlements, provided there are no
highly compressible deposits below the pile bases. The analysis may be performed as a substi-
tute calculation, subject to the following condition:
R
ber s ber b
neg d c
R R
F F

; ;
;
+
+

F
c;d
is the design axial compression load in the ultimate limit state with the square-
root of partial factors for load combination STR/GEO without contribution from
downdrag;

F
neg
is the design downdrag of the pile using partial factor = 1,0, determined as the
lower value of the downdrag above the underside of compressible strata or the
action generating settlements;

R
b;ber
, R
s;ber
is the part of the design resistance of the pile due to the strata below the com-
pressible deposits;

is the correlation factor in accordance with Tables A.9, A.10 and A.11 of this
National Annex;.

R
is the partial factor in accordance with Tables A.6, A.7 and A.8 of this National
Annex.

(12) For geostatic calculation of downdrag, the upper characteristic values of the strength
should be applied.

DS - en 1997-1 DK Na - 2010 e

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Page 1 of 37

EN 1997-1 DK NA, 2010-09-01

on the tangent of the angle of shearing resistance;

on the tangent of the angle of shearing resistance;

, where is a number for which the following applies: 0 1. Where

on the tangent of the angle of shearing resistance;

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