1. 2.

pterygopalatine ganglion also named as HAY fever ganglion PARA aortic or LATERAL node serve 1.testis 2.epididmis 3.ranal tissue 4.suprarenal gland 5.ureter middle portion 6.ovary 7.uterine fundus alexia(cant read) with agraphia (cant write) lesion will b in PARIETAL lobe alexia WITHOUT agraphia lesion in OCCIPITAL lobe only colon develop mucosal herniation in its arterial supply area to remember anion gap component ....use this CPSP stands for c...citrate p..phosphate s..sulfate p..proteins BUFFERS.... 1.major extracellular.....HCO3 2.major urinary.....phosphate 3.major intracellular....Hb 4.deocyhemoglobin better buffer than oxyhem. 5.H ion in r.b.c are buffered by deoxyhemoglobin treatment of hypercal CEMIA is loop diuretics n treatment of idiopathic hypercalci URIA is thiazide diuretics arterioles gv highest resistance n lowest pressure in cvs while in respiratory MEDIUM size bronchi gv highest resistance not the smallest ones during systole 1.p wave on ecg 2.alpha wave on jvp 3.4th heart sound 4.its not essential part of filling chronotropic show their effect by affectng NA channels while dromotropic by CA chanels ventricles r only heart part wich dont get the vagal stimulation most common in femlaes breast disease bilaterly ....fibrocystic diseae breast tumour.....fibroadenoma (mostly unilateral) malignacy gynecological....endometrial ca overall malignancy ....lung ca. in neonates there is no risk of transfusion reactions as only graft versus host disease happens cause of death in duchene muscular atrophy is pneumonia no. 1 cause of dementia is alzehmiers dis n 2nd to is multi infarct pure mmotor stroke lesion at internal capsule n pure sensory shows at thalamus level psoriasis n dermatitis herpitiformis both gvs microabcesses lithocolic acid nt absorbed in ileum n its the only bile salt not absorbed at all n it is carcinogenic ventricular arrthmias r cause of death in eating disorders pure mmotor stroke lesion at internal capsule n pure sensory shows at thalamus level ventricular arrthmias r cause of death in eating disorders normally no bar body in males so presence of bar body in male phenotype shows klinefelter syndrome while its absence in female phenotype gv us turner syndrome most common autosomal dominant dis.....von wiliibrand auto. recessive.....hemochromatosis x linked......fragile x syndrome best indicator for tissue hpoxia is dec mixed venous oxygen content as it dec in hypovolemic n cardiogenic shock n inc in septic shock rifampicin causes failure of contraceptive measures n can lead to pregnancy OCP dec AT III causing hypercoagubility....

3. 4. 5.

6.

7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

24. 25. 26.

27.

inflamation terminating factors r 1.dhort half life of mediators 2.lipoxins 3.resolvins wich r omega three fatty acids obstructive diseases gv respiratory acidosis while restrictve gv resp alkalosis on blood arterial gases potassium loss is 5mEQ in vomitings while its upto 30 in diarrhea episodes in barter syndrome there is defect in cl absorption corneal graft is an example of allograft as well fetus in womb hyperacute rejection due to preformed antibodies n its type 3 hypersenstivity reaction while acute is of type 4 n 2 while chronic rejection is of type 4... pinworms n adult ascaries dnt gv eosinophilia all other helimenthic gv eosinophilia on blood exam for granuloma formation gamma interferon activates epitheloids cells n alpha TNF forms n maintain it lipofusin is indigestable lipid superior thyroid branch of externl carotid n inferior thyroid branch of subclavian nerve supply of bladder is frm S2,3,4 n level of these r L1,2 structures havng THREE muscular layers on histo 1.stomach fundus 2.gall bladder features of filliform papillae 1.finger like 2.present on entire surface 3.havng no taste buds epiphyseal portion of bone supplied by obturator artey in children n medial circumflex in adults benzyl penicillin indicated for treatment of rheumatic heart dis n benzathine for prophylaxis causes of repeated spontaneous abprtions r 1.progesterone imbalance 2.phospholipid syndrome 3.inc vitamin A 4.chromosome 16 abnormality in pregnancy mst useful test for diabeties diagnosis is FASTING blood suger level while in other states insulin tolerance is recommended most common complication of OCP use is thromboemolism n most common after discontinuation is Migraine 1:satatus posterior superior doesnot lies behind the kidney. 2:Inferior epigastric artery doesnot lie lateral to the deep inguinal ring. 3:inferior gluteal vessels doesnot pass from the lesser sciatic notch. 4esophagus never pass through diaphragm at T8 level. 4:goblet cells are absent in the alveolar duct. 5: the Hyoid arch never give rise to the part of thyroid cartilage. 6:gametogenesis doesnot start one year after the birth in males. 7:at the level os sternal angle thoracic duct never crosses from the right to the left. 8:greater sciatic foramen never transmits obturator internus muscle. 9:diaphragm is attached to the body of t10 vertebry. 10:parkansons is not a hyperkinetic disorder. 11:trans pyloric plane doesnot cross the celiac artery. 12:the fornext of the brain is not composed of unmilinated nerve fibers. 13:the auditory area is not present in the frontal lobe. 14:mucus connective tissue never contains intrisic lymphatics.

28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

40. 41. 42.

43. 44. 45.

15:taste buds are never associated with filliform papilla. 16:a transvers section through the inferior half of the medulla oblongata slightly above the pyramidal decussation never cuts internal crussiante fibers. 17:sciatic nerver never suppliers gluteus maximus. 18:in male fetus mesonephric tubules never give rise to appendix testis. 18:urethra never contributes to the semen. 19:subecious glands are not specialized glands. 20mitosis never involves pairing of homologus chromosomes. 21: herniation of disc at the level of L5 and S1 causes pain below the keen. 22: paroited gland is not traversed both by facial and auriculo temporal nerves togather. 23:Mechkel divertuculum is reminent of urechus and it never arises in the mesenteric boarder. 24:abdominal aorta never lies to the right of cisternachyli. 25:the crura of diaphragm are not supplied by the phrenic nerve. 26 lesser omentum never includes short gastric arteries. 27:infiltration of the lectiferrous tubules by the cancer cells does not fix the mammary gland and never cause its puckering. 28:the apical group of the axillary lymphnodes never receive lymph from the shoulder joint. 29:left coronary artery is not the first branch if the arch of aorta. 30:shoulder joint is not weak superiorly. 31:musculocutanious nerve has aticular braches. 31:Biceps brachii is not the powerful pronator of the shoulder joint,and it is never supplied by the median nerve. 33: superficial inguinal nodes doesnot receive all the lymph from the vigina. 34:venteral mesogastrium and pluropericardial membrane does not contribute to the formation of diaphram.

46. The renal tract

The kidneys
Retroperitoneal structures on posterior abdominal wall Largely covered by costal margins Right kidney is slightly lower than left Hilum lies on medial border of each kidney Hilum transmits o Renal vein o The ureter o Branches of renal artery Kidneys are surrounded by fibrous capsule Surrounding kidney is perinephric fat and fascia Upper end of each ureter expands in to renal pelvis Renal pelvis divides into 2 or 3 major calyces Each major calyx divides into 2 or 3 minor calyces Arterial supply is by the renal artery arising directly from the aorta Venous drainage is via the renal vein into the inferior vena cava

Relations of right kidney Anterior o o o o Posterior o o o o

Suprarenal gland Liver Second part of duodenum Hepatic flexure of colon Diaphragm Costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura Twelfth rib Psoas muscle

Relations of left kidney Anterior o o o o o Posterior o o o o

Suprarenal gland Spleen Stomach Pancreas Splenic flexure of colon Diaphragm Costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura Twelfth rib Psoas muscle

Structure of kidney
The substance, or parenchyma, of the kidney is divided into two major structures Superficial is the renal cortex and deep is the renal medulla These structures take the shape of about 15 cone-shaped renal lobes

Each containing renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal pyramid Between the renal pyramids are projections of cortex called renal columns Nephrons, the urine-producing functional structures of the kidney, span the cortex and medulla The initial filtering portion of a nephron is the renal corpuscle, located in the cortex This is followed by a renal tubule that passes from the cortex deep into the medullary pyramids Part of the renal cortex, a medullary ray is a collection of renal tubules that drain into a single collecting duct.

Structure of nephron The components of the renal tubule are: o Proximal tubule o Loop of Henle o Descending limb of loop of Henle o Ascending limb of loop of Henle o Distal convoluted tubule

The ureters
Each ureter is about 25 cm long Lined by transitional epithelium Retroperitoneal structure Runs down over the psoas muscle Lies in the line of the tip of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae Crosses bifurcation of common iliac artery Runs down lateral wall of pelvis to region of ischial spine Has three constrictions along its course o Where renal pelvis joins ureter o Where ureter crosses pelvic brim o Where ureter enters the bladder

Relations of right ureter Anterior o o o o Posterior o o

Duodenum Terminal ileum Right colic and ileocolic vessels Right testicular / ovarian vessels Psoas muscle Bifurcation of right common iliac artery

Relations of left ureter Anterior o o o Posterior o o

Pelvic colon Left colic vessels Left testicular / ovarian vessels Psoas muscle Bifurcation of left common iliac artery

47..Examination of an autopsy specimen from a Mexican immigrant demonstrates a heart with massive dilation of the aortic root and adjacent aortic arch. Opening the aorta reveals a smooth interior wall without obvious lesions. If a histological section through the aortic wall is made, which of the following would most likely be seen? A. A heavy eosinophilic infiltrate B. Fibrinoid necrosis with a neutrophilic infiltration C. Focal fragmentation of elastic elements D. Obliterative endarteritis of the vasa vasorum E. Ring-like calcification of the vessel media
FCPS Part1 Q BANK The correct answer is D. Massive dilation of the aortic root with an absence of atherosclerotic vessel lesions strongly suggests a syphilitic aneurysm. These aneurysms are a manifestation of tertiary syphilis and have become very uncommon now, probably due to a combination of deliberate therapy and therapy of undiagnosed disease when antibiotics are given for some other condition. The histologic hallmark of the syphilitic aneurysm is a plasma cell lesion of the small blood vessels (the vasa vasorum) that supply the aorta, and eventually obliterate the small vessel lumina. Choice A is a feature of Churg-Strauss syndrome, which is a variant of polyarteritis nodosa that involves vessels smaller than the aorta. Choice B is a feature of polyarteritis nodosa, which involves vessels smaller than the aorta. Choice C is a feature of cystic medial necrosis, which can cause aortic dissection. Choice E is a feature of Mnckeberg's arteriosclerosis, which involves vessels smaller than the aorta

48. Internal carotid artery branches:

Only====Ophthalmic artery press==s posterior communicating carotids===choride plexses arteries===anterior cerebral artery momanteraly===middle cerebral extwrnal carotid artery branches: some=== superiorr thyroid artery anatomists==== ass ceding cerebral artery likes==== lingual artery fun==== facial artery other=== occipital artery prefer==== post auricular silent==== superior temporal artery maza====maxillary artery Facial artery( it is also branch of external carotid) All=== ascending palatine Tosiils=== tonsilar branch gets=== glandular branch (submendibular = salivery ) swallon=== submental In=== inferior labial Sich=== superior labial laid=== lateral nasal Tributeries of the internal jugular vein MOSPIL-C M=== MIDDLE THYROID VEIN O==== OCCIPITAL VEINS S=== SUPERIOR THYROID VEIN P==== PHARYNGEAL VEIN I=== INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUS L=== LINGUAL VEIN C=== COMMON FACIAL VEIN

49.

50.

51.

52. TRABUTERIES OF EXRWENAL JUGULAR VEIN

P (ear) AST [ read it as past ear] P===posterior Externat jugular vein,post.Auricula vein,posterior division of the Retro mendibular vein A=== anterior jugular vein S=== supra scapular vein T==== transvers cervical vein NEURAL CREST DERIVATIVES: Dorsal Root Ganglia Autonomic Ganglia Melanocytes Chromaffin Cells of Adrenal Medulla Enterochromaffin Cells Pia Celiac Ganglion Schwann Cells (but not Oligodendrocytes) Odontoblasts Parafollicular cells of Thyroid FACTS ABOUT Immunoglobulins: Smallest Ig Ig G Largest Ig Ig M Heat Labile Ig Ig E Reagenic Antibody Ig E Earliest Antibody to be Synthesised Ig M Ig that crosses Placenta Ig G Ig with Minimum Life Ig E Ig that protects Surfaces Ig A Mainly Intravascular Ig Ig M Warm Antibodies Ig G Cold Antbodies Ig M Ig Present in Milk Ig A

53.

54.