Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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l\,vqntljo thonk everyone iNoh/ed In cleoiicg lhls book. grcJeful lom sinceely lo Donold Holden,I\,4ory Suffudy ond CondoceRoney for lheif wisdom ond gL]idonce.
Lrpli I Publoations Cogright@1986by Wat6on-G Fn$ pubtished 1986in NwYork by Watson-Guplill PLrbllcations, Publications, a dMsioi ol Billboard nc. 1515 aroadway NewYork, N.Y1003 t ir'ry ot Congrs Cat loging.ln"Publlcatlon D6lt
Lrssolls tom Michelangslo. 1. F$tEdlawing-Tschnique. 2. Drawing, 3. [4ichelangelo FgEirsaE-E{hniqu6. Buonarlo, r475-156a-Thern, moti!s. l. Title. 743'.4 ifc6t5.B8'/ 86 86-11107
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Disttrtsd h !E t niled Kingdom by PhaidonPress,Lld., Li@ab Eols, SL EbbebSt., Oxiofd All riits rs.Ed. No pa.t of ihis publication may be rwodrd 6usd h any iom or by any means graphic, electD.*i n nE ls*:al. indlding photocopying, recod'ng, lalirE, 6 hturdir| $rage ard leidevalsystems-wilhout sm.t pr.tri*irx: d t|e Fui*rer Manuftdlld in U.S-A. 1 23,1 5 6 7 8910/919089 8A87 86
l\lHI lloi lSOd OH/!{SllCOv',I IHI CNV cuol tHI io $sLalv IHI TIVol
CHAPTER FIVE
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CHAPTER SIX
THE FRONT OFTHE 1HIOH,10l THE MUSCTES THAT IVO!THE iHIGH 408 THE IIAMSTRING l\ilUSCtES4,10 THE RELATIONSH]P OFIHETHIGH TOi}IE PELVIS 112 lHEBONES OFTHE KNEE4'4 THE FOR]\4S OFTHE KNEE1'6 THE BONES ANDMUSCLES OFIHELEE ,1'18 lHEMUSCLES OFTHE FIBULA '20 THE I\iIUSCLES OFTHE CALF /22 THE FOOT: THE BOIW ARCH 124 THE MUSCLES OF]HEFOOT 426 TIANITHE UPR]GHT ANIV1AL i28
CHAPTER SEVEN
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INTRODUCTION
in o moslp eosurable woy, l wsnledlo nne do,/ \dh e vlewingo drowng show Rothet Vhod on etperience thot offected m-- st down wilh you,lookai lhesemognficent ond beg n d scuss ng thoseospecls of room, works :eeplyLs cosuoywo kedlhroughihe :aw o drowingI coudn't toke my eysolf, eoch wgrkthol o recleo resi1l.observeoswe lo lirstrolefgure drowing seemedsho ow os mosiimporloni :nd ol lhe olher drowlngs Iire drawngsseecied ior th s trookshow shed by comporson.Thoi and undslingu irom a ldi by M chelongelo ih,. figurein manywrols poses :rcwingwoso nude sfudy lihough iso greoloppodu h o d b e e n l o m i o r w l h terenlpo nlsofvew There '.ilcheongelotworkol my fe, iseemedlhol nly here10observe howo mosler drcflsmon monyol the fofmsof lhe body becouse of myeducolion foreshodens .nly now perhops :nd troinng,waslrecept\to hh nfe|preto ond chongeslheif shopesin ihe different _?ns f hodn-.ver of lhe figufe nfocl,ilwasos Anyone who serously $ontslo underslond :eenlhembeforeondlholnothingcouldbe -ore exciiing o conslder of greolfrgure drowingmuslde\r'cie lhcn lo be n ihe presence _ gh Renoissonce od ond flnoly hove eyes ob e omounloflirnelolhesludyofonolomy _rolcoud seeit on the moslimpor hoveonlyconcenlroled slr n ionl muscles ond musce groups on l1_ie lhol doy I ho! been lhoroLrghly Since ond mogicof drowing face of the f gure Forgreolerclorlv I ho\ ,c\,d n the process _.1e works o di knowledge hos ncludednextlo Michelongelob fgure My increosed _e\rde$royed ng ony ihe mus show lhe sponlonelly ond mogcl ogromof lhe skeleton ' hosonlyenhoncedilgreoiy ln foct,I ho! cle or muscesunder discussion These ore 'rund thol drowng wthouto frm foundolion nlended io he p you underslondond re_ lhe p ncpes of onoiomy s morediflicu I anember exocilywhereo fom beginsand ron ihe ocil.rolsdrnng of lhoseprnciples on inwrl ngsoTeio be considered When begonio wte lh s book,mYinTen- These _3nwqsio keep the spirl of fgu drowing troducton thoi slLlciy orcotolysl io o pfofound .iocl.lho! nol oltempled ng.I of )o!r doysenJoy io soyeveMhing yo! w spendlhe rest nor frove fei strongly ihol \tonled lo createo book roi con be saidoboul drowing, - ed to lisiolLihe esoflhe h!mon body ihoi would knockdown some borefs ond musc to a low \,oungorihisio beg n to reqllyundefwqy, I \tonlecl iclher,in o mosipleoslroble : i downwiih \,ou,lookol thesemognifcenl stondthe lormsoffhe flgure,lilscleorto me of thal f wonledihe reoder lo shoremy goT thosecspects ,,crks ond begindiscusslng ',llch6ongelo3 for onolomyanddrqwng prlnc\^ofklhoi ore ceoresllo ob- enihlsiosm some comp ex :?tueos wel os mosl imporiantio lilsl_roie p es, wou d have lo express '3iJ|edrowng, deos in o more simplfed wqy ond I loke iV lor thot. when lbegon io wriieihisbook,my inien responsib N4ore lhon on!4hngese, lhis book is ihe rn wosio keep lhe spit of figuredrowng _ioct, ho\ nol oliernpted affor thol I hovehodwllh on of o lo\, to soye\Mh ng express -ci con be sod oboui drowng, nor hove I the exhoordinory drawlngs of lhe greolesl - ed to sla I the mlrscles Mcheongeo. of the figure, of the humonbodl moster Michoe Bubon NewYork C ly,1986
ONE CHAPTER
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FOR INFNUDES SKETCH'S tadd point ontl p.n 1508, t 9qt p1.27 t 24.45ch) 73/r'.
Preliminory Skerches
is n9.For Micheonge o,drow Eorm eleMh rcrm I ng s o pfoceou rcr oercrmrnrng appfoxmoleiJ the i uson of form s merely lorm is ndicoledby lighl ond shodeolone Theshopeof o form sdelined exaclly by ihe were use of ne, fire lhree seaied figLrres Ines colled pnr'' drownwilh lighl sketchy or chongesof m nd menli 'Yepenlonces," beforclhe lnol contourisdrown. sketches or conlour drowngs Prelminory overolproportonsondlhe ges thol ndicote fure of the pose o essenliollo sLrccessfu Thereis not much poini in fgu drowings, deloils os honds orelor moving onlo sLrch 10lhe nsidemodelng of lhe fgue wilhoul firsi eslab shing the ollside shopeoJlhe fig uTen o geneTotwgy E!ry figurehoson implcil oclion,or gesture.]helneA connechihe ports of lhe body lrcm heodio ioe and suggesis lhe geslure of nrepose.Gestu istheh.4hmor music ofthe p figure. whichcreoleso peosingrelotionsh benreen one form cnd onolher Mchef ongelo ncorporoled o slrongsense of ges Hhboldcurving ond turein o lof hisdrowngs. lire posefrcm bespirolinginespre\r'enled comingstiff ond wno'rurol,
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ond belllchelongelo drew consfonil\4 ItI cousepoper was expensi\e in the sixleenthceniuryh spogeswelen\oroblyflled wlh o\,e opping sketches ond studies. lhe his skelches on ihispoge cleory demonsirole eorly esioblishmenl of powe !1, e\ocot\ dlowings. Thebod, untoliernginesusedlo ndicotelhe oulside shopeof ihe odulttg! and ch d {A) ore beoulifuydrown Oncethe oliside conlourof o llgufev/osdelermined,
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Mcheongelo begon to indcote more deio ed forms He represented skeeiol ond musculor mosses by quick,light nes Forex omple,ihelnes ol Bindicoie the col orbones, or c avcles;ihe shod nes in lhe oreo of C greolpecioro muscles suggesilhe on lop of lhe r b coge.A seresof shorllnes, which \dere suggesi then applied lo lhe arge mosses, formsthoi ore lo be in shodowtnole lhe cur\,ed lines on the bock ofihe thlghoi D.
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rVO SOTDIERS SEEN FROM BACK INVAR OUS POSFS 't534,block cholk s e / t ' / 4 f t t 1 5t 1 o . 6 . n l
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SIDEVIEW
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Proportionol Systems
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Ihese boxes ore bosed on the lenglh af the slernum. ^lale lhe relallonship af lhis lenglh la alhet
lhe xiphod process, minus the fgure s bu I oul ol mosses bone,or sternum, I n drowing, p io eoch oiher:Th 5 s wh ch s ocoiedot lhe boliomof lhe siern!m I lhol hoveo relofonsh propodons n o ploportono sYslem Thelenglhoflhe slernumnlocleqLrolslhe acLect _-re of lhe onoiporl of lhe bocly longlhof selerc oiher seclions ori st con usewhotever ^? kesos o lnl of meosure Thenhe need omy Forexompe, l eqlols the engthof The blode,or the lengihol lhe shoulder how lhh chosenunil Ie oles10 clovcLe, :- y anol\/?e belween lhe scopuoe, ons scop! o,lhe d slonce onc enl EgYpl :: erpodsofthebodyThe _:c o propodionol thoi\das bosedon the lenglhof lhe hand m nuslhe tp of lhe system -,. englh ol lhe midde fnger opp colions th rd f nger ond lhe w dth oi ihe heod lenglhmutpled n oddton, ihe siernol exompes oso occur n cerToin :: rhhsyslem the one ond o ho f limesequa slhe lenglhofihe :'Greek orl Accordng 10 lhs syslern, the top of the sku io the boliom :^qih ofihe midde fngermulip ed by n ne' heod (from _:.n equos the heght of ihe figure The ollhechin)ondthe englhollhe foreormThe ihe engih ol lengihdoubed eqLrols :^glh of ihe hond muiplied by ien or the slernol p ed by sx a so op- lhe r b cooe,iheoppfoxmoleu/dih oiihe fli) :^glh oi ihe looi muLl ofihe : .x moieslhe heghiof on o\roge hlmon coge oi iiswdesl poinl ond ihe engTh upper orm, or humerus Ihree iimes ihe ol tte ri l'redeveopedlhe drowing eqlo sihe Lengrih here, lenglhoilhe siernurn shown '. a.eongelo ofihe egwihlhe wosevdeniylhnkng of lhe lhighos\de oslhe lenglh :_!i1 of lhe kneeond how il le oieslo lhe fool, lhal s, the heighloi ihe fooi (ihe dis y render lonce fromihe onke io lhe groLlndl correcl bodyAfler :-: formsoflhe o drowng oiihe Ho\,e porlsoitheknee n ine, M cheongelo ),ouevercompleled :-e :::eeded to odd lght ond shode-noie figureonlyio fnd lhoi lhe head isioo srno, - :' -e ght in lhisdrowingcomesfromthe ihe orm s ioo long,oI the body sloo wide? osmuch slo work The curefortheseproblems =' .-i iowqrdthe fronlol lhe liglrre -: nlerest TheoncienlorT ng lo observe lholihe engihoi osyoucon wth proporions, -:..39,ihoi s,lhedisloncefromlhetopoisis of Greece lo\,ed lo work wlh meosure -: ::-rmon lendon,(4, of lhe quodrlceps mentsond numbers oLrs ond thosehormon -,:: . io ihe knee ng polnl,or tuberce oi numbersloundihe rwoyinlothereoi onships -: -: . of lhe br,aosi- of lhe forms of lhe lgure lBl,equa s the enerlh
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the reoionshrps be- usuolly mode n the owerlmbs Qy underrtondng glween fofmsin a siondnq f qLrfeyouw According io lhs system of meosuremenf, hovea beller deo of whot io expeclwhen ihe heod lselfconsiitules the irst meosure fglres in seotedor clinng meni(A). Thesecondmeosuremenl h the dlslou encounler lance beireen lhe chin ond ihe nppes (B) Arlisisof ihe Reno ssoncewere fond of Thethird meosuremeni s lhe d sloncefrom Lrsing ihe englh of Jhe heod os o uni of lhe n pp es io the e\ ol the no\,e (C)rihe meosureThe engih of Jheheod mulip ed iourlh fromthe no\l lo ihe crolch,or symsevenond one hof lmes equo/slhe loto phys Rfih spubls(D)jthe ffornihe crolchloihe he ghiof on a\erogeliguretlhe heod lengih leve of lhe mddle ol ihe ihigh (E)r lhe sixth mulliplied by eghl equohlhe heighloJololl fromlhe midde ol lhe lhighlo ihe le\,eof the personrond the heod lenglh mulllp/ied knee (D;lhe se\,enfh from lhe knee lo lhe roughly by seven equo slhe he ghl ol o shod m dde ol ihe ower eg (G)jond the eighfh ndviduol.Renossonce orlsh usualy used fromlhe mlddleof the owerleg io the bol eghi heodsas o meosuremenl simpy be- tom of the foot (H) couse il s eosier10 subdivde eighl lhon I yo! oppy lhe englh of lhe heod to lhe se\,en ond o holf. Ofcourse nolo lrnodeho w dihsoisorne oi ihe mossesolihe figufe, ),ou ihe some height D screpdncyn heighl in con seelhol lhe lengthol one heod equa s mosT insionces, occursn the o\^rlimbsrlhe lhe d sloncebe veenthe nipples os we os lengihoilhe heodond lnrnkdoes not\ilryso lhe d slonceocross the \ro si, One ond one hol heod engihsequo lhe much.Thelefore, odjuslments n heghlwefe
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y'6youdrow conlinuoly scon\,oursubleci beireen the ormpihos wellosthe iLsiance resulls ol bod proporlions lemoeb The lntroduclion ,ldlh of lhe mo eh pevc massrlhe too longat ony givenpan or whenyou Look rnossss ghllywidet seLvic the lengih of tu/o heodsequoh ihe ds- delollof lhe body n odditionto lhe propor '3nce ocross lh,a moe3 shouders;the lionolsysiems here, thothovebeend scussed relo_ wlh oiher come up why nolexplore ond norrovt The ore sighty shouders =moeb olyourown?Themorereollonships .nglh of iv/oheodsso soequolto ihe lengih uonships thoiyouconlindosyoudrowlhe moreoccu_ :i ilre lhigh. sy$ems role yourlgure wiL be. Proporiiono n drow ngiromlhelop li so mhiokeiobeg Mchei_ and comiodoble your be lseful sh drow_ shoLrld lo fn ond oliempl ihe heod :: -g of ihe bo1lom oi ihe llgure ore ojl n one ex ongeos meoslrremenls oi the fgLrre lrcm lhoseol soy E Greco sketch n ihe poris of The ceorly differenl :arion Lnsfeod, 'j!re n o generolv/oy,lndicoing oh ond the orger proporiions Thefemoe fgu|e oi DeL ng hove beenstudy tholyou os o lg!re ofSornson figure drow ng nk of Th :_c ceslure, ),our -.p on whichyo! simpyv,/oni io pon ond here ore dfown occordingio proporlionol thal ore roughyihe same I s ihe :;coler ihe plocemenlof the porlsof lhe syslems lhal ore d i of meosure po ol nts,or lond lengths lhe Lrnits of ..:dy lhe esloblishmenl -ark, ond the plocemenlof inesconneci leni noiice lhol the heod ol Sornson is _3 lfese poinlsore mportonl n poitng i\r ce os lorgeoslhol oi Delioh : aperproporijonsbetvenlormsofthebody
DEUL AH S,AMSON ANO 153A rcd chdlk 2 \ 395 ch) loli t 15.!, 127
Fonns Designing
plocemeniot one obleci in The eftecllve I fe otonto onolheroblecfs\ery mporlonl in a work of orl. Thelhingsthot )ou leorn oboul drowingo sngle figure willo so be of help in composlngo piciule mode !p of groupngsof frgures. Juslos the iso geslule, or h)4hm, throughoulihe lorms lhol mokeup o singleflgure, theremuslbe a rhy,thm lhot connecls muliple imoges, In ihis drowing of Hercuesengoged in d sporole octions, lhe gesfuresof lhe ind! vlduolfgures biendhormoniousylo creoieo unifed composillon gestue Thoif hormonyof couses the eyelo fow freely fromone fgure lo onoiherTry io visuolize curved, ffowinglines thofconnecithethreef gufes in lhlsdrcwing. A good composilionollen hos numerous fildhm hesrunnlng ln monydifferent direclionr,Thus, ihe podsof o drawingore never ireoiedas bh ond piecesbul workiogether lo forrno lorgerlnljy
Rhy'hmlinesindi.ote lhe flaw ot .rD.Jenlenlwithin o drcwing ond rclote indiviluol figut$ ta the compositr, os o whole.
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IHRFE LABORS OF NERCUTES 1523 rcd cholk 144" ' 16qr (27.31t 4223ch) DoDoged
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SXEICHES TOR TI]E DEAD RIS]NG 1534, bl@k cholkll r 161,' en) Dohoaed 127.94, 41.91
TWO CHAPIER
rHECRUC|FXrONOFSrPETER.deloillS!5,btd.kch.tk3?1i'/51".1r'{26239\15s39.n)
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Mossing lheHeqd
lhol oppeors Th s h o delo I of lhe drowing concept oldestmossing I on poge 131.lhe |.Bedby orl slsfor lhe head h lhol of ihe boll to seelhrough deloils of lhe ond the owl. Try heodosif lheydid nol exslond nolelhoi the sosphefe(Al.ondthe or cranium, t rolncose, ore dismoss ofthe iJce, whenthe feolures ll is ex'egoded, oppeors lic be on o\r'ol(B). iemey imporloniic wderstondthe slzeof li|e bo oflhe heod in le olonshiptolhe size Thebolloftheheod,or of theowl of lhe nrce. cronium, willRl inloa perbcJsqloretthe ovol ofthe loce isone ond o holft mesoslongos lhe boll of the heod. Peopleofien moke lhe ihe cronium loo smollfor the foce Theorlisl mustalsoconsiderhow these1vr'o large mosses ore io be ploced, lhe relo lionship of ihe ballof the heod lo the owlof lhe foc will of cou6e wry depending on ihe posiiionof lhe heod.
the relallonshpat the poll of lhe hed b t'heawl at thb fo.P wj chonge os the mode/3pcrtion chonges
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SIUDYOF IHE NEADOF DA\II..I 1524-21 tot totet) ed chdtk, bldck choik, ohd peh 13', \ 31/,', 63 42 t 21 se cn) L
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When pasilioning the feo ^.trct il is helpful ta divide lhe loce inla lhnds wilh light hai
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yelblocklke masseslhebub, niheceniet ond The wngs on eilhersde, wh ch ore por lio y embedded n the cenlro and slighiy orgerbu b Nolce howMichelangeob maslerfu monpulolionof \4tr ue couses cerioin oreosol Thenose io odvancewhie oiher oreosTecedeThereolonshipben/eenihe forms oflhe head n lermsoi deplh s oiwoys we consdered b'y Micheangeo For n slonce,one lee sihoi n h sdrawngslhenose sc eaflyiorwa rdoiihe eyes ofdiholihe eyes ole ceoriyfor\,lord of ihe eors ft4icheongeob drowi]rgs of mouihsfever ookfol. n thisdrowng lheTes o ceofsense oi Tfre mouihcurvngaroundlhe loolh cy n der of the underyingsku The upper p pone, receves which s o clownwarclsopng essghithqn doesthe oweriip,wh chslopes upwordTheowerlp lnlhis drawng hosbeen shacled osone woud shodeo horzontacy incleflhe upper p ismade up ofihfeeiorms one in the m .l.lle oricl onc on eoch sido whie Theow--r p s made up of hro forms. Once Thesirlclureof Thehe,:,:ls esTob ishecl,you sho! d TokecoreTo dec cleon ihe exocT ocoTion ol lhe leoTLil:s. A qoo.l eye n ihe wrongploce sworse ilran o bod drawfg ollh(--cye n lhrir ehip oce \lnr.rlirco !l ftJof hornrna onrl v-^dico r,-s o(f,ossyolr nxxlcl! lftje vr lhot yo! can .lejemii'r the p of lh--f-.aiues le ai onsh
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SIUDY FOEruE HEAD OFTI]E DON MADONM '1503 4, red.hdlk /'h \ 6* [24 \ 1715cn)
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ng rormortheheod sthesku cronrum, hoso iendinous sheeilhol exlends T he dominor I Theob, i1lto drowlhe heod vlettEbosed o\r lhe lop of ihe cron Lrmlo lhe foreheod, on on underslonding ofthe shopeoJlheskull. wherefibers ogoinoccur. Allhe foheod the Thore ole o fewveryihin mltsc es ol ihe foce musce term noles in the skn obo\,e lhe eye Thoi i ll oulihebonysiruclure ol ihe skutt. These brows. Theoccipiiojronlals hosihe funclion cre the musctes oi expression Addltionolltj oi lfiing up lhe eyebrows, creoiinghorizonloi lhere ore lwo musceson lhe heod, wh ch wrinkes on lhe foreheodos seen n lhe exmo\e the ower jow or mandbe, ond ore press on of surpr se or ollenton usedfof chewng food Theele s sufiounded by se\ro musces, Themuscles of expression ore slrucluroly These include hro selsofcirclilor muscles lhe \ry diJlelenl fromlhe muscles of lhe body nnerondoulerrings of lhe orbiculorh ocu i (B the mlsclesiholmo\ lhe bodyofginofeot and Cl Theinnefrngs,or po pebralpori (Bl, one bone ond insertnto onolherbone.The are respons be for openingand closing ihe musc esol expss on o soorginoleon bone, eye ds. The ouler ring,or obiiol porl (C), on ihe sku I,bulihey inserlinlothe skin ofihe oboveThe eyes, whenconlracied w llpulllhe irce Whef lhesemuscles conirocl ihey pLt/l skin beireen lhe eyebrows s ghlly down producing the skin, wriousfcrcioexpressions. word,cousrng shortverilcolwrnkes lo op Theocc p to-frontolis (A co\ersthe peorbei/,eenlhe brows. muscle Ths muscle expresOock,lopond fronlof the cronium, Thls m!s- seslhe letlocll\,eor mediloli\e slo1e, cle, orginoiing n Jberson lhe bock of the Anolhermuscle in lhe ele oreo islhe cor-
ihe nseriinio ihe musce fbels surrounding lob lnmoulholthe lower p Thedepressor ferioispu lsthe ov,rlp down in lhe aclions oTcryrng. of Youmusiunderstond thal lhesemlscles wllh one expTession ore ol inlerconnecled lhusin ihe anolher n ihe r porlcu or oreos; ofthe nosesthe p^/ro- subllemo!rnenisof the eye oreo or the Oneofihe muscles _ridolis li orsesfromlhe nosa bones moulh regon, severolsmollfociol muscles nosi(E). Or the rnd exlends upvr'crdlo nsed nlo lhe skin moy be in\l\,ed n one expression. ng moreirronone emoThis musce pu s lhe loce moybe express ceiweenlhe eyebrows, oslh sone, ol lhe heodsuch :kn obo\ lhe nose downwqrd,creoing lon n o drowing lhe ndviduol nol d.ow lvichelongeo does of lhe short horzoniolwr nkes ol ihe bridge he cer_ iirem, lruT he mosses focio musces; nger on ol o sl c of lhe express rosechorocle ihem ond tronsoles hlhe ioiny knowsol ob,orri one oflhech efmuscesofihe rnoLrlh o olthe heodlhoishows .ygomotcusrnojor (D I oig noles ol lhe lhem inloo drowing greoi dea of expression. olzygomoT|c oflhe cheekbone, cwerborder down io nserlneorlhe cone,ond exlends osIn of lhe mouthwhen conlTocled, aorners ine expssonof oughtei thismuscleplls oflhe mouihupwqrdond tolhe iiie corners mouth onother minor(G), Thezygomolcus 'nusc zygomolic frorn the fronloflhe e, of ses aone,coser io lhe nose Theelewtol oflhe Jpper p, or e\'oiorlobi superios (H)rses or iom ihe lowerboldel of ihe ele sockeT, arbiio covlly lhese iwo muscesexi'enddown 'o inseri orlsin lhe oreoof iniolhe orbcuorLs 'le upper p They hovethe funclonof ftng 1e upper ip neor ihe midpoinlwh e lhe os n expresslons ofthelipdropdown, :ornerc al g ef. Theorbcuors orls0, a circuormLlsce ihe moulh,hoslhe funciion .vhich surrounds lhemoulhisouleribersbendwlh rf closing mus_ :nd con act ogoinslthe wriousolh-ar : esthot ore otiochedio t Anolhermusce ol lhe moulh,co led ihe : evoioroflhe upper p and lhe wingoi ihe -3se,or e\olor lob super oriso oeque nos fromlhe lpper orlginoting -1,so th n rnuscle moxilo, extending or the upper :.d of low oro o, oi lhe lo inserlnlolhe wing, i swnword _3se ore lfied forms ond lhe upper ip These - ihe ocl on of sobE ng. or ewior ongu oris(l!, orises Iheconinus, -3m the moxllo and inserls inlo ihe skn musc e litisihe I30\e lhe con ne looth This lhol loothto giveo sneer - 3per lp,exposing or ofthe angleof lhe mouTh, ihe depressor ihe mon orisesfrom ::cressorongu oris(L), upwordto : ae, or owerlow qnd exiends _:garnlolhe corners olthe moulhTheiunc_ _ar ofthismusc e islo pul the cornersoTThe -auih downuordn expressions ol ogony ofihe ower p, or depressor -e depressor on irremonohoorignoies :: nferors{lvl), exiends up lo ihere ihe muscle : : e. From
-Jgotor of lhe eyebrowor corugolor super or ginoting on lhe o \,ery smaI muscle : i (D), '3reheod, musunderlhe occipiiolironiolis oiihe ae. Thecorrugolornserh nlo lhe skin -ndpo ni of lhe eyebrcws, pu ling lhem n of .,rordond up\,!ardcreolng expressions
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: :aIUDGEMENI 1534 block ond Ed cholk l Sl/t' t 3r A NEADtOR TllE LAST
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IheStetnocleidomosfoid Muscle
d mlsces resi The two nernoceidomosto I on, ond ore porlio v embedded n the cyindermoss of lhe neck,They ore ropelike musces thot exlendfromthe top ofthe ster num up to the heod beh nd the eor They nserinio lhe moslod process (A)of lhe sku Eachmuscleis oi ls widesiobout ho tMoy downtheneck.Alls lower end tbronchesoff inlohro iendonsr one lendonisotiochedto ihe top ol lhe siefnum(B), ond lhe other s altochedlo lhe clovcle (Cl.These hdolendonscreoieo smollhongLrlor (D); deprcssion lhe heod of lhe c ov cle s ot lhe baseof this depesson Theiendonlhol oltoches lo lhe lop of lhe sternum h verypronounced and cordlike, whie lhe one lhol ollocheslo ihe clovcle isrolherf ol ofd brood Theiendons thol ollochto ihe sternum formlhe pil oflhe ihroat IEJf lhe slernoc eidomosio d muscle on one sldeoflhe neckconhocis, ihe heod wll roiole in ihe opposiledireclionor t i downwordloward the shouder These lwo muscles usuolly \^/ofk ogo nsleoch oihot bui whenlhey do wo.klogelhe, ihey cousethe heod lo be lhrownup whie smuloneously pullnglhe neckdown, l\4ichelongeo hos drown ihe steF nocledomosioid muscles n o subiewsybe" cause, oshasbeennofed, iheyore delolls on ond porliolyembeddedn ihe orgermoss of ihe neck They musinoi oppeor ioo promnent.ln ihs drawingo smoI podlonof ihe orge tropezusmuscles vlsble (FJ, EetMieen the slefnoclo domqsloid musce and ihelropezius iso rolherlargefiongu or depression (G) co led ihe 'onofomicol sollbox" Theneckh consirucied lor greoi freedom ond vorlet of mo!meniThesho!dergidle (i,,/oscopuloe ond ]u,o c avic s) s ihe skeelo siruclLrre upon whichtho l oshyforms oi-
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ST]JOY FOR HEAD OFTHE NUDE ATLEFT ABOr'E PERSIAN SIBYL ',511,ed cholk 14h \ 7lt t3s86 , 1937@)
THREE CHAPTER
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l\4icheangeodetermned ihe poslion of confls ng clelo h lo the crrge,simpe mosses th s ligureverycorefuly n odv.rnceYo! ore
Ihese sinple bax figurcs con be Lsed l. detetnine lhe elolire pasilian af lhe moses the heod, r/b
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Ihese slmpledrcwings werc dohe os preliminorysketches fo determine lhe lorge plonesal lhe la6o frcm lhe frcnl, bcck and lhrcequoners views
NUDE MALE FIGURE RIJNNING pq, b@n ihk ond block chotk 1496 150],, 1a! \ 9./d(3).47| 23.13m1
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whch k less finjshed I n lhisslrongdrowing, drowng,lher bcoge is I lhonthepreceding dromoilcolyUppedforv/ordli s cleor thoi Mchelongelodrewthe ligurewhie beorng ofihoiform n mnd lheiop orsuperiorview girdle, which reshon iop of Theshoulder ihe b coge, conssh of lhe hro clovlcles(A or ond B) ond ol lhe 1uo shouder blodes, ore bolh co\ed in scopuloe. Thescopuloe posebyihe hvc mosses of ihe iropezius lhLs musce [C ond D).Theshoudergirdle s oiiochedio ihe rib coge ony ot the pil of lhe lhroolwhere lhe clovclesmeeiihe iop of lhe
s ght ollochmenito the restof slernumThls the lwo scopuoe ond the skeeion offords mobLly1 Sinceihe up c ovicles exiensive fu/o bylhe per limbs ore oitachedlo ihe scopulo the ormsore oso onlyslighty shoulderloini, ottoched lo the restof lhe lrunk oi the body ond ore olsocopobe of greol movement \lewed from the fronl,the c ovlc e oppooB osa slroghi line,butwhenseenfiom obo\, os I s in lhs drowng, ils S shope cun is io observein suchon un It is inleiesiing nnshed drcwng os this one which cos
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':helongeo decided lo workon frsi ond _,, Thoseoreosthol projecl lorvr'ord ihe -:n ihe shoulders ond ihe righlorm ore hos : moslde\eoped Theheod,howe\,et :_ yei been refrnedievdenly lhe odisi of ihe ._ied ilsl lo e$oblshthe symmelry :_:- der gndle -e poston oJlhe siernlm scn impodont -:-.r whendrowng lhe fibcoge n o djllicult ihe slernum r,rrcn. Ve\{ed from lhe fronl, fromihe slde :.:ecrs os o vertcol line,bLrl : .!ru of lh s bone con be cleary ob.-.e.. HereMicheofgeo hosdrownlh-.
(E)n a waythot c eof y defines the stefnum d rection of the r b coge lorbordihrLr$jng ond l led downrard lowordlhe righi n ihis drowlnglhe siernum oppeorsmuch shorter wiTh lhe Tjpof your Coler up ihe siernum oJlhe orger lngerond seehowlhed recijon moss, lhe lono, is weokened. Suchsmo el forrns or lile sternum, f os c ovc es,breosfs, drowncorreciynperspeclile,wlgreoilyenhonce the ilusionol lorgermosses sirongly pilchedJoMord or bock in spoce
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STUDY FOR TNE NUD! YOUIN Or'ER THE PROPNEI DAN EL 1511 rcd cholk avet bldck cholk pepobtiahs 131/ t 9fd', (33.66 / 23.31 cn)Dohoged
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The Exlernoloblique
ng drowingot lhe figT his s o mostinJeresl I ure ln whch youcon obserue o rib coge lhcrl lsdlsiincllylipped to one side.The116shy moss ofJheexlernoobliquemusc e,or obliq, uusexternus obdom nus(4, exlendsfrcm lhe losleighl rlbsof lhe b coge ond inserh lnic lhe iop of lhe pelvis, or ilioccreslthe shape of lhe exlerno obllque ook like o leordrcp from mony ong es, n ihis pose, hore\t lhe efrernol oblique oppeors os o rounded block,Whenlho lwo obique musc es simultoneously coniroct, theywo in concerlwiih lhe recius obdomlnis io bend lhe body for v,,ord. Whenonlyone contrcc,ls,lhe ribcoge isrotoigd, of pulled,loone sde, Ihesem!scles olso prelent o ddewsysclllqpse of lhe db coge.Ihepelvlcmoss lsboundbylhe llloc crest (B), by ihe abdomen (C),whlch slopes downvrordbei\ren lhe lh ghs, ond by the buttocks(D). Theodhi olJghttoknownot onlythe forms of the bodtl the mLJscleg on the surfoce, bLJi olso lhe chonges ln ihEshopesofihese forms ln the dlffefenlmowments. A musclemoy become thlckerond $oder ln d sloie of conlrcclion,or ll moy be loxed and reloilvely ffotlened. Obsefwtion oswllos under,siondng lhe oc,lion or funciionof q mlscle wlll enobleyouto drow lhe foms wlthiruth.li ls offonsl\io see o drowlng of o llgure in gr6ol octlonwhlle ollihe mlsclesoreportro'dos Ino 16oxedstote, oro clinlngfgurewliholl lhe foms coniroclodqnd buging Inon oullondshmonneri The oncintGr6ek odlsh, obseryngtho nlde oth elesot ihe gymnoglum, bscome mosieA ot porifoylng the exdcf onolomyoflhg body In mo\ment.
o gif: the losleighlrbs (lhe libe6 nterd9 ioie w1hlhe d qltotonsof lhe lo{er senotus mosnut
FIGURE SIUDY FOR THE 'ECrrE OF QASCTM 1501,block chotk '16"x 10h [40.44 t 26.01\n]
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SIIJDY OFCIASS CAI FEfi4AIE TORSO AN]IRIOR, bt6ck chotk 152A-21, lold x 714 [25J2 \ 'r3.10cn)
69
FOUR CHAPIER
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Micfrelongeo hod on mode lo ioke thh lnusual pose so lhol he A s hosbeen shown, Aeiiroord noryobi ly to seecomp er torms couldcoreful y copyit?ll sun/ikely Hehadon ci ihe body n lermsof lery simpe mosses, extensi/e underslond ng of the formsof ihe \oie ihe hvo orge egglikemosses thot ore lrody lhol o lo\red him io drow the hLrrnon creoled by the rlb coge. The heod of ihe figurefrom oulofh sheod,wthoulomodet, in liyng i gure smerelyndicoled ol lhissfage of onyposlon n spocethof hewished. Drowing thedrowlng. Micheonge o obvious y \,!'onied lrom liie is\ry mpodoni,o greotiesi oi on io eslobishthe symmelry cnd mossof the oarists obiliv but i s no1ihe onty exerctse iorsowithoulthe inJerrupton of lhe smoller necessory n leorning howio drowltrefgLrre iorm of Jhe heod The muscesorcundlhe Fgure drowng is noi copryingfrom o backond sideof the ribcoge oreolsodrown mode Sfudy lhe muscesso ihoi yo! know os smol,egg ke shopes, wh ch ore porlio y wrrereeoch one comesfuorn, ond where i embeddedno orgermoss goesto, os wellos ls aclon. \\,b ore oble jo Thesublle ilgure ol ihe uppeftettcornerof drcw inesonty by knowing ihe originond iil s drow ng suggesiso iorso seen from lhe inserton of the formsDrowing of the forms of sde lhe ouler line (4 represents the orge, ihe bodyccn comeonlyfTom onewhohoso dominonl moss oi lhe r b coge,Thedefn lve comp eie underslanding of construcion ond nesond tonesof ihe finsheddrowng are onoiomy ProcJice dfowingihe ngure fromout cbsenthere, olowng )oU1oobsenethe m- of yourheod, without o modet. Th is son excelcodonl inilio nesol o mosler drawing enTV/oyio see f you reallyknowJhengure. Do you lhnk ivichelongetoosked ihe
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STIIDIES FOR ADAMS RIGHI IdEEANDINREEANGEIS INlHECREAIION 6F ADAIVI 1511,ed dnd btockbhotk 11q." \ 7/a" [29.s3 \ 19.69cn)
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lhe mLrsc es ollhe back lo g !e _.: e i f e d o f a l h r e e d m e n so n c i g u r e , y o !- ! : fo conTfo Thc\,1] !$ ori the m|rsclesDi := w h c i r l o r m so r , ar ] i h e i g h T . w h i cc hl e r . : : Torre o.r l l w i r c h o r e n s h o d o \ rS k e k r h . ": url{resol ihe orgcsl nrosses lr5t Thenso:. the edllc bolw.iexrlhe I and sho.lc.i rir:: To rouril oli The lorms Ony geonr : sli.rpes s|rch .rs lr .Lrbc lrov.r $urp ec! : wfoG on,- profe nrccls.xjoTfr(j
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muscleot lhe bocL s /f, nothersuperfrcio tillhe loiiss musdorsi.Alonq wilhlhe bockoi lhe shoulders ond a srnoll lrlongulor oa of ihe muscles oflhe scopuo region, ihe iorms that rnoke up the surfoce of lhe back orei iropeziL$ ondthelwo holves of afssimusdors ihishuge,symmeir col musc]e origi [Aand B). nales oi lhe pe vis and socrum,exiendsup ward overjhe lurnbofregion,lhe lowersix poirs of rbs, ond the lo^,rportionof the sccpuloos it exlends ollwqrd io lhe ompl, lhere loiisslmls dorsi nseris, olong wiih the leresmojot intothe fronlof lhe hlmerus,lust below ls heod Thelowerport on of thisrnuscle,allhe socrum, pelvis, ond lo\der bock,is justo lhln lendnoussheei.Beneoih thisihln sh6ef,lhe underlyng eclor spinoemuscles (C)show cleorly on the surfoce ofthe figlle ln ths drawlng, Short, holched lnes(D)ndicoiewhereihe muscle fberc'ofloiisslmus dorslorsefrornihe lendon sheei n the lo\rerbock These linet exlendlrom the higheslpo nl of the pe vls, LJp\rgrd ond lnv,'ordtoMr'ord the bockbone, Theupperboderoflhismlscle{E),whlch runs horizontally over lhe deeper icrms of ihe bock oi,the le\l of lhe sxth r b veriebroof ihe bockbone, posseso!r iho lowErpofllon of the scopua ond ihusholds ll downon ihe rlb coge Thelroni bofderof the otsslmus dorsl (D extendsdownv,ord fforn lh6 ormpll ond clrves oroundio the bock of lhe rb coge, creoilngo beouiiful Ine on ihe fgufe, Lqtssimus do|simokeg ll possible to owr lhe rclsedorm ond pu it back wlh fofce. I showshef cleody in such movemenls os ployng gol swmrning, choppng wood,of p! lingono rope.lenob eslhe enllre bodylo be puled upvr'ord ond fonr/ord wh-cr) ihe ormsore in o flxedposlllon, Aciions thal por lcularly depend on ths muscleore rope climbing ond workon a horzonlolbor Thehohsof the oiissimus dors ond ihe l -nderlyng rio coge s-ggesl'he shopesot lMr'o lorge \^icfermeons, To ploce lighl and shodeon suchdominoniforms in Wlr drowing,lllshelpfuliovlsuolize, or elen ic indicoie on ihe paper on orror showing ihe direciion iromwhich lhe lighiiscomng.ThoiwllleslobI shihe diect on of lhe mo\menl of lighi lo dorkocross ihe flgue. ll willolsope\nt the ighl fromjumpingto hil formsfromdlfferenl direclions, lhus lending to destroy ihe I unit In rendering mojorforms il solsohelptuio runo I ne down ihe formsto seporoJe the light oleo fiomthe shodoworea. Theholtlpne oreofo ls alonglhol line.
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ond mo/mus[A] ihe orgesl The qutelrs I th clesl musc e of lhe bodv formsihebul lock ll ariseslrom the bockfourlhoflhe i ac m,ondthe cocc)r(Soflre of ils creslihe sccru n sheeis orfoscio,on fberslerminole off bers, lhe th gh; oihers nsed nio lhe bock of the shofi oi ihe femur lusi beow The greoTer (Bl, trochanier of o orge,squoreprojecTion lhe femur ocoied jlsi beow is heod ond neck Dependng on ihe conirocion of exponsonollhe g Lrleomusces oroundii,ihe grealer lrcchoni-.r o ppeors on lhe sudoce of lhe b,ody asa c ndmcrkdepress on or pfoiecpedecly stro ghl lon.Whenlhemode slonds wth weghiequa y dslrbuted on bolh egs, ore eve Howe\r ihe greaierlrochonlers when the weghi is ploced on one eg, ihe grcoter trocho nierof the sloncl nOeg slhru$ oui ond oppeorsas o proieclonon lhe sur reloxecl eg on The loce Thelrochonleroflhe opposle sde appeors oso depresson ThegluieLrs moxmus s bock ke in shope, bll the foi ihol occursorj Ts ower border solTe.is lhe shapelhereand creoles the g u 1eo loLd(C) Nollcehow MicheLongeo hqs manp'r olecl lne n lhs oreo of lhe drownO io nclcaie lhe unclerpane of lhe q uleLrs wThthe Thigh moxmls ol ilslunclure Theg {rleus lhe f execl, or nroxr'n!sexiencls bent, thsh,thot s,pu s I bdck rlo ne wih the lrlnk More rnporlonl,ii monlons lhe ir for body,whoserrlnk wo!d olherwise posion vlqrdol lhe hip jo nl, n on Lrprght Ars LongbeloreDorw f\ lheoryof evolufon, iolle coled ihe giuleusrnoxinuslhe mosi ng mlscleofmon Dur ngiheevo dhilngLrsh (rionory process ilssze ncreosecl, ond iwos for ihe roiolon of ihe ui rnoleLy responsrbe pevs iroma horzonioio o veriico posiion HerelVchelongelohos ceory inclcoied ihe lbers ol the gllieLrsmcximusinserlng behreenlhe homstr ng moss(Dlatlhe bock exTurnus musc e lEl ofihelhlghondlhevoslus
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FIVE CHAPTER
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siudyor the Ll ere s onothermogntfcer]t I I fe ofonsh/pbehtuen the musceson lhe bock oi the orm ond on the scopLrlo lhe smollegg ke mosson the owerend of ihe scopuo is ihe teresmajor muscte(Al.The rnossobove I oi B s rnode up of ihe inlrospnolug muscle ond the ieresminormuscle.Secouse ofthe bockvcrdposiiion of the orm,you con notce lhoi ihesefofmsof the upperbockorebulglngn o sioieof conlroc iion.Resi ng overlhe lop of the shouder ond receiv ng o lot oi ght isthe lropezius muscle of the tropez us and ihe {Cl.Theseparotion deliod muscleis indlcoiedby o chonge in The direciion of lhe lineol D Doube curves (E and D deine lhe shapeof lhe deto d Inih s beniposiiion of lhe ormlhe forms on The bockondlnsideofihe ormoreVtsib e,The exiernol heod [G], ihe nterno heod (H), ond the ong heod of ihe lriceps(t)orea tcteorly seporoTed from lhe lower border of ihe de lold.the commoniendon (J tiesabovethe poiniofihe elbow(l()lo lhe lnside ofthe point of lhe elbowis the inner owerend,or con dyle,of lhe humerus (L), wh ch forms o prom nem iondmark lhe abilly of the scopuoe lo mo! on jhe rb coge ]sextensive. Thus lhe shopes of mus clesin lhisoo wllllorygreolly occordln'g lo ihe poseoi ihe modet.
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Thes!eleton orlhe foreofmsdrownhere n I lhe posilion of dernipronoJion lhoi s,wrlh lhe pa m of lhe hand iurned holtutqy beh{een pronoton,or ioc ng downwcrd, ond supinolon, or foc ng upwsrd, When ihe hond s in supinolon, the hvobonesofthe foreorm ondlhe musc esoi ihe foreorm lienexl lo one onolhetBLrlin pronoiion,lhe rodius rololes, or crosses, o\r 1h6ulna,and lhe mlscleso so crossTheforeorm then chonges frcm a flot bockke moss to become cylindricolin shope In dempronolion, lhe lv!4,bones lhe rodus(L), on lhe thumbsde of lhe foreorm, ond lhe ulna (lvll,on ihe liiileJnger sde ond lhe foreorrn musc esore in o pos Tonwheretheyore beginnng lo cross lhem At ihe elbow ihe iop of lhe u no jo nsihe bollom of lhe humerus (N)os o hingejotnt which permls flexlon(bending) ond exlenson (stroighlen ng)oflheforeorm on iheorm. Thetop or heod,ol the rodlus lol s shoped likeo horzonloldsc,whlch shollo\red oulon lop This holowed-oui disc fis up ogo nsl o bo l-like shope,ihe copilu urn,on lhe boltom of ihe humerus, on wh ch tsp ns Thespinnlng moton oflhe d sccouses the rodiusto roiole oround lhe u natlhe polm oflhe hondisthus lurned downv/ord ond upv/ord through mo!menis of pronolonond supernol on Theproject on of bone oi P represenh ihe ponl oflhe elbowor olecronon. Thepfoleclon of bone on lhe rodius belowlhe heodoi Q isihe b cipiialiuberos i\/1 1owhichihe i-^ndon ofihe bceps s olloched There oree ghlbones nihewrisi(R) liis noi necessory io drow a I eighl wfhl or carpus, bones whenyoudfowtheorm,butii is mpor, toni lo indicolethe moss or shopelhot lhey creolebetu/een ihe fofeorm ond lhe hond From the iop of ih-. om lo the ilngers ihe sections of lhe orm become progressve y shorlerond nofiower. The foreorm s ihe englh of lhe upper orm essone-fifih. The hond equos ihe lenglhof lhe foreormless one lfth Themass oilhewrisisiwce aswide os t is ong, ond lhe meioco.polbones(S), whichfomlhe bodyofihe hond,oreirce os long as lhe wlsi. Thelineof the knuckles (Tl mokslhe meelingofihe melacorpolbones ond ihe lirslof lhree sections of phoonges, Jhe bones of lhe ingels. Thh mporlont junciure is m dv/oy betuveenlhe lop oJ the wrslandihe endsoflhe fngers. Thelengihof y equollo lhe w si ond lhefngersole rough On the onoiomcol orm on lhe lefi o ffol
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ARM SIUDIES FOR IHFIORD ANGETS ANDSILIO]ES FOR CREAT ONOFADAM INIHE tud ohd blo.k chdlk 1511, q) t 27.94 eqd x 11'(21,27
of ihe orm ln Ll ere ore o seresof siudles I ldiihrofl posilions ond direciofs in spoce Theorm o1A s seporaied frcm ihe bockg.ound whichdefnesils by a bold line, form Thereore some fu/enlymuscles n tho foreorm, ore bulin frgure drowing lheseiorms mossed ntolhreegroups lhe llexor muscles as one group Theerensor mlsclesos on olhet ond lhe longsupnoloros o lhkd moss of lhe foreormArnoslolof lhese musces o glnolefrom lhe condyles ol the humerus ond ofioch io the bonesol ihe wrhl ond hond. Becouse lhe muscies become tendinousobout hoif\4oy down lhe foreorm, ihe conlour ol the am chonges.The egglke shape of the lpper holf of lhe foleam h coused bylhe fieshytbersofthe esilhe musc ke shopeof lhe lo\irer blockl holf sformedby the iendonsond ihe fu/obones lhe rodus ond u no of ihe foreorm. (B), lhe fexor muscles on the fronl of lhe foreorm, orginoielromihe innercondye of thehumerusondconslsiof fourrnuscleslhe
plonolorlerest the ieror of ihe wrsl on ihe rodius, or fexor corp rod olisiihe pomors ongus; ond the llexor of ihe wdsion'iheulno, or fexor corpl ulnors The pronolorteres, which ierm noles ho fi\oy down ihe ouief is one ol the musces bords of the rodius, respons ble for the roioiionolmo\,emeni of lhe foreorm, wrlslond hond li controcls, ro loing (cfossngllhe rodluso\er lhe uno, wh ch ploceslhehondpo m down[srd (pro noion) The olher three supericlolfexo6, whlch inserlinlo lhe undersde of the wrlst ond hond,ole responsible for bendinglflex ngl the wrsl ond hond fotu'ord, iowqrdihe fronl ol the foearm. Beneoth thesefour supedcio flexols lso deeperflexor musc e,lhe llexor digtorumsupefiiciols I s vsibleony where is lendons oppeoron the wflstbehdeen lhetendonsof lhe mo superfic ol iexors.Deeporsii ond not visibe on the surfoces the llexordgiorumprofundus,d reclyunderiheflexdidgiiorumsuperf ciols,the powerfL{l lendonsof
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STUDIES ANDSKETCHES FOR ITELAST J]JOGEMENI 1534.35, block chalk 11' t 161/.i ' 4191ch) 127.94
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GHTIEG SIUDIES OF A SIRA T\^/O ANOTNE 8,ACK fAOM THE NSIDE ch) 11 '3 [21C4' 20.32
ihe right-hond drawng,wh ch ismode up of threemuscles the bicepslemors, the sem tendinosus, ond lhe semmembronosus Ths rnoss of flexor musc esorignaies on the bock of lhe pevs, or ihe heelof lhe schum,be' (B)Thenro ten' neolh the g uleusmoximus dons of ihe homslrngmuscesbronch oul ocrosslhe bock ot the knee The nner homstrnstendon (c) crcsses the kneeond nserisnto ihe nsideedge of lhe lbia jusl beow lhe knee Theolier homslaing lendon (D)crosses the outsdeof the kneejoni ond nserls niolhe heodoflhe fbLrlo. n ls enl rely the homslr ng moss isshcpedverymuchlike o foolbo tsfuncton islo bencl lhe knee, ihls fex ng the ower eg on lhe thigh. Thedrowng on lhe efl provdeson exce lenlopporlunlyio observe the sp ro quo t of the sortodus musce (E). lt olsoshows the sroc is (Fl,on oddlcior muscleocoled di groc ls(meon' recty beh ndthe sorior us. The ns sendef' ln tatinl orsesfrom ihe ower porloflhe peLvs, ola point neorihe meelng of ihe lvlo plbc bones Ths musce,wh ch clelines The nsideconlourot ihe ihgh, exlendsdownlvordr olonO withthesoriorius ond ihe nnerhamslrins lendon t nsertsnto the inner surloce ofihe tbia ot o po ntltrst be ow the knee Thetendons ofiheselhree mLrscles sweeporoLrnd the insdeoJthe kne6,whore ihey{orm lhespircmoss known osihe goose foor tcl Becouse lhe homstrngtendonsore !ry shorl,I is dffcul io lfl the thgh when ihe knee s unbenJ. I the knee bends, the homstng tendons ore releosed ond iththen eosyio ro sethe thightowordthe trunk. Try itl n theseonotomco drowngsof the leg, M che ongeloco refulydel neoiedihe forms Whendfowng frorn fe, howe\r, he dld nol seeor drowmonyof the musc es ndivduc yl nsleodhe dw them os mossesln o ile drowng,ihe hamstring moss wouldoppeor on lhe backofihe ihighnotosthreemusc es bli os one moss n the rshl-honddrowng nol ce the line(H) runnng \ri co y downihe cenleroflhehomsft ngs,This seporolion does nol exlsl on mosimodes lJ /o or moremusces ho\,e lhe somefunction, the sepcrotion behleenlhe muscesw noibe ndicoledol c in o drowng or wi be ndicoted ony slghiy by nes or shodng. li i\ro or more muscles hovediffentJunctons,lhe seporo I on betu/eenthem w / be ind caled by strong inesor shodng,
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The knee is one of the oreosof lhe body I whelethe boneisc oseto the surfoce ond y infl si'ong uences ih form, Allhough the knee hosmonycomponenls, ihey ol mokesense joinl in iems of lh funclionos o compound lhe lowerend of ihe femurwidensinb n{o prcjeclions of boner lhe inner condyle (4 ond lhe outercondyle (B). these condles lsl on the lop or ploifom, of the tbio (g lhe poiella,or kneecop (Dl,hos okeody been described oso smollroughylriong!or bone wlh o con\,exsurfoceembedded lnio lhe orge commori tendon of ihe quodriceps, whichcrosses the iiont of the knee Thepotelo les ln ffonlof the lo\der end of lhe femur ond forms o projeciion on the flont of lhe kneejthe ower border of ths prdecfionis le\l wlth ihe poni of seporollonbeiween lhe femw ond ihe lbio. Theligomenlof lhe pdte lo (EJ terninotes ot the kneellngpolnl,or jhe iubercle ofthe iiblo(0 ]heiuberce ofthe iiblo ls on unmstakoble andmark whlch morkslhe lowefboderofthekneejit19c eo y vslblewhenthe eg isviewedln prolle.
fhis diogrom af lhe benl kn6a shows lhe rckrlbnshiqaf the tibla ond tenut ta tha pate a
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flecouse lhe l,neeiswder in bocl,lhon in l, front. someforms of the boci.of the [nee oreopporenlinthisdrowingoflhe frcntvew Theouler homslring lendon (Al is visibe on ihe oulsideof the knee lhis lendon insefs Thespko moss intotheheodof the libuo (B). lol,whichsmodeupofihemed ol homstring oflhe sortorius ond iendonond the tendons groc ismuscLes, suepsoroundlhe insde of on ihe shoflol lhe knee, whereil lerminoies lhe lib o Ths spiro mossof lendons cu^,s down lowordlhe f.oni of lhe eg, wh e lhe outer homsfing ndon exlends slroght dowa nlothe heodof the nbuloon lhe ouler sideof ih6leg Abo\eond be ow lhe pofelo (D on the frontof the kngeorelhe lol mosses ond E)whlch ore esponsibefor lhe greoi vorioions lhol orlisls encounljgr when drowkneesore ditferenl lng the knee.Eyeryoneb ond ihe fot masses oroundihe poleliocon show!p os smollproject ng foms mosking They o, ihe rest ofthe onoiomyoflhe kriee. howe\tnot o grealilcior on th benl knee os l-e) coe nlo o hollowc eoled bv 'he oo-or oll_e fecr.'o"o'^e op ol lre'lbo
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I u + c 5 l h e r eo r e t a o b o n e . n l h e r o r e o r m , t, rhere ore tuo bone5 n ihe o^er leq lhe o r g e ri b a , o c o i e d o n i h e n s d e o i i h e e g , se o n d l h e s m o l e rf b ! o , o c a i e d o n i h e o u T d T h e n n e rs ! r f o c eo f l f e s h a f l c f l h et b o o n d lhe shorp anlerlor cresl cre enirey on ihe The cutue ofihe ibo from ihe boi surfoce. iol.noflhe knee lA)down loihe proiecion on l h e n s d e o f l h e c n k e k n o v r 'c ns t h e n i e r n o n a e o u s( B l s c e a r y v s b l e T h e p r o j e c l o n o n t h e o l t s d e o f t h e o n k e . l h e e x l e r n c. n a fbu o iThe worcl rio eo us comes irom the L a i n i o r " h a n r m e l ' o r " m a l e t : l T h e h - - a do f TlreibLr.r rs ocoied on lheo{rts.le s!rfoce ol The knee Ofy ihc uppor and ower ex lrem tes of th-a l b! r ore v s b e on irre sur facc. The shofi Lrn.leres tlre m|rsces oT lire .q i o l h e o l h r 1 ! - ' . r lfh . -i-b o s i h c i r r r . ' s a n T - ror (Dl. d l e x o r t r r ( r s . r l-h - a i o r l l i r x r l c s . l ll h c L r p p -h - rv o t h ( l s o l l t i eI b r r T t t l . J i ! l o r i o f l l r \ nrrn:u pdjlrs I iurl ol ihlicf kc.rf.ld sop i l r r f , o f l t t r r n u 5 ! . o l l h o l o o l .w h e r c I pa$.s L rdint.rlh .rf.l rnscrls inTollrc lros.l ol rtlr rfch rxlir l)ornr oi lic ltrc.rl lo.. llrc l . 5 lr f c l N l o r n r L T hj j i l . l ( ) f J V c r vo r g c o n c i s !i be wheie t cr.rsses lhe troft (n llre ()w.:r ,o! cn.l.rnke isnrnclon slo b,-.d (l--rlthe iooi nrv]l.l The eq, wheri ih,- t.rot D n ihit posi.D. iiie Tcl].lor.or be mod c,-ary D re.J y lo ih,- o!lt|.ie ofih,- Ubo sornerrr is The .,nq ollcnsor ol The To,4s. or ,Frl,Fns.] . l . l l o r l n r o r . l L s ( E )l l i s m | ] s c e o s o o r s , - s fronr l h - .L 4 ) t ) , lw r ( )l t i ( l : r . ) l i h { r i t r t ro n . i p o r l of Tlre f bLro lhe T.nclonoTTh s ri|]sc e crosses into l.rLrr ire nonTollhe.rnke, wh,-r,ai div cl,qs sflro erTenclons llr.rTlonouton iir--T.rpback, or .lors|]mol Thefool fhese imo er len.lo15 n s e n n t o l h e o s t p h a o n g e so f t h e s e c o n d lhrough i h . rf i t h i o e s A s l s n o m e i m p e s . l l r e ong erlensor oi llre ioes exlends (uncursl these i o e sa n c lh e L Ffs exthefooi Boihibois c1renrcrssed anleror oncl ihe ong exTensor lnto one lorm or the froni ofihe eg isironr the efiironi The ghl n ih s dravr'ing of ihe fgure Youfab ly to clrow n ghl ond slrade greoiy mproveswhenyoLr reo zeilrol ghl os i oppeors on o lgLrre n noiure s noi necessorlylhe besl ol-tl lor drowng Ari$s usuoly d e v s eo s n g e i g h l s o u r c e , s n c eg h l hlifg ihe igure lrom d ilerenl clreclons iends lo breok up the lorms oflhe igure, creongelodd nol copy iohlng os l ex$ed n nanrrebut creoted h6 own
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SIUDESFONIHE SANLE OF CASCNA NIO T GURT 15U, pen ond btd.k chotk 1 A 1 ' . 1 . k 1 2 6 1 7/ 1 9 3 / c n )
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SIUD ES FOR THE LEGS OFTHE LORD INCREAT ON OFADAMHEAD OFTHE NUDE 1511,ed chdlkdet blo& cholk prepbollo* \ 7Cf [2953 t 29.69m) 11C3',
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flGURE SI]JDT FOR IHEBATILE OFCASCIM 1504, btlck cholk \ 14',[39.69 , 25.40.n] 15q3',
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DRAPERY
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FOOT SOTD]ERS Of HORSEMENAND COMAAI cfr) 15A4,peh7 r 97h{1773t 25.03 ash nal N n Museun, AnaId.
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GTOSSARY
Iheljollow;ng in he sfudy ofo.rolomv, h o ris'otterrrsleqLe1ty e^coJnlered qt duc'ljor o musclelhol pullstiM/lry from the mid Ine of the body oclduclor o musclethof pu lslowqrd ihe midline of lhe body condyle o orge bump on o bone crsl o rldge on o bone odnsor c musclethol cousessome port of the body to slrolghlenout llexor o muscleihof cousessome port of the body to bend insrllon lhe end poln' of Tusce ottochrren' o gln the flxed polnt of muscleottochhent pondlor a rnusc e thdt lurns the polm of lhe honddownword proluberonce or lube|o6ily o smollbumpon o bone splne o shofprldgeof bone suplnolor o muscle thotilrng ihe polm of lhe hond lpword lemor o muscle lhoi pedorms o ughlenlnq flnctlon ,
'troL '69-89 ',19-99',99-t9 ',t9-09',8t '9ffi9'rg-fln' 6L-A L'eL-ZL'9W9'69-8 '68-ge'Qe-ze 'Le-oe 'et-zr '99-29 '9t dd :urauoDH'ulnssnn rede_L't -w 'Ev-zv
-gel,E r-z , 'LZ '92-ra 'OZ'dd :rosput/\ tuorqtl 6er-Set Let to^cu '98 iE'eZ ZZ '68-88 ',t9-99 'SV-VV ',EL-Ow'6242 Ed 'gL tt do rprolxo'urnesnnuDeloLurlsv re+uolutpodoS lc louopDN oesiy\l sepoN 'lt,L-9i|dd racuaoH'[orouon ot^tr]crv 'gLNL '9t vzr'rz,ozl 'dd '+,IV uDllpdo4er! 4q{ aeN lo u.insny\l '96-96 11-9L E A9 00 'qcupua) puo tuuaH r$uc,wo ecnporoer 01uolsqlLreo qclpuol s eaooe s \eqdeu slq lq uopc
'surnesnu 'e tur.raH puo 'seLrorqll p /lJouen 6ul4\ol urutagzr-vzl'89a9 roJsuo[ce]loc puote elc od rpuoteeo !v lo LLrnesny\l - o' eqf o+epDL!I luauropel/v\ouiconjelDie
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musc es,62 Abdominol ingers,'104 1oal,126 um of hiploinl6T Aceiobu Achi esfendon,122 process, 17,18,75,77 Acromion moss ofthlgh,108 109 Adduclor grocllh, 110-111 thigh,108 109 lhumb,99 col drcwn9, 16,71,100 Anolom 46 col soltbox, Anotom 102 col snutfbox, Analom 125 Ankte.17,21,124 of supeioriliacsPne,19,66 Anler Anihe x, 34 34 Antirogus, Nch,124 125 pit,62,95 ArnT Ar$oie, 84 seeHumerus Arm-bone, Arms,88-105 bonesot 17,89,96-97 ond flexon, 96 exiension 97-99 exiensors, 104 89,96-97,'100-101, loreom, dorsiond, 78 loiissimus lengthof, 96 of, 74,78,96,99 movement musces,89-97 scopu o ond,92-93 100 lendons,98, t ceps,90-91 upper 89 Axilo,62,95 Bock10,7219,8A-81 toms ol 70 80 81 modelng, musc es of, 72 79 50 Bockbone, Boonce, 82-83 Biceps, 89,90,94 95 orign ond nsettion,89 short heod,95 58,/5, 78 Bicp tal groo\,, 96 Bicpiol1rrberosiv olis,97 Brcch see SlernLrm Breoslbone, Breosls, 68 plocemenlmole/femole, 68 Buuocks, 84 85 122'125 18,19, Colconeus,
Coli muscles,122 123 Coninus, 41 Copilulum, 96 Coracoidprocess, 89 Corpus,17,96 Costshodows, 36 Cheekbone, 17,4'l Chesl,58 59 Ch n $rop 32 '12, C avtcle, 17 , 18,21,46,52,56,58 Cacc\x, 18,19,82, 8A Colarbone,see Clovicle Commonlendon,21, 92 93,115 Composlon,24 Concha, 34 Condy e ol humerus, 92-93,98-99 Condy es of bmur 122 Contour drowng, 11 Corccobrochio s,94-95 Corocod process of scopuc,17 Corcnod process, 42-43 Cron um,19,29,40 relolonshp to foce,29 C.icod cori loge,44 Dollvn, Chor es,84 Delold muscles, 58,62,68,89,92-93, 94 95 oclionoti 89 on lomoe,68 orign ond lnsedon, 89 roised orm,94-95 Depssofobi inferor s,41 D giloiions, 60,62,64 DofsoLspnes of lhoraciclertebloe,78 Da'srm,122, 124,'126 Dropery 130-137 gesture of, 136 slmpting, 132 po nts,'131, support 132, 134 Dtaw)ng,'t2,110,128,139 drapery130-137 wiih line,12 Eor34 Eorobe,34 propodons, Egypton 21 ElGco, 23 ELbow'17,89,96, 100 pointof, 96 Ereclor sp noe,72 Enendorl 96, 123,124 Extensor d gitorum longus,1'18 119,126 Extensor oJlhe greotloe, 126 127 Extensors, 96 97,98 99
at.r'96 97,104 fnger '104 '126 laat, 118-119, 122, 124, ]egs, 147 118-119, 126 , thumb,99 Externol molleolus, 19,118 Exlernol obique muscle, 64,66,68 Eyes, 34,32,4a-41 eyes, 30,32,40 4l lghl ond shodeon, 34,36 mouih, 38 mlscles ol40-41 nose, 38 pocemento132,38 prcporlionol syslem, 32 Fdscio, 84 Femo e/tvlole lor oiions,68,82 pe vis,82 socrum, 82 iorso,68 Femur 17,'18, 19 r bato, 17 124-121 , 18,19,118-119, heod of, '19 muscles of, 120-121 Fingers, 17,96,100, 104-105 Flexian, 96, 123,124 Flexor rnuscles, 98-99,'110-111 bockof 9,110-11'l loreorm, 98-99 lowereg,'118-119 Foldof lhe groln,66-67 Focn, 124, 124-127 bonyarch,124-125 leg le olonshlp120 muscles of, 126-127 Foreshofen ng, 52,56-57,89, 102 Form,'10 27,38 bock,70 desgn ng, 24 25 fofeorm, 100 lneond,12-13 moe/lbmoe voriaiions, 68 overlopping, 60, 89 p ones ond,54 shopes ond, 14 15 slmplfuing,26 30,52,131 skeLelol slrlclureond, 16 19 underdrapery131 undeiyng structure, 10,16-27, 131 Go$rocnemius, 122 123 Geomelrc forms,52, 60 Gesfxe, '11, 16,24, 136 GlobeLo, 38 Glodio us,58
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prof e of lorso,86 pronolion oi hond,99 rb coge n spoce,52 seeHomsTr ng moss femorh, Posleror Posler or iLoc spne.18 lgoment 66 67 Pouporls 12,23 Pren'r noryskelches, 32 locio feollres, knee1obody 21 ol lgr'e.2o 23 22 23 Reno ssonce, syslems ot 20 23,32 Pyramidolis,62 108 Quodiceps,21,84,107 ociionol 107-108 common tendon,107 on,107-108 org n ond inserl 17,18,19,89,96-97 Rodus, of,96-97 movemenl Recius obdominus,62 107, 115 '116 Reclus femoris, proporions, 22-23 ssonce Reno 74-75,80-81 Rhombodeus, 24-25 Rhyrhm, Ribcoge, 21 of,50,52 mosslng poslon ng in sPoce,52, 56 57 t pped,64 Ribs, 18,19,50,58,60,62 o150,58, 62 corliloge Rimot eat seeHelix 72,82 84 socrum,18,19, vraotons,82 83 mole/femole orion ol ereclorspnoe,72 34 orign of g uleusmoximus, orign oi lol ssmusdors,78 108 109, 110 111 Soriorius, oclon ol 108 '108109 ofign ond nserlion, es,44 Scoene musc a. 17, 18,21,56 ScopLr oi 60,74 75,78 musces p ocemenlol 74 75 p io orms,9293 rcohonsh splneol l8 onierot 95 Serfo'tus rrognJs,60,64 Serrotus 36 Shodows,
Shope, oi dropery131,132 ol fornrs, 14 '15 oulside,14, 134 smp fuing,132 Shinbone, seeTbio Shorl exlensor of lhe loes,126-127 Shou der blodes, seeScopu o Shou dergirde,46,56 57 Shou derjo nl,17 Shou der muscle, 58 Shouders,82 83 fromework Skeletol 16-19 Skul, 40 Saetrs,122 123 Spoce,lorms n, 30,52,56 57,60 Spne ofihe scopuo, 18,75 ng, 128 129 Slond Sternoc e domostoid, 46 Sternomoslod,34 Stefnum, 17,21,46,50,58 Portsol, 58 Supnolor 97 99 Suprosp noius, 74-75 pubis, Symphyss 19,66-67 Torsq bones,124-125 Torsus,17,21 Ternpora is,41 43 Tencion sheeh,76,78 Tensor fosce oioe,108-109 Teres 93, major62,74-75,80-81,92 94 95 inseriion, 75 Teres minoi 74 75,80-81,92-95 Thenor mass,102 Thigh, 107 113 ironi ot '107 homsir ngsond, 1'10-111 movemenl ol 108 109 p lo pelvis,l'12-113 reloiionsh Thlghbone, seeFemur Throol46,56,58 Thoroc c orch,62 Thumb,99, 104 105 mLrscles of,99,104 reolionship 1ofingers,104-105 Throid codioge,44 \bia, 17 , 18,19 , 21,118-119 lLrberc e ol '19, 21 Tbiohonterior 118119,126 lt t, ol heod,30,34,46,76,83 for boonce,82 83 of pelvis Torso, 48 86 onlerior of,48 69 bonesol 17,58
iormsol chesl53-59 formsol 6l overlopping po$eior ot 70 87 prof e ot 86 rb coge,50 52 gkd e, 56 57 shouldef Trogus, 34 Tropez us,46,56,76 77,8o 81,89 orign ond nserlion, T6-77 Tro\,erse lendons, 62 Tr ceps,89,90,92-95 ociionol 90 externoheod ol92-93 nlerno heod ol 92 93,94 ong heod of,92 93 90 orlgn ond inserlon, Ir cepsfemoralis, seeQuodrceps Iuberce of lhe libo,19,21 19, 100 101 Uha,17, 18, 89,96-97, moss ng,100-101 mo\emeniof, 96 97 Uprght pose,128 \(rue, 34,36,38,80-81,134 mode ng ihe back,80-81 \tstus exlernus, 115, 116 107-108, orginond inserton, 107-108 \bsluslniermedlus, 107 ,l07, \hsiLrs 116 iniernus, 115, \brlebrae,'18, 19 ceNical, 19,14-15,76 eeclor spinoemusces ond, 72 latssimus dorsiond, 78 trmbat.19,72,78 scalene musc es ond,44 scopu oe ond, 74 75 lrapezius ond, 76 thotaclc,19, 50,7 4 75,78 vtetgfi , 68, 84, 86,124,02 on egs,84,86,120 a.t laes,122 plocemeni ol 68 Whiiene,62 Wist, 17,96, 100 101 Wistbroceleis, 102 Xipho d process, 17,21,58,62 Zygomol c orch,40 43 Zygomotclsmolor41 /gomotcusm not 41
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