Lecture 32 Steel Design Tension members and beams

Structural steel is the strongest material commercially available for the construction of buildings and other structures. It is widely used for the construction of the tallest and widest buildings and other structures. Local labor and availability make structural steel the material of choice for many applications. The design, fabrication and erection of structural steel for buildings within the US (and much of the world) is dictated by the American Institute of Steel Construction, AISC http://www.aisc.org

IBC Structural Steel Design Steel construction information is found in Chapter 22 of the IBC. In particular, Section 2205 states: The design, fabrication and erection of structural steel for buildings and other structures shall be in accordance with the AISC.

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AISC Methods of Design There are two methods of structural design of structural steel: 1) Allowable Stress Design (ASD) The ASD method has been around for many decades and is still in use today. As with wood and other materials that also use this method, it is based on the premise that the allowable stress must be greater than the actual anticipated stress. This is the method that will be used in the design of structural steel members for our discussion, and is based on the 9th edition of the AISC Manual of Steel Construction ASD, 1989.

2) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) The LRFD method is relatively new the first edition of LRFD Manual of Steel Construction was in 1986 (the 3rd edition issued in 2002). It is based on a statistical approach of applying load factors to the anticipated service loads and selecting members such that the ultimate strength of the members exceeds the factored loads. These load factors are listed in the IBC Section 1605.2.1. The method is a bit more complicated and is not as widely used (yet) as the ASD method. However, design by the LRFD typically yields lighter-weight members and is therefore more efficient. This method is gaining increased support by architects and engineers and will most likely replace the ASD method within the next decade. It is the basis of steel design in the AECT 460 Structural Steel Design.

ASD Manual 9th ed. (1989)

LRFD Manual 3rd ed. (2002)

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Tension Member Design The allowable tensile stress, Ft, shall not exceed 60% of the yield stress on the gross area nor 50% of the ultimate stress on the net area. Or, re-writing, the allowable tensile load on a steel member, Pallow: 0.60(Fy)(Ag) yielding on gross area Pallow < smaller or 0.50(Fu)(Anet) fracture on net area

where: Fy = yield stress for steel, KSI = 36 KSI for ASTM A36 steel = 50 KSI for ASTM A572 & A992 grade 50 steels Fu = ultimate stress for steel, KSI = 58 KSI for ASTM A36 steel = 65 KSI for ASTM A572 & A992 grade 50 steels Ag = gross cross-sectional area of member, in2 Anet = net area of member accounting for reduction of area for bolt holes = Ag [(No. of bolts)(bolt dia. x material thickness)]

2 bolt holes

Gross area of angle

Net area of angle

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Example 1 GIVEN: A steel A36 C10x20 channel carries a tensile load = 120 kips. It is fastened to the structure with 3 diameter bolts. REQUIRED: 1) Determine if the channel is acceptable based upon yielding on the gross area. 2) Determine if the channel is acceptable based upon fracture on the net area.

120 kips

Channel with bolt holes Section cut thru bolt holes Step 1 Determine Pallow for yielding on gross area: Pallow = 0.60(Fy)(Ag) = 0.60(36 KSI)(5.88 in2) Pallow = 127 kips Since Pallow = 127 kips > 120 kips channel is acceptable

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Step 2 Determine Pallow for fracture on net area: Pallow = 0.50(Fu)(Anet) = 0.50(Fu)(Ag [(No. of bolts)(bolt dia. x material thickness)]) = 0.50(58 KSI)(5.88 in2 [(3 bolts)( x 0.379 in)]) Pallow = 146 kips web thickness

Since Pallow = 146 kips > 120 kips channel is acceptable Example 2 GIVEN: A steel-framed building is stabilized against wind force with a diagonal tension brace as shown below. The bracing member is to be 2 equal leg back-to-back angles. REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight back-to-back equal leg angles using A572 steel. The angles are to be welded to the steel gusset plate, so there is no need to investigate fracture on the net area.

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Step 1 Determine required area based on yielding on gross area: Pallow = 0.60(Fy)(Ag) Rearranging to solve for Ag: P Ag > 0.60( Fy ) > 86 Kips 0.60(50 KSI )

Ag > 2.87 in2 Step 2 Determine size of single angle: From the analysis, Ag = 2.87 in2 for 2 angles Area for 1 angle = (2.87 in2) = 1.44 in2 Possibilities: Angle Size: L6x6x5/16 L5x5x5/16 L4x4x1/4 L3 x 3 x L3x3x Area (in2): 3.65 3.03 1.94 1.69 1.44 Weight (lbs per foot): 12.4 10.3 6.6 5.8 4.9

Use 3x3x back-to-back angles Ag = 2.88 in2 > 2.87 in2

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Beam Design Steel beams are designed on the basis of bending stress. The allowable bending stress, Fb, is based on the following: Width of compression flange Distance between lateral supports of compression flange Orientation of beam Type of loading, i.e., single-curvature or double-curvature

Recalling that a typical wide-flange beam under normal loading conditions has compression acting in the top flange and tension acting in the bottom flange as shown below:

The compression in the flange of a beam behaves much the same as compression in a column, i.e., unless it is adequately laterally supported, the beam is likely to buckle. This buckling in a beam is referred to as lateral torsional buckling. The beam will twist out of plane and fail, similar to a yard stick. Increasing the distance between lateral support dramatically reduces the moment capacity of the beam. If a graph of the moment capacity of a beam were plotted against the distance between lateral supports, it would take the following shape: Moment capacity Distance between lateral supports
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Most beams have adequate lateral support of the compression flange, usually in the form of flooring, roofing or by other beams framing into it. Assuming this is the case, the allowable bending stress, Fb is defined as: Fb = 0.66Fy > fb where: Fb = allowable bending stress, KSI Fy = yield stress, KSI = 50 KSI for ASTM A992 steel (new wide-flange beams) = 50 KSI for ASTM A572 steel (high strength angles, channels) = 36 KSI for ASTM A36 steel (low strength angles, channels, plates) = 46 KSI for ASTM A500 steel (tube steel referred to as Hollow Structural Section, HSS) fb = actual bending stress M max = Sx The design of steel beams involves selecting the section modulus by setting the actual bending stress equal to the allowable bending stress. Therefore: Required Sx =
M max (12" / ft ) Fb

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Example 3 GIVEN: A simply-supported beam (continuously laterally braced) is loaded as shown below. Assume the weight of the beam is already included. REQUIRED: 1) Design the lightest weight wide-flange beam using A992 steel. 2) Design the lightest weight back-to-back channel beam using A36 steel. 3) Design the lightest weight square tube Hollow Structural Section (HSS) beam using A500 steel. 1750 PLF

20-0

Step 1 Determine the maximum moment, Mmax, on the beam: Mmax = wL2 8 (1750 PLF )(20' ) 2 8

= 87500 ft-lb = 87.5 kip-ft Step 2 Design lightest weight wide-flange beam using A992 steel: Required Sx =
M max (12" / ft ) Fb

87.5kip ft (12" / ft ) 0.66(50 KSI )

= 31.8 in3

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Possibilities: Beam size: W8x40 W10x30 W12x26 W14x26 W16x26 W18x35 Sx (in3) 35.3 32.4 33.4 35.3 38.4 57.6 Weight (lbs per foot): 40 30 26 26 26 46

Use W16x26 since Sx = 38.4 in3 > 31.8 in3 total wt. = 26 PLF Step 3 Design lightest weight back-to-back channels using A36 steel: Required Sx =
M max (12" / ft ) Fb

87.5kip ft (12" / ft ) 0.66(36 KSI )

= 44.2 in3 for 2 channels Required Sx for 1 channel = (44.2 in3) = 22.1 in3 Possibilities: Channel size: C12x25 C15x33.9 Sx (in3) 24.1 42.0 Weight (lbs per foot): 25 33.9

Use ][ 12x25 since Sx = 2(24.1 in3) > 44.2 in3 total wt. = 50 PLF

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Step 4 Design lightest weight square tube HSS using A500 steel: Required Sx =
M max (12" / ft ) Fb

87.5kip ft (12" / ft ) 0.66(46 KSI )

= 34.6 in3 Possibilities: Tube size: 9x9x0.50 10x10x0.3125 12x12x0.25 14x14x0.3125 Sx (in3) 42.9 36.7 44.1 74.6 Weight (lbs per foot): 55.66 40.35 39.43 57.36

Use 12x12x0.25 HSS since Sx = 36.7 in3 > 34.6 in3 total wt. = 39.43 PLF

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