CE 632 Bearing Capacity Handout

CE-632 Foundation Analysis and Design
Ultimate Bearing Capacity

The load per unit area of the foundation at which shear failure in soil occurs is called the ultimate bearing capacity.
1
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Principal Modes of Failure:

General Shear Failure:
Load / Area q qu
Sudden or catastrophic failure Well defined failure surface Bulging on the ground surface adjacent to foundation Common failure mode in dense sand
2

Local Shear Failure:
Load / Area q qu1 Set ttlement qu
Common in sand or clay with medium compaction Significant settlement upon loading Failure surface first develops right below the foundation and then slowly extends outwards with load increments Foundation movement shows sudden jerks first (at qu1) and then after a considerable amount of movement the slip surface may reach the ground. A small amount of bulging may occur next to the foundation.
3
Settlement

Punching Failure:
Load / Area q qu1 Set ttlement qu
Common in fairly loose sand or soft clay Failure surface does not extends beyond the zone right beneath the foundation Extensive settlement with a wedge shaped soil zone in elastic equilibrium beneath the foundation. Vertical shear occurs around the edges of foundation. After reaching failure load-settlement curve continues at some slope and mostly linearly.
4

Relative depth of fou undation, Df/B* 0 0 Relative density of sand, Dr 0.5
Local shear
Vesic (1973)
1.0
General shear
B* =
Circular Foundation
2 BL B+L
Punching shear
Long Rectangular Foundation

5
10
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

B Rough Foundation Surface j neglected Df a g Shear Planes 45/2 III II e d II b Strip Footing k
qu

Effective overburden q = .Df 45/2 i III c- soil f
Assumption L/B ratio is large plain strain problem Df B Shear resistance of soil for Df depth is neglected General shear failure Shear strength is governed by Mohr-Coulomb Criterion

B
1 qu .B = 2.Pp + 2.Ca .sin B 2 tan 4

qu
a Ca= B/2 cos
1 qu .B = 2.Pp + B.c.sin B 2 tan 4
Ca B.tan d
Pp = Pp + Ppc + Ppq
Pp = due to only self weight of soil in shear zone Ppc = due to soil cohesion only (soil is weightless) Ppq = due to surcharge only
7
Pp
Pp

Weight term Cohesion term
1 qu .B = 2.Pp B 2 tan + ( 2.Ppc + B.c.sin ) + 2.Ppq 4
B. ( 0.5 B.N )
Surcharge term
B.c.Nc
B.q.N q
Terzaghis bearing capacity equation
qu = c.N c + q.N q + 0.5 B.N

N = K 1 1 tan P 2 2 cos
Nq =
Terzaghis bearing capacity factors
N c = ( N q 1) cot
e2 a 2 cos 2 45 + 2 3 in rad. a= tan 2 4

Local Shear Failure:
Modify the strength parameters such as:
2 = c cm 3
= tan 1 tan m 3
2 + 0.5 B.N qu = c.N c + q.N q 3
Square and circular footing:

qu = 1.3c.N c + q.N q + 0.4 B.N qu = 1.3c.N c + q.N q + 0.3 B.N
For square For circular
10

Effect of water table:
Case I: Dw Df Surcharge, q = .Dw + ( D f Dw ) Df B Surcharge, q = .DF In bearing capacity equation replace by Dw D f ( ) B Case III: Dw > (Df + B) Dw
Case II: Df Dw (Df + B)
=+
B Limit of influence
No influence of water table.
Another recommendation for Case II:

= ( 2H + dw )
dw 2 sat + 2 ( H d w ) H2 H
d w = Dw D f
11
Rupture depth: H = 0.5 B tan ( 45 + 2 )
Skemptons Bearing Capacity Analysis for cohesive Soils

~ For saturated cohesive soil, = 0 N q = 1, and N = 0 Df For strip footing: N c = 5 1 + 0.2 with limit of N c 7.5 B For square/circular g footing: For rectangular footing:
D N c = 6 1 + 0.2 f with limit of N c 9.0 B D B N c = 5 1 + 0.2 f 1 + 0.2 for D f 2.5 B L B N c = 7.5 1 + 0.2 for D f > 2.5 L
qu = c.N c + q
Net ultimate bearing capacity,
qnu = qu .D f
qu = c.N c
12
Effective Area Method for Eccentric Loading

In case of Moment loading Df
ex = ey =
My FV Mx FV
B
B=B-2ey
AF=BL
L=L-2ey ex ey
In case of Horizontal Force at some height but the column is centered on the foundation
M y = FHx .d FH
M x = FHy .d FH
13
General Bearing Capacity Equation: (Meyerhof, 1963)
qu = c.N c .sc .d c .ic + q.N q .sq .d q .iq + 0.5 .B.N .s .d .i

Shape factor Depth factor inclination factor Empirical correction factors
N q = tan 2 45 + .e .tan 2
N c = ( N q 1) cot
[By Hansen(1970): [By Vesic(1973):
N = ( N q 1) tan (1 1.4 4 )
N = 1.5 ( N q 1) tan ( ) N = 2 ( N q + 1) tan ( )
qu = c.N c .sc .dc .ic .gc .bc + q.N q .sq .d q .iq .g q .bq + 0.5 .B.N .s .d .i .g .b
Ground factor Base factor
14
15
Meyerhofs Correction Factors:

Shape Factors
sc = 1 + 0.2
B tan 2 45 + L 2
for 10o
sq = s = 1 + 0.1
for lower value
B tan 2 45 + L 2
sq = s = 1
Depth Factors
d c = 1 + 0.2
Df
tan 45 + L 2
for 10o
d q = d = 1 + 0.1
for lower value
Df L
tan 45 + 2
d q = d = 1
Inclination Factors
o ic = iq = 1 90
i = 1
16
Hansens Correction Factors:

Inclination Factors
FH for = 0 2 BL.c 5 0.5 FH iq = 1 F BL . c .cot + V ic = 1

For = 0 Df for D f B d c = 0.4 B D f for D f > B d c = 0.4 tan 1 B
ic =
1 (1 FH ) 1 + for > 0 2 BL.su 5 0.7 FH i = 1 FV + BL.c .cot

1/2
For > 0 Df for D f B d c = 1 + 0.4 B D f for D f > B d c = 1 + 0.4 tan 1 B
Depth Factors
For D f < B
2 Df d q = 1 + 2 tan . (1 sin ) B
For D f > B Df 2 d q = 1 + 2 tan . (1 sin ) tan 1 B

B for > 0 L s = 1 0.4i . ( B L ) sc = 0.2 (1 2ic ) .
d = 1
Shape Factors
sc = 0.2ic .
B L
for = 0
sq = 1 + iq . ( B L ) sin
Hansens Recommendation for cohesive saturated soil, '=0
qu = c.Nc . (1 + sc + dc + ic ) + q
Notes:
1. Notice use of effective base dimensions B, L by Hansen but not by Vesic. 2. The values are consistent with a vertical load or a vertical load accompanied by a horizontal load HB. 3. With a vertical load and a load HL (and either HB=0 or HB>0) you may have to compute two sets of shape and depth factors si,B, si,L and di,B, di,L. For i,L subscripts use ratio L/B or D/L. 4. Compute qu independently by using (siB, diB) and (siL, diL) and use min value for design.
18
Notes:
1. Use Hi as either HB or HL, or both if HL>0. 2. Hansen (1970) did not give an ic for >0. The value given here is from Hansen (1961) and also used by Vesic. 3. Variable ca = base adhesion, , on the order of 0.6 to 1.0 x base cohesion. 4. Refer to sketch on next slide for identification of angles and , footing depth D, location of Hi (parallel and at top of base slab; usually also produces eccentricity). Especially notice V = force normal to base and is not the resultant R from combining V and Hi..
19
20
Note:
1. When =0 (and 0) use N = -2sin() in N term. 2. Compute m = mB when Hi = HB (H parallel to B) and m = mL when Hi = HL (H parallel to L). If you have both HB and HL use m = (mB2 + mL2)1/2. Note use of B and L, not B, L. 3. Hi term 1.0 for computing iq, i (always).
21
Suitability of Methods
22
IS:6403-1981 Recommendations
Net Ultimate Bearing capacity: For cohesive soils
qnu = c.Nc .sc .dc .ic + q. ( N q 1) .sq .dq .iq + 0.5 .B.N .s .d .i
where,
qnu = cu .N c .sc .d c .ic

N c , N q , N
N c = 5.14
as per Vesic(1973) recommendations
Shape Factors
For rectangle,
sc = 1 + 0.2
B L
sq = 1 + 0.2
B L
s = 1 0.4
B L
For square and circle,
12 sc = 1.3 1 3 sq = 1.2 s = 0.8 for square, s = 0.6 for circle
Depth Factors
d c = 1 + 0.2
tan 45 + 2 Df tan 45 + d q = d = 1 + 0.1 2 L d q = d = 1 for < 10o

Df L
The same as Meyerhof (1963)
for
10o
Inclination Factors
23
Bearing Capacity Correlations with SPT-value

Peck, Hansen, and Thornburn (1974) & IS:6403-1981 Recommendation
24
Bearing Capacity Correlations with SPT-value

Teng (1962):
For Strip Footing: For Square and Circular Footing:
qnu =
1 + 5 100 + N 2 .D f .Rw 3 N 2 .B.Rw 6
1 + 3 100 + N 2 .D f .Rw qnu = N 2 .B.Rw 3

For Df > B, B take Df = B
Water Table Corrections:
Dw
D Rw = 0.5 1 + w Df Dw D f = 0.5 1 + Rw Df
[ Rw 1
1 [ Rw
Df B B Limit of influence
25
Bearing Capacity Correlations with CPT-value

IS:6403-1981 Recommendation: Cohesionless Soil 0. 2500
qnu qc
B 1.5B to 2.0B qc value is taken as average for this zone
0.1675
0.1250
0
0.5
Df
0.0625
=1
0 0 100 200 B (cm) 300 400
Schmertmann (1975):
N N q
qc 0.8
in
kg cm 2
26
Bearing Capacity Correlations with CPT-value

IS:6403-1981 Recommendation: Cohesive Soil
qnu = cu .N c .sc .dc .ic

Soil Type Normally consolidated clays Over consolidated clays Point Resistance Values ( qc ) kgf/cm2 qc < 20 qc > 20 Range of Undrained Cohesion (kgf/cm2) qc/18 to qc/15 qc/26 to qc/22
27
Bearing Capacity of Footing on Layered Soil

Depth of rupture zone =
B tan 45 + or approximately taken as B 2 2

Case I: Layer-1 is weaker than Layer-2
Design using parameters of Layer -1
Case II: Layer-1 is stronger than Layer-2 B Layer-1 B Layer-2 1 2

Distribute the stresses to Layer-2 by 2:1 method and check the bearing capacity at this level for limit state. Also check the bearing capacity for original foundation level using parameters of Layer-1 Choose minimum value for design
Another approximate method for c- soil: For effective depth
Find average c and and use them for ultimate bearing capacity calculation
B tan 45 + B 2 2
cav =
c1 H1 + c2 H 2 + c3 H 3 + .... H1 + H 2 + H 3 + ....
tan av =
tan 1 H1 + tan 2 H 2 + tan 3 H 3 + .... H1 + H 2 + H 3 + ....
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Bearing Capacity of Stratified Cohesive Soil

IS:6403-1981 Recommendation:
29
Bearing Capacity of Footing on Layered Soil: Stronger Soil Underlying Weaker Soil

Depth H is relatively small Punching shear failure in top layer General shear failure in bottom layer
Depth H is relatively large Full failure surface develops in top layer itself
30
10
31
Bearing capacities of continuous footing of with B under vertical load on the surface of homogeneous thick bed of upper and lower soil
32
For Strip Footing:
qu = qb +
H 2 D f K s tan 1 2ca + 1H 2 1 + 1 H qt B H B
Where, qt is the bearing capacity for foundation considering only the top layer to infinite depth
For Rectangular Footing:
B 2c H qu = qb + 1 + a L B
Special Cases:
B 2 D f K s tan 1 2 1 H qt + 1 H 1 + L 1 + H B
1. Top layer is strong sand and bottom layer is saturated soft clay
= 0 2 = 0 c1
2. Top layer is strong sand and bottom layer is weaker sand
=0 c1
=0 c2
2. Top layer is strong saturated clay and bottom layer is weaker saturated clay
1 = 0
2 = 0
33
11
Eccentrically Loaded Foundations

Q M
e=
qmax = Q 6M + BL B 2 L Q 6M BL B 2 L
M Q
qmax = qmin = Q 6e 1 + BL B Q 6e 1 BL B
B
qmin =
For
e 1 There will be separation > B 6
of foundation from the soil beneath and stresses will be redistributed. Use
B = B 2e for L = L
sc , sq , s , and B, L for d c , d q , d
to obtain qu
Qu = qu . A
The effective area method for two way eccentricity becomes a little more complex than what is suggested above. It is discussed in the subsequent slides
34
Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded foundations (Highter and Anders, 1985)
Case I:
eL 1 e 1 and B L 6 B 6
B1 eB
3 3e B1 = B B 2 B 3 3e L1 = L L 2 L A = 1 L1 B1 2
B =
eL
L1
L = max ( B1 , L1 )
A L
35
Case II:
eL e 1 < 0.5 and 0 < B < L B 6

eB eL L1
L2
L B
1 ( L1 + L2 ) B 2 L = max ( B1 , L1 )
A =
B =
A L
36
12
Case III: eL < 1 and 0 < eB < 0.5
B1
eB eL L B B2
1 A = L ( B1 + B2 ) A 2 B = L L = L
37
Case IV:
eL 1 e 1 and B < < L 6 B 6

B1
eB eL L B B2
1 A = L2 B + ( B1 + B2 )( L + L2 ) 2 A L = L B = L
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Case V: Circular foundation
eR
L =
A B
39
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Meyerhofs (1953) area correction based on empirical correlations: (American Petroleum Institute, 1987)
40
Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes Meyerhofs (1957) Solution

qu = cN cq + 0.5 BN q
Granular Soil
c = 0 qu = 0.5 BN q
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Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes Meyerhofs (1957) Solution

Cohesive Soil
= 0
qu = cN cq
Ns =
H
c
42
14
Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes Graham et al. (1988), Based on method of characteristics
1000
For
Df
100
=0
10
10
20
30
40
43
1000
For
Df
100
=0
10
10
20
30
40
44
For
Df B
= 0.5
45
15
For
Df B
= 1.0
46
Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes Bowles (1997): A simplified approach

B f Df e 45/2 g qu a
= 45+/2
B f' g' qu a'
c e' 45/2 d' B r
ro b' b
c'
g' qu f' a' e'
Compute the reduced factor Nc as:
N c = N c .
b' c'
Labd e Labde
Aaef g Aaefg
47
45/2
Compute the reduced factor Nq as:
d'
= Nq . Nq
Soil Compressibility Effects on Bearing Capacity Vesics (1973) Approach

Use of soil compressibility factors in general bearing capacity equation. These correction factors are function of the rigidity of soil
Rigidity Index of Soil, Ir:
Ir =
Gs tan c + vo
B 3.30 0.45 L tan 45 2
B B/2
Critical Rigidity Index of Soil, Icr:
I rc = 0.5.e
Compressibility Correction Factors, cc, cg, and cq

For
I r I rc
cc = cq = c = 1
= .( D f + B / 2) vo
For
I r < I rc
cq = c = e
3.07.sin .log10 ( 2. I r ) B 0.6 4.4 .tan + L 1+ sin
For = 0 cc = 0.32 + 0.12

For > 0 cc = cq 1 cq
B + 0.60.log I r L
48
N q tan
16

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CE-632 Foundation Analysis and Design

Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Principal Modes of Failure:

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Principal Modes of Failure:

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Principal Modes of Failure:

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Principal Modes of Failure:

Long Rectangular Foundation

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

Effective overburden q = .Df 45/2 i III c- soil f

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

1 qu .B = 2.Pp + 2.Ca .sin B 2 tan 4

a Ca= B/2 cos

1 qu .B = 2.Pp + B.c.sin B 2 tan 4

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

1 qu .B = 2.Pp B 2 tan + ( 2.Ppc + B.c.sin ) + 2.Ppq 4

qu = c.N c + q.N q + 0.5 B.N

Terzaghis bearing capacity factors

e2 a 2 cos 2 45 + 2 3 in rad. a= tan 2 4

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

2 + 0.5 B.N qu = c.N c + q.N q 3

Square and circular footing:

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

Case II: Df Dw (Df + B)

No influence of water table.

Another recommendation for Case II:

Rupture depth: H = 0.5 B tan ( 45 + 2 )

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Skemptons Bearing Capacity Analysis for cohesive Soils

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Effective Area Method for Eccentric Loading

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

General Bearing Capacity Equation: (Meyerhof, 1963)

qu = c.N c .sc .d c .ic + q.N q .sq .d q .iq + 0.5 .B.N .s .d .i

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Meyerhofs Correction Factors:

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Hansens Correction Factors:

FH for = 0 2 BL.c 5 0.5 FH iq = 1 F BL . c .cot + V ic = 1

1 (1 FH ) 1 + for > 0 2 BL.su 5 0.7 FH i = 1 FV + BL.c .cot

For > 0 Df for D f B d c = 1 + 0.4 B D f for D f > B d c = 1 + 0.4 tan 1 B

For D f > B Df 2 d q = 1 + 2 tan . (1 sin ) tan 1 B

Hansens Recommendation for cohesive saturated soil, '=0

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

qnu = cu .N c .sc .d c .ic

as per Vesic(1973) recommendations

For square and circle,

12 sc = 1.3 1 3 sq = 1.2 s = 0.8 for square, s = 0.6 for circle

tan 45 + 2 Df tan 45 + d q = d = 1 + 0.1 2 L d q = d = 1 for < 10o