Chapter 21 Magnetic Induction Lecture 12

21.1 Why is it called Electromagnetism ?

21.2 Magnetic Flux and Faradays Law
21.3 Lenzs Law and Work-Energy Principles
21.4 Inductance
21.5 RL Circuits
21.6 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field

Electromagnetism and Magnetic Induction
Electric and magnetic phenomena were connected
by rsted in 1820
He discovered an electric current in a wire can exert a
force on a compass needle
Indicated a electric field can lead to a force on a
magnet
He concluded an electric field can produce a magnetic
field
Did a magnetic field produce an electric field? Yes !
Experiments were done by Michael Faraday

Section 21.1
This effect is called magnetic induction
This links electricity and magnetism in a fundamental way
Faradays Experiment
Faraday attempted to
observe an induced
electric field
He used an ammeter
instead of a light bulb
If the bar magnet was in
motion, a current was
observed
If the magnet is
stationary, the current
and the electric field are
both zero
Section 21.1
Another Faraday Experiment
A solenoid is positioned near a loop of wire with the light bulb
He passed a current through the solenoid by connecting it to a
battery
When the current through the solenoid is constant, there is no
current in the wire
When the switch is opened or closed, the bulb does light up
Section 21.1
Conclusions from Experiments
An electric current is produced during those
instances when the current through the solenoid is
changing
Faradays experiments show that an electric current
is produced in the wire loop only when the magnetic
field at the loop is changing
A changing magnetic field produces an electric field
An electric field produced in this way is called an
induced electric field
The phenomena is called electromagnetic induction
Section 21.1
Magnetic Flux
Faraday developed a quantitative theory of induction
now called Faradays Law
The law shows how to calculate the induced electric
field in different situations
Faradays Law uses the concept of magnetic flux
Magnetic flux is similar to the concept of electric flux
Let A be an area of a surface with a magnetic field
passing through it The flux is
B
= B A cos
Section 21.2
Magnetic Flux, cont.
If the field is perpendicular to the surface,
B
= B A
If the field makes an angle with the normal to the
surface,
B
= B A cos
If the field is parallel to the surface,
B
= 0
Section 21.2
The SI unit of magnetic flux is the Weber (Wb)
1 Wb = 1 T
.
m
2

Faradays Law
Faradays Law indicates how to calculate the
potential difference that produces the induced
current
Written in terms of the electromotive force induced in
the wire loop

B
= B A cos

The magnitude of the induced emf equals the rate of
change of the magnetic flux
The negative sign is Lenzs Law

B
t
c
Au
=
A
Section 21.2
Applying Faradays Law
The is the induced
emf in the wire loop
Its value will be
indicated on the
voltmeter
It is related to the
electric field directly
along and inside the
wire loop
The induced potential
difference produces the
current
Flux Though a Changing Area
A magnetic field is
constant and in a
direction perpendicular
to the plane of the rails
and the bar
Assume the bar moves
at a constant speed
The magnitude of the
induced emf is = B L v

B
= B A cos
The current leads to
power dissipation in the
circuit (by the resistor)

Section 21.2
B
t
c
Au
=
A
Conservation of Energy
The mechanical power put into the bar by the
external agent is equal to the electrical power
delivered to the resistor
Energy is converted from mechanical to electrical,
but the total energy remains the same
Conservation of energy is obeyed by
electromagnetic phenomena
Section 21.2
Electrical Generator
Need to make the rate of
change of the flux large
enough to give a useful emf

B
= B A cos

Use rotational motion
instead of linear motion
A permanent magnet
produces a constant
magnetic field in the region
between its poles
Section 21.2
B
t
c
Au
=
A
Changing a Magnetic Flux, Summary
Section 21.2
Lenzs Law
Lenzs Law gives an easy
way to determine the sign
of the induced emf
Lenzs Law states the
magnetic field produced by
an induced current always
opposes any changes in
the magnetic flux

B
= B A cos

Section 21.3
B
t
c
Au
=
A
Lenzs Law, Example 1
Assume a metal loop in which the magnetic field
passes upward through it
Assume the magnetic flux increases with time
The magnetic field produced by the induced emf
must oppose the change in flux
Therefore, the induced magnetic field must be
downward and the induced current will be clockwise
Section 21.3
Lenzs Law, Example 2
Assume a metal loop in which the magnetic field
passes upward through it
Assume the magnetic flux decreases with time
The magnetic field produced by the induced emf
must oppose the change in flux
Therefore, the induced magnetic field must be
upward and the induced current will be
counterclockwise
Section 21.3
Inductance
In some cases, you must include the induced flux
When the switch is closed, a sudden change in
current occurs in the coil
This current produces a magnetic field
An emf and current are induced in the coil
Section 21.4
B
t
c
Au
=
A
Inductor
A coil is type of circuit element called an inductor
Many inductors are constructed as small solenoids
Almost any coil or loop will act as an inductor
Whenever the current through an inductor changes,
a voltage is induced in the inductor that opposes this
change
This phenomenon is called self-inductance
The current changing through a coil induces a current
in the same coil
The induced current opposes the original applied
current, from Lenzs Law
Section 21.4
Inductance of a Solenoid
Faradays Law can be used to find the inductance of
a solenoid
L is the symbol for inductance
The voltage across the solenoid can be expressed in
terms of the inductance
o
N A
L

=
2
I
L
t
c
A
=
A
Section 21.4
The results apply to all coils or loops of wire
The value of L depends on the physical size and
shape of the circuit element
The voltage drop across an inductor is
The unit of inductance is the Henry
1 H = 1 V
.
s / A
L
I
V L
t
A
=
A
B
t
c
Au
=
A
V
emf , L
=
d Nu
B
( )
dt
=
d Li
( )
dt
= L
di
dt
cos ,
B o
N
BA B I
l
u u = =
Mutual Inductance
It is possible for the
magnetic field of one
coil to produce an
induced current in a
second coil
The coils are connected
indirectly through the
magnetic flux
The effect is called
mutual inductance
Section 21.4
RL Circuit
DC circuits may contain resistors, inductors, and
capacitors
The voltage source is a battery or some other source that
provides a constant voltage across its output terminals
Behavior of DC circuits with inductors
Immediately after any switch is closed or opened, the
induced emfs keep the current through all inductors equal
to the values they had the instant before the switch was
thrown
After a switch has been closed or opened for a very long
time, the induced emfs are zero
Section 21.5
Section 21.5
RL Circuit Example
B
t
c
Au
=
A
RL Circuit Example, Analysis
The presence of resistors and an inductor make the
circuit an RL circuit
The current starts at zero since the switch has been
open for a very long time
At t = 0, the switch is closed, inducing a potential
across the inductor
Just after t = 0, the current in the second loop is zero
After the switch has been closed for a long time, the
voltage across the inductor is zero
Section 21.5
Time Constant for RL Circuit
The current at time t is
found by


is called the time
constant of the circuit
For a single resistor in
series with a single
inductor,

The voltage is given by

( )
t

=
t
V
I e
R
1
Section 21.5
t

=
t
L
V Ve
t
L
R
t =
Real Inductors
Most practical inductors are constructed by wrapping
a wire coil around a magnetic material
Filling a coil with magnetic material greatly increases
the magnetic flux through the coil and therefore
increases the induced emf
The presence of magnetic material increases the
inductance
Most inductors contain a magnetic material inside
which produces a larger value of L in a smaller
package
Section 21.5
Energy in an Inductor
Energy is stored in the magnetic field of an inductor
The energy stored in an inductor is PE
ind
= L I
2
Very similar in form to the energy stored in the electric
field of a capacitor
The expression for energy can also be stated as


In terms of the magnetic field,
Section 21.6
o
ind
N A
PE I

| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
1
2
mag
o
PE B volume

=
2
1
2
Energy in an Inductor, cont.
Energy contained in the magnetic field actually exists
anywhere there is a magnetic field, not just in a
solenoid
Can exist in empty space
The potential energy can also be expressed in terms
of the energy density in the magnetic field


This expression is similar to the energy density
contained in an electric field
mag
mag
o
PE
energy density u B
volume
= = =
2
1
2
Section 21.6
28
Demo: Jumping Rings (1)