Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rebel:
www.rebelnet.gr
Rebel: . Rebel
, .
700 , ,
2011. .
,
, .
www.rebelnet.gr
, e-mail: rebelnetgr@gmail.com
1. : Commons vs Crisis
. 4
2. Massimo De Angelis
,
: Commoning
. 25
3. Massimo de Angelis
. 64
4. Werner Bonefeld
:
. 73
5. Midnight Notes
:
. 96
6.
. 154
commons vs crisis
1. : Commons vs Crisis
,
: , , .
, - ,
,
(commons). , Midnight Notes Collective and Friends,
,
,
:
. ( )
.
.
(our common). ,
(Midnight Notes Collective and Friends, 2009).
: Commons vs Crisis
1. Common/Commons: / . .
2. Commoners: .
3. Enclosure/Enclosures/New Enclosures: / /
. .
commons vs crisis
,
. ,
.
-
to common ( ).
(De Angelis Stavrides 2009).
commoning
Peter Linebaugh 2008 The
Magna Carta Manifesto (Linebaugh 2008)
commoners
. , Linebaugh, commoning
(Linebaugh 2008). De Angelis The
Production of Commons and the Explosion of the Middle Class
commoning :
(common) (to common commoning)
.
, , ,
: commoning,
. () commoning - (De Angelis 2010). , De
Angelis
(commoning) : ,
. ,
: Commons vs Crisis
.
commoning ( )
(De Angelis Stavrides
2009). ,
- commoning- , -
, , , , , - , .
,
, De Angelis
commoners, , ,
(De Angelis Stavrides 2009).
( , ,
) , ,
,
:
.
commoning ( )
sharing ().
.
.
. (De Angelis
commons vs crisis
Stavrides 2009). , ,
,
(anticommons4).
, Federici, De Angelis
(commoning), ,
(commoning) ,
( ).
(Federici 2011),
: (gated
reality),
, ,
,
, , (Federici 2011).
Midnight Notes Collective and Friends
Promissory Notes from Crisis to Commons
(Midnight Notes Collective and Friends, 2009).
(
- ), ,
, ,
4. Anticommons: .
.
: Commons vs Crisis
,
commoners.
Harvey,
, (Harvey 2011). ,
, ..
, , ,
,
commoning,
. ,
commoning
,
De Angelis :
. ,
. ()
(
) (De Angelis 2009).
,
.
:
(enclosures)
(distorted commons).
5. Marx ,
, -
commons vs crisis
Marx ,
-
.5
, commoners, , , , ,
.6
19 20
, 7, -
,
, ,
( 1867: 757)
6. O Marx
.
24 ,
: , .
.
, :
, , : , , ,
. , ,
(Marx 1867:739).
7.
Luxembourg
(1913), .
10
: Commons vs Crisis
- .
( , , , ,
, ), 8.
, 20 ,
70
, ,
, ,
8. Lenin
(1899),
. Lenin,
, ,
(De Angelis 2001).
9. Midnight
Notes Collective 80. ,
, . , ,
,
, , , ,
(
) () ,
, -
11
commons vs crisis
. 9
80, , ,
, ,
,
(Caffentzis 2004).
, , ,
,
, , .
,
,
. ,
Marx,
:
, , (Marx 1867:739). ,
,
, ,
, -
, () :
(Midnight Notes Collective, 1990).
12
: Commons vs Crisis
. O
.
Werner Bonefeld,
: ,
.
,
. ,
.
. , , .
,
. ()
, ,
.
(Bonefeld 2009) .
,
.
, , ,
.
, .
13
commons vs crisis
, Chandra
Basu , , :
, , , .
,
, , )
)
( )
. ,
.
(Chandra Basu 2007). ,
,
,
.10
14
: Commons vs Crisis
, ,
,
.
Federici, ,
(Federici 2011).
,
, , -
) , .
:
, ; ()
:
,
. ,
. Marx
,
,
.
(Midnight Notes Collective and Friends 2009).
11. , Federici
, , :
15
commons vs crisis
.11 ,
(commoning). De
Angelis,
. ,
. ,
.
,
,
(De Angelis, M. and Stavrides 2009).
(commoning).
commoning, -
.
(communal) ,
. ,
,
,
, .. internet (Federici 2011).
16
: Commons vs Crisis
,
, , ,
. , , , ,
,
. Marx Engels:
, ,
! (Man), , ,
(living Man), ,
,
,
. (Marx/
Engels, 1980: 98). , , ,
,
, .
Bonefeld,
, , . , ,
, ; .
. :
. .
(Bonefeld 2010).
, , -
17
commons vs crisis
, (commons)
(commoning),
,
. (distorted commons)
(commoning),
.
Federici,
, 1990,
.
,
,
,
,
- (Federici 2011).
Caffentzis
: Plan B ;,
1980 1990
, , ,
, , , . ,
18
: Commons vs Crisis
.
.
() , ,
( Hardin12
Coase13), ,
(Caffentzis 2010).
, De Angelis
(distorted)
,
-
, (De Angelis
2009). ,
, ,
.
De Angelis:
12. G.
Hardin (Hardin 1968), , (free ride)
- .
13. Coase,
, ,
(Coase 1988).
19
commons vs crisis
. ,
,
- . ,
- .
. ,
.
,
,
.
.
,
-
(- , ..).
, , , (De Angelis 2009).
,
,
, ,
.
,
. (De Angelis 2009).
, De Angelis,
20
: Commons vs Crisis
, ,
: ,
. , (). . ,
- .
:
( ) (De Angelis 2009).
, (commoning distorted commoning),
, De
Angelis :
, , ,
(De Angelis 2009). Negri
:
Marx
, , ,
. ()
(common wealth) (Negri 2008)
21
commons vs crisis
,
,
.
Negri,
, ,
(Negri 2008). De Angelis
,
, . De Angelis
, . ,
- - , .
, .()
.
.
commoners
, (De Angelis, M. and Stavrides 2009).
,
,
, , , , ,
, .
.
22
: Commons vs Crisis
23
commons vs crisis
Kegan Paul Ltd.
Marx K. [1867] 2009. , (. .), : .
- [1844] 1975, , (. . ), : .
Marx, K., Engels F. 1980. Die heilige Familie, MEW 2, Dietz, Berlin.
Midnight Notes Collective and Friends, 2009. Promissory Notes: From Crises
to Commons
Negri A 2008. commonwealth, (. .),
: .
Ostrom, E., [1990] 2002. , (.
.), : .
24
2. 1
: commoning . An Architektur
Massimo De Angelis .2
An Architektur: . ,
(land enclosure) . ,
1960 , , (file-sharing ),
.
;
1. : e-flux 16,
2010, http://www.e-flux.com/journal/view/150
2. An Architektur
,
Massimo de Angelis University
of East London, , 4
2009 .
25
commons vs crisis
Massimo De Angelis:
,
. .
.
.
, , ,
.
,
.
-
.
:
Massimo De Angelis:
,
, , .
;
;
26
;
;
, ,
. , , ,
.
- ,
. ,
.
- ,
.
, .
. :
,
commoners ( )
, .
: (pooled
resources), (community), (commoning).
Massimo De Angelis:
.
. ,
, .
27
commons vs crisis
,
. .
. ,
(pooled resources), ( ), (non-commodified)
. , (communities) - , , .
commoners (), ,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
. i
- to common (, ).
. Peter
Linebaugh, Magna
Carta , commoning ( ), commoners .
-
-
.
-
28
,
de facto .
,
.
An Architektur:
.
;
.
;
Massimo De Angelis:
. ,
. ,
commoners,
,
. 16 17
-
. ,
,
. ,
.
, , ,
. .
29
commons vs crisis
.
commoners, , .
. , ,
,
,
.
,
.
, , (precondition).
,
- :
. , ,
,
,
. 80 ,
. .
,
( ),
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
projects,
.
30
31
commons vs crisis
,
. peer to peer
.
commoners. ,
. ,
,
,
.
An Architektur: - ,
, .
.
;
Massimo De Angelis:
Gerrit Hardin 1968. Hardin
,
,
-
32
. ,
.
, . :
. ,
, commoners . ,
commoning ( ).
(self-management) (self-government).
, , : (pooled
resources), (community)
(commoning). Hardin
,
(community), (commoning), ,
.
,
, . ,
. commoning (
) .
. , :
-
33
commons vs crisis
.
.
, ,
.
, .
An Architektur:
; , avant-garde ;
Massimo De Angelis: .
, , ,
,
.
,
commoning.
,
. ,
,
,
, . . ,
,
34
. ,
-
(
)
.
.
:
, comming (cyber-comming) peer-to-peer ()
,
, high-tech . ,
,
.
,
.
;
An Architektur: , ; Massimo ;
: , (community) (public). ,
35
commons vs crisis
,
.
.
. commoning (
) sharing ().
.
. .
commoners
, . ,
,
, .
.
,
. ;
;
;
36
(others) ; ,
,
.
:
An Architektur:
, ,
;
: ,
. ,
: .
,
.
,
. ,
, . ,
,
.
.
,
: ,
37
commons vs crisis
;
,
( -),
. ,
.
.
,
.
; , ,
;
, .
,
.
(commoning)
An Architektur: Massimo,
(commoning)
, .
;
; ,
,
.
Massimo De Angelis: -
38
:
- ,
-
.
- , , .
An Architektur: ;
Massimo De Angelis: , ,
, . , .
, copyright.
- (commodities), .
, (inputs)
.
. ,
, , . ,
, commoning. ,
. ,
, commoning, commoning
. ,
,
commoning (distorted commoning),
39
commons vs crisis
commoning
commoning,
, . ,
commoning. ,
. , commoning ,
,
.
commoning.
. ,
-
commoners
.
. ,
, ,
.
: - , Negri
Hardt. ,
-
40
,
, .
Negri Hardt
- :
,
.
,
, (in common - )
(produce commons).
, .
(enclosure acts)
internet,
. internet
commoning .
:
.
-
.
. .
Massimo De Angelis: ,
-
41
commons vs crisis
(co-optation). .
, , .
, ,
,
, .
,
,
. ,
.
O
An Architektur:
; , , ;
;
Massimo De Angelis:
.
1980 , ,
-
42
,
2001.
commoning, . , ,
. ,
. , ,
,
,
.
An Architektur:
commoning ;
; , ,
commoning; ;
; , ;
: ,
,
.
. , , ,
.
.
, .
,
43
commons vs crisis
.
,
,
.
, , . ,
,
. , , , .
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
, . , ,
, , ,
.
:
,
,
.
, -
44
,
,
.
,
.
. ,
.
, .
An Architektur: ; ;
: : . .
. , , .
,
,
,
,
, . ,
, , ,
.
,
, .
45
commons vs crisis
:
, .
Massimo De Angelis: , .
,
.
,
commoning.
,
.
.
, , .
, , , .
,
. ;.
,
. , ,
, ,
, , , , commoning
.
, , ,
. , .
,
46
. ,
.
: . , ,
.
, .
commoning, commoners. :
, ,
.
. , , ;
.
, ,
. .
.
.
,
. []
.
47
commons vs crisis
,
.
Massimo De Angelis: .
, ,
(commoning).
. , ,
commoning. , , ,
,
.
,
,
, .
commoning
.
.
.
, ,
.
,
commoning.
,
; .
48
:
- .
An Architektur:
;
: , commoning.
,
. , :
, , ,
. ,
.
.
.
, .
,
, .
, ,
,
,
. ;
; -
49
commons vs crisis
,
(mandar obedeciendo).
.
,
.
,
,
, .
, - ;
.
, ,
. , ,
,
,
.
Oaxaca, .
-,
. Oaxaca, - ,
, , .
.
.
50
. Oaxaca 600.000
.
, -
Oaxaca . ,
,
.
!
:
An Architektur: ,
.
;
:
. .
, . ,
,
, .
.
:
; ;
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
51
commons vs crisis
, , , .
, , . . ,
.
,
;
. ,
,
, . ,
,
.
. ,
, .
, ;
An Architektur: , ;
; ,
;
Massimo De Angelis: ,
:
52
. ,
. .
- homo economicus, - . , .
, .
, ,
. , , : ;
;
(- ) . .
,
, , ,
.
, ,
,
, .
. ; .
:
;
,
,
.
53
commons vs crisis
commoners.
,
,
commoners ,
.
, - -
.
: ,
.
.
,
,
; .
. ,
, ,
.
. , ,
,
.
! , ,
, , . ,
, . ,
,
54
. ,
. , . ,
.
, .
, .
(commoning) -
,
.
.
, .
.
, : ,
. ,
-
. , ,
. ,
55
commons vs crisis
,
.
.
,
.
, . , .
- .
Massimo De Angelis:
.
,
-commoning. ,
. , . , ,
, ,
.
Massimo De Angelis: ,
,
,
. commoning
. ,
56
.
,
,
, ,
.
commoning .
commoning, commoners,
. ,
, , . , -
, ,
commonig
.
,
,
commoning. .
commoning
,
(constituent movement)
.
An Architektur: ,
57
commons vs crisis
, Massimo; ;
:
. 50% !
. .
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
- .
,
70. ,
Christianias; ,
,
.
58
. : ,
- -, -
-. , - -
, , ,
,
.
An Architektur: , ,
;
,
. ; ;
:
. , .
.
.
banlieue.
, .
, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
59
commons vs crisis
,
, . , . .
.
, ,
, , ,
,
.
.
, .
. ,
.
. . , .
.
. ,
,
,
. , ,
. -
- () -
60
.
:
An Architektur: , projects.
,
;
:
(space) .
. ,
- ,
. , ,
.
,
,
. , ,
.
61
commons vs crisis
, ,
,
,
, . .
,
,
.
,
.
. Walter Benjamin,
,
. , (flaneur), :
.
,
. ,
.
,
, , ()
.
Lefebvre
.
-
-
62
.
, , . Lefebvre,
. , ,
, , , .
,
.
63
commons vs crisis
3. 1
Massimo de Angelis
, - ,
Elinor Ostrom
, . Massimo De Angelis
.
,
-
(commons): -
.
1. , Turbulence 5,
2009: http://turbulence.org.uk/turbulence-5/capitalist-commons/
64
.
, ,
- .
.
. Joseph
Stiglitz, - ,
,
.
, ,
. Stiglitz, ,
.
,
: ,
, ,
. , Stiglitz
.
-
-
. , Stiglitz
,
65
commons vs crisis
.
:
,
.
,
,
.
, Stiglitz,
.
;
(commons) (common interests).
,
- .
,
.
(global sisterhood)
. ,
, .
, -
66
(
, , )
21 .
.
, , .
, , , .
Stiglitz .
Stiglitz
.
,
.
.
.
- (distorted commons), -
, .
. ,
. ..
,
67
commons vs crisis
.
, ,
,
.
(distorted commons),
.
,
,
. ,
.
.
.
, ,
, .
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
- (distorted
68
commons),
. ,
- (distorted commons).
. , , -
(non-commodified common spaces and
resources). , -
.
. ,
.
,
, .
.
, -
(- ,
..).
,
.
69
commons vs crisis
,
,
. ,
.
.
. , -,
- ,
-
.
.
. ,
:
,
. , :
- . ,
:
. , ,
- , -
(distorted)
. ,
, (, , , )- :
.
70
(reclaiming commons)2
, ;
. ,
. , :
. ,
, .
(.. ) .
,
2. reclaim
,
-
- (
-),
, .
71
commons vs crisis
. ,
, , .
;
,
;
- -
(distorted commons). ,
( ) .
,
. ,
, , . .
,
- .
:
( ) .
72
4. : 1
Werner Bonefeld2
3
, , .
.
(Caffentzis, 1999). ,
(Federici, 1997). - (Dalla Costa, 1995a,
1. : The
Commoner 2, 2001, http://www.commoner.org.
uk/02bonefeld.pdf, . , Athens
Indymedia (6 2005).
2. Werner Bonefeld York ,
Open Marxism
K (1991), What is to Be done (2002),
Subverting the Present, Imagine the Future (2010).
3. Massimo De Angelis
.
73
commons vs crisis
1995b). Marx
,
(Marx, 1983, p. 707),
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
. , ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
- .
.
.
, - .
74
, - ,
(clearing of the estates)-
: . , ,
-
.
,
.
,
Luxemburg (1963), (capitalism proper)
. Luxemburg, ,
, , ,
. , ,
(original accumulation)
, , :
. , , .
Luxemburg
, ,
.
75
commons vs crisis
Amin, 1970,
: - ,
. , , ,
(Amin, 1974, p. 3).4
, , ,
. Marx (1973, p. 515) ,
- - -
(propertylessness) .
.
Marx
[ ]
.5
76
.6 Marx, ,
, , , , []
(Marx, 1972, p. 508) , , (Marx, 1962, p. 90).7
,
, ,
(Marx, 1972, p. 515).
:
(Marx, 1966, p. 391). -
; -
(.., p. 818). , ,
,
. ,
. , Marx, [
77
commons vs crisis
] [ ] (Marx, 1962, p. 95).
.8 :
,
,
,
,
,
(Marx, 1973, p. 489).
.
.
-
. , , ,
(Marx, 1972, p.
272).
(..).
Marx, .
...
( )
.
8.
.
78
(
)
(.., p. 89).
, , (Krahl, 1971,
p.223). ,
[] ...[]
(Marx, 1972, p. 272).
(Marx, 1972, p. 422)
[ ]
(..). , ,
, . ,
(Marx, 1966, p. 880).
(..).
,
,
,
(..). , (aufgehoben)
. , ,
. ,
-
79
commons vs crisis
, , -
, (Marx, 1973, p. 460). , -
. , ,
-
(Marx, 1983, p. 585).
,
.9 ,
- (wage-labouring commodity).
,
, ,
.
Marx:
.
,
.
,
80
, , .
, , , ,
, (Marx, 1983, pp. 77-8).
, ,
: .
.
, , .
, ,
, , .
,
, (Marx, 1973, p. 162).
(.., pp. 163-64).
, , , , ,
.
,
,
.
(cf. Negri, 1984)
, , ,
81
commons vs crisis
(Marx, 1983, p.
555). . ,
,
.
, [ ]
,
(..).
,
,
.
(Marx, 1963, p.
408). ,
(Gambino, 1996, p. 55).
- ,
-
, , ,
(Marx, 1973, pp. 452-53). (Marx, 1972,
p. 422). , Marx,
(..).
, Marx
, , , ,
82
, . ,
, (.. 422).
(.. p. 271).
, , . , . Marx
, [bildet] [Begriff]
(Marx, 1966, p. 246). (Marx, 1978, p. 116) ,
(Marx, 1983, p. 85). , ,
,
.10 , , -
(pre-positing) .11
: - ,
. ,
-
83
commons vs crisis
(Clarke, 1982, p. 80).12
, ,
.
. , ,
.
, ,
, ,
(
) (Marx, 1966, p. 246).
, , .
,
,
, .
,
, , , , ,
, ,
, [] . -
-
84
, ,
, , , , [ ]
, ...,
, (Marx,
1972, pp. 475-76).
. .
,
.
, ,
[] .
, [] , [
] , ,
, ,
, , , ,
,
(Marx, 1972, pp. 507-8).
, ,
,
[Dasein] . ,
,
,
85
commons vs crisis
. ,
(Marx, 1973, p. 458).
, , . ,
(..).
,
,
.
() () .13
Horkheimer (1985, p. 246),
.
, ,
. ,
, .
(Negri, 1992, p. 70).
,
.14
, ,
86
. Marx
: . ,
, ! , ,
, ,
,
,
a person apart.
(Marx/Engels, 1980, p. 98). Marx
(unreflected) :
. ,
Marcuse ,
,
(1988, p. 151).
, , . , ,
,
(Jessop, 1991).
- ,
:
(Negri, 1992, p. 70).
:
87
commons vs crisis
(Marx, 1972, p. 492)
, ,
(Marx, 1983, p. 555).
(.., p. 568)
,
.
, , ,
[ ]:
,
,
[]
, . ,
, sine qua non (.., pp. 535-36).
, ,
.
Marx,
,
(Marx, 1972 p. 272, Marx,
1983, p. 688).
(Marx, 1973, p. 507).
, (objectless labour) (.., p. 508).
,
88
. ,
- (.., p. 555)
.
(Urquhart, Marx, 1983, p.
343), , ,
[Mensch] (cf. Marx, 1977, p. 155). ,
,
,
(Marx, 1983,
p. 317).
.
(Marx, 1973, p. 399).
. , -,
.
. , ,
.15 -
15. ,
,
, . ,
(actual) ...
89
commons vs crisis
,
, ,
, Marx
. , (Gewalt),
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
- . ,
(value form)
. (cf. Marx, 1973, p. 105).
, , ,
[Mensch], ,
,
...
[] .
,
, , , ,
(Marx, 1966, p. 820). Wildcat Holloway (Wildcat, 1999).
90
,
. .
,
(Dalla Costa, 1995a,
p. 21). -.
,
, .
(Dalla Costa, 1995a,b, Caffentzis, 1995)
.
- . (cf. Agnoli, 2000)
(cf.
Godelier, 2000),
. Marx (1983, p. 447)
, ... ,
.
:
.
. . , .
91
commons vs crisis
, ,
forces propres
(Marx, 1964, p. 370). Marx
,
.
. (, ,
)
-
(Marx and Engels, 1962, p. 74).
Adorno (1975, p. 44),
. , ,
.
.
. , ,
,
,
, (dignities)
,
(cf. Marx, 1983,p.85). , .
92
, ,
, (Marx,
1983, p. 309). , ,
, , ,
,
, (cf.
Marx, 1975, p. 182). ,
(object-less labour). , ,
.
.
93
commons vs crisis
Caffentzis, G. (1995), The Fundamental Implications of the Debt
Crisis for Social Reproduction in Africa, in Dalla Costa, M. and
G.F. Dalla Costa (eds) Paying the Price, Zed Books, London.
Caffentzis, G. (1999), The End of Work or the Rennzissance of
Slavery?, Common Sense, no. 24.
Dalla Costa, M. (1995a), Development and Reproduction,
Common Sense no. 17.
Dalla Costa, M. (1995b), Capitalism and Reproduction, in
Bonefeld, W. etal. (eds.) Open Marxism: Emancipating Marx,
Pluto, London.
de Angelis, M. (1999), Marxs Theory of Primitive Accumulation: a
Suggested Reinterpretation
Federici, S. (1997), Reproduction and Feminist Struggle in the
New International Division of Labour, in Dalla Costa, M. and
G.F. Dalla Costa (eds) Women, Development and Labour
Reproduction, African World Press, Lawrenceville.
Gambino, R. (1996), A Critique of the Fordism and the Regulation
School, Common Sense no. 19.
Godelier, M. (2000), The Disappearance of the Socialist System:
Failure or Confirmation of Marxs View on the Transition from
One Form of Production and Society to Another?, in Bonefeld,
W. and K. Psychopedis (eds), The Politics of Change, Palgrave,
London.
Holloway, J. (1995), Capital Moves, Capital & Class no. 57.
Horkheimer, M. (1985), Zur Kritik der instrumentellen Vernunft,
Fischer, Frankfurt.
Jessop, B. (1991), Polar Bears and Class Struggle, in Bonefeld, W.
and J. Holloway (eds) Post-Fordism and Social Form, Macmillan,
London.
Krahl, J. (1971), Konstitution und Klassenkampf, Verlag Neue
Kritik, Frankfurt, 4th ed. 1985.
Lebowitz, M (1999), In Brenner, Everything is Reversed, Historical
Materialism, no. 4.
Luxemburg, R. (1963), The Accumulation of Capital, Routldege,
94
London.
Marcuse, H. (1988), Philosophy and Critical Theory, in ibid.
Negations, Free Association Press, London.
Marx, K. (1962), Das Kapital, vol. I, MEW 23, Dietz Verlag, Berlin.
Marx, K. (1963), Theories of Surplus Value Part I, Lawrence &
Wishart, London.
Marx, K. (1964), Zur Judenfrage, in MEW 1, Dietz, Berlin.
Marx, K. (1966), Capital Vol. III, Lawrence & Wishart, London.
Marx, K. (1972), Theories of Surplus Value Part III, Lawrence &
Wishart, London.
Marx, K. (1973), Grundrisse, Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Marx, K. (1975), Contribution to Critique of Hegels Philosophy of
Law. Introduction, Collected Works, vol. 3, Lawrence & Wishart,
London.
Marx, K. (1977), Das Elend der Philosophy, MEW 4, Dietz, Berlin.
Marx, K. (1978), Capital, Vol. II, Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Marx, K. (1983), Capital, vol. I, Lawrence & Wishart, London.
Marx, K. and F. Engels (1962), Die deutsche Ideology, MEW 3,
Dietz, Berlin.
Marx, K. and F. Engels (1980), Die heilige Familie, MEW 2, Dietz,
Berlin.
Negri, A. (1984), Marx beyond Marx, Bergin & Garvey,
Massachusetts.
Negri, A. (1992), Interpretation of the Class Situation Today, in
Bonefeld, W. etal. (eds.) Open Marxism: Theory and Practice,
Pluto, London.
Negt, O. and A. Kluge (1981), Geschiche und Eigensinn, Verlag
2001, Frankfurt.
Psychopedis, K. (1992), Dialectical Theory, in Bonefeld, W. etal.
(eds.) Open Marxism: Dialectics and History, Pluto, London.
Wildcat and J. Holloway (1999), Wildcat (Germany) reads John
Holloway - A Debate on Marxism and the Politics of Dignity,
Common Sense, no. 24.
95
commons vs crisis
5. :
1
Midnight Notes2
.
.
,
, , .
:
2008 .
96
: ,
, .
. , ,
.
. ,
, , , ,
.
,
, .
.
, .
, 2008 ( ).
.
;
,
.
,
. ,
97
commons vs crisis
,
[hedge-funds]
. , ,
,
.
.
21
19 ,
, ,
.
,
, . , .
(
).
. ,
: , , .
, , . 1930,
98
,
,
.
, . ,
. ,
. ,
. ...
, ( , ,
) ,
.
: ,
;
, , 19 :
. 1848:
...,
.
, ,
,
.
:
99
commons vs crisis
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
.
, .
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. (commoning).
.
5.
.
1. :
New Deal. ,
New Deal.
, .
, .
, . ,
-
100
,
. .
, , .
, ,
80 90.
,
. ,
, , ...
.
. ( ),
.
,
!
, [financialization] , ,
,
.
-
101
commons vs crisis
,
.
,
( )
,
New Deal.
. , . ,
/
: , .
.. (
,
.)
. ,
New Deal.
New Deal )
, )
)
. New Deal
, ,
,
.
. ,
30. (
102
..)
New Deal, ,
60 70
New Deal.
,
,
, . ,
,
. ,
( ) 70.
, 70
.
80
:
.
, .
30
,
.
, , .
, -
103
commons vs crisis
(
19 ). ,
: , ,
,
(. MN, 1997).
( )
,
( P.M, 1985) A-deal ( ),B-deal ( ) C-deal (
).
A-deal:
1981,
1985,
(
).
B-deal: ,
.
C-deal: ,
()
() .
104
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
90
sweatshops .
, 1997 .
,
.
.
,
. , hedgefunds .
,
. ,
( )
( ).
.
, .
-
105
commons vs crisis
( )
.
. , , : ,
; / / /
:
/ 100%.
,
50%. ;
,
.
. , ,
. ,
.
,
;
,
: )
)
( )
. ,
. , ,
106
.
, , ) ).
)
, ( , ),
. ,
.
. , ,
,
.
400% 1996-2006,
300% 1990-2005,
2000 2005.
.
.
1/10
100%.
1/5
. , ,
50%.
, ,
. -
107
commons vs crisis
, ,
1997, One
No and many Yeses (, 1997).
(
, )
.
.
, Gucci.
,
.
:
.
. ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
) /
. ,
. ,
108
,
, ,
,
(GM),
.
, .
, ,
Monet.
. ,
.
,
.
, , ,
,
... ;
.
;
. ,
, -
109
commons vs crisis
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
, , , (
)
.
2. :
.
, ,
, :
. ,
, ;
.
30,
,
. , . ,
110
, .
, ,
, .
( )
, ,
(
, ...). ,
70, OPEC
.
()
1975
.
.
,
.
,
.
111
commons vs crisis
.
70 ,
,
,
.
. , :
1.
.
2.
/ .
3. (
).
4. (, , ).
5.
.
6. , ,
.
1.
, ,
.
GATT ( )
112
() 1994. ,
.
. , , ,
:
)
80, 1989, 1994.
)
,
, , G8.
)
(
) , , ,
.
.
. , Doha
,
.
1998-2008 (
, ).
, ,
,
113
commons vs crisis
,
.
2. 1999. ,
,
(, 2002). ,
. . , ,
, ,
:
(OPEC) . , , ,
.
( ). , ,
2011,
! ,
,
.
114
3.
1973.
,
70.
(.. ) .
, , ,
,
, . ,
,
.
,
, .
, .
, 1997 (. , 1997).
,
,
.
4.
,
.
, -
115
commons vs crisis
.
, . , - (common
land) (
), .
. , ,
(Movement for
the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, MEND).
, . ,
, .
Hubbert.
5.
,
. ,
, .
/ / /
; / -
116
/
;
, ,
, .
:
[subprime mortgages], ,
, 401(k). ,
,
. ,
. ,
( , ), . , ,
.
,
. ,
(, , ...)
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
117
commons vs crisis
,
.
,
/ /.
( )
.
.
,
. ,
, .
,
(
),
. ,
. ,
,
,
. ,
$1000 ,
. $1.000.000.000
, .
, 1.000.000
118
$1000 ,
!
.
, ,
. (
, )
. , ,
,
,
. , .
[intra-class], [omni-class],
[inter-class]
.
6.
(, ,
, )
, .
21 ,
,
. ,
, ,
; , , ,
, ,
-
119
commons vs crisis
.
21 .
.
,
(5) (6);
,
.
( ),
. ,
. 60
redlining . ,
. , ,
21 ;
. , ,
2008.
, , ,
, ,
, -
120
. (
) ,
, ,
.
3.
: )
, )
) ,
, ,
.
:
I. ;
,
.
,
.
.
(
)
( ,
121
commons vs crisis
, , offshore
!)
, ; ,
,
;
,
(
) multipurpose (Citygroup),
(AIG), (BearStearns)
.
GM Chrysler
AIG,
.
,
21 ,
: ) ,
(
,
) ) ,
.
122
, Bubble Act 1720
, ,
1720, Glass-Steagall Act
1929.
,
.
,
:
( )
,
, ,
. 21 ,
20 , (
);
, (
). . ,
(
)
.
, -
123
commons vs crisis
. ,
(
)
.
.
II.
, 19 ,
. 1860:
,
. ,
, .
. (
).
. ,
(
) , , , ,
.
,
,
.
, 19 .
124
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
19 ,
( ) .
, . .
(
30% ). ,
21 ,
[inter-class] ,
.
,
--,
. ,
. :
21
;
125
commons vs crisis
;
, , , , .
(
) ,
, ,
, . ,
,
,
,
.
.
.
, .
:
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
126
III. : .
.
, 80. ,
,
70 ,
, (
). 1979
,
, .
,
80, , ,
,
().
,
,
, .
,
.
1997,
127
commons vs crisis
1980 1990. , ,
, .
80 2000.
, ,
,
.
,
Chiapas . ,
21 , (,
).
, ,
, /
, ,
.. .
( )
, ,
.
, ,
(.
). , ,
,
128
. ,
. ,
G20
1
.
.
, . ( ),
,
. (
, , , jatropha )
, .
,
,
.
jatropha ( ).
.
,
129
commons vs crisis
, ( )
,
. ,
.
, ,
. .
,
!
3.
.
( ,
). Republic
Windows and Doors ,
.
: City Life
. IAF
. ,
Take Back the Land
. ACORN
San Francisco Bay
130
. ,
.
,
. ,
, .
, .
,
.
, ,
,
, .
:
, , ;
,
(, ) (, , ).
, ,
, .
,
, -
131
commons vs crisis
, , 15
, G20,
. ,
BBVA. , Lehman
Brothers, Robin-Bank
38 ,
.
,
,
.
,
70% ,
.
, ,
: .
:
. , ,
, ,
.
, , , , ,
, , .
4. :
.
132
. ,
, .
,
,
( )
.
,
(
) .
.
; , ,
.
Common Sense.
, , , , .
: . : !.
, ,
. ( )
, . .
133
commons vs crisis
(our common). ,
,
,
. , ,
,
,
. , ,
, .
,
,
,
.
.
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
, .
,
. ,
. ,
.
:
134
* 37 .
*
.
*
.
*
.
* 70
.
* .
. ,
.
, ,
, , .
( , ,
/ ),
(
, , , , )
( 13 14, Wagner Act,
Voting Rights Act ).
, , -
135
commons vs crisis
.
Rio Bravo.
, , ,
potencia (-) poder ().
(2005): ,
,
: , , , ,
, , , , , , , .
.
, ,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
, .
136
: .
,
,
.
, 1970. .
,
hobo jungles
, , , ,
, .
:
,
.
.
.
, ,
(Tent Cities)
,
.
:
.
. , ,
,
, , ,
.
137
commons vs crisis
:
.
,
.
: ,
. ... !
,
,
, ,
business as usual.
:
.
15
;
,
, ;
: , ,
. ,
.
, . :
* :
138
( )
(
, ).
.
*
. ,
21 ,
, ,
,
,
, , , ,
( ,
, , ).
, , , .
, ,
,
.
*
, . . ,
( ),
.
*
139
commons vs crisis
, , .
* ,
.
,
. ,
.
* : ...
5. .
, , ,
.
...
(
).
( )
(
)
. ,
20 , .
/,
140
. ( ) -,
/ ,
. ,
.
. ,
/
.
, .
/ ,
.
, , , , ,
,
,
. , . ,
.
, ,
.
, , , .
141
commons vs crisis
(
. ) , (..
) . ,
, , ,
.
. MN
. Massimo de ngelis ,
, The beginning of History:
, , , ,
, , ,
,
, , (
). ,
,
,
. (DeAngelis, 2007: 227).
Chris Carlsson
Nautopia , :
,
142
, ,
, ,
, , (Carlsson, 2008:45).
,
,
.
, /
. ,
, . . ,
,
/
, ,
, .
, ,
,
, , , , .
2005,
, brador
PRD ( )
, ,
-
143
commons vs crisis
,
.
.
, . ,
, , , , ,
. ,
,
. , , , ,
, ,
.
, . ; ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
(..
144
).
, ,
,
.
1. , ,
, , ,
. ,
( ),
.
( ,
)
.
: , , , , , , (
) . (
, ).
/; ; ,
;
2.
, , . , ,
. .
145
commons vs crisis
, Kolya Abramsky Gathering Our
Dignified Rage:
,
, ,
; (Abramsky, 2008). ,
, Zerowork
70: ,
(MN, 1992: 112).
3. .
, ,
.
/, .
.
4. .
.
, , , . ,
, ;
, (
, ); ,
,
146
; ,
; ( ),
;
;
5. .
.
.
.
, ,
. . ,
,
, .
1960, ,
,
.
/
/
; (
,
). ,
;
; : -
147
commons vs crisis
urban gardening
,
,
.
, .,
,
( , ). , (
) , ,
. , ,
,
. ,
( , , , ) ,
,
,
;
6. .
, ,
. ,
,
.
;
; ,
;
7.
148
, , , ,
(, )
. :
( ) .
, .
; , ,
,
.
( , , ). ,
,
.
8. .
. , .
.
, . , ,
(bioengineering) , , , , ,
, .
,
.
9. . , -
149
commons vs crisis
. ,
.
.
.
. ( )
.
.
(
)
,
,
.
6. :
. ,
.
,
.
. ,
,
, -
150
. ,
, :
;
,
1989;
. , ( , , ,
),
.
, ,
.
( )
( ),
( ),
.
, , ,
. , 1990 (
)
( ).
151
commons vs crisis
, ,
,
,
(
).
. , ,
, . , ,
,
.
152
153
commons vs crisis
6.
Common/Commons:
common/s communis,
comoenus ( ), com-,
manis ,
com-, unus /,
com- (e)meya
. , , communis
. communis
Communism, Communalis, Communa Commune Kommuna
Community (, ), common/commons,
, .. , , .
common/commons ,
(. , . , . )
. common/commons,
,
common pool resources ( , , , , , , , , ,
..)
154
155
commons vs crisis
commoners,
(pool resource),
,
. ,
-
- ( ),
, .
, , , (.. )
.
,
.
.
, ,
, , . , commoners
- (reclaim), -
reclaim
.
156
(commoning)
.
Marx - (realisation
- verwirklichung), . ,
commoners
- ,
,
( ) .
, commoners
,
commoning.
,
commoner, commoners .
Enclosure/ Enclosures/ New Enclosures: / / . enclosure enclosures inclosure
(15 ),
enclos enclore
,
incldere, incld, in- (
) claud clavis,
. , enclosure
157
commons vs crisis
. , , , ,
enclosure ,
. (anticommons). ,
enclosure ,
. ,
, ,
. , , ,
, ,
. , ,
70 ,
( , internet, , , , ),
,
( , ), (human
trafficking) ...
Anticommons: . (anticommons)
(commons). , -
158
, ..
(gated communities) ( ) (others) .
commoners. commoners
, ,
- . ,
enclosure, .
159
commons vs crisis
160