Chapter 2 The Rise of Civilization Name: Sandra Mejia Art of the Ancient Near East Date: 9/12/12 AP Art

t History Online School: Villa Park High School Mrs. Boehler The questions in this worksheet come from the highlighted areas of the chapter. They are meant to supplement the information that you received from reading the power point lectures. These are individual and must be done by your alone copying of answers from another student will result in each of you loosing points. The Invention of Writing 1. Where are the oldest written documents found? Mesopotamian 2. What did these documents record? Mesopotamian records of administrative acts and commercial transactions. 3. What is a pictograph? A pictograph is a stylized image used to signify an idea. 4. What is a stylus? A stylus is usually a sharp and miniature tool used when incising. 5. What is cuneiform and when did this form of writing begin? Wedge shaped characters written on clay tablets that became a form of writing for the Mesopotamian culture. 6. How can historians tell the Sumerians and the Elamites were a major force in the Middle East? Thousands of cuneiform tablets testify to the far-flung network of Sumerian contacts reaching from southern Mesopotamia eastward to the Iranian plateau, northward to Assyria, and westward to Syria. 7. What is the Epic of Gilgamesh and what from which culture did it come? The Epic of Gilgamesh was created by the Sumerians and describes the story of Gilgamesh (legendary king of Uruk and slayer of the monster Huwawa). The Gods and Goddesses of Mesopotamia 1. Explain in your own words who each of these god or goddesses were do not copy all the information summarize. a. Anu god of sky and the city of Uruk. GOD OF GODS b. Enlil lord of the wind & earth, was Anus son and later took his fathers place as king of gods c. Inana/ Ishtar Sumerian goddess of love & war d. Nanna/ Sin God of the moon, chief deity (god) of Ur e. Utu/ Shamash god of sun f. Marduk chief god of Babylonians g. Ningirsu local god of Lagash & Girsu h. Ashur/Enlil local deity (god) of Assur Mesopotamian Seals 1. From what materials were seal made? Generally made of stone 2. What two types of seals were there? Stamp and cylinder seals 3. Why were cylinder seals buried with the dead?

They signified high positions in society 4. What were the seals really used for other than adornment? Seals often bear long cuneiform inscriptions and record the names and titles of rulers, bureaucrats, and deities. 5. How did ancient Near East artists decorate both types of seals? In the ancient Near East artists decorated both stamp and cylinder seals with incised designs, making a raised pattern when the seal was pressed into soft clay. 6. Explain why these seals and their designs are so important to historians. Without the seals designs archaeologists would know much less about how Mesopotamians dressed and dined; what their shrines looked like; how they depicted their gods, rulers, and mythological figures; how they fought wars; and what role women played in ancient near Eastern society. The Piety of Gudea 1. Who was Gudea? Gudea was the ruler of a city-state in southeast Iraq for twenty years. He managed to supply his people with peace and prosperity when the Guti (tribesmen from the northeastern mountains) were vacant of the land. 2. There were many statues of Gudea created what were their purpose? Gudeas wealth and pride were shown through many of his statues, which were also made from rare and expensive material. 3. Why did he reject the trappings (fancy clothing, crowns, etc.) of earlier leaders of different cultures? Gudea chose to reject the regal trappings of Sargon of Akkad because he he preferred to return to the Sumerian votive tradition of the statuetts from Eshnunna and Mari. 4. Why is the key image of Gudea (2-15) particularly interesting? In the Seated statue of Gudea holding temple plan the artist uses diorite rather than lapis laxuli, copper, lead, brone, etc., and Gudea has a temple plan drawn on a tablet on his lap. 5. Neo in front of any period or style implies new or a return to that particular style. What was Gudea seeking that made this time period called Neo-Sumerian? Gudea presents his plan for the gods temple to , Ningirsu. Hammurabis Law Code 1. Explain the image and symbolism on the Stele of Hammurabi (2-16). The Stele with laws code of Hammurabi is exactly that Hammurabis Law Cod is inscribed on this tall black-basalt stele. At the crown of the work is a relief displaying Hammurabi in the presence of the flame-shouldered sun god, Utu (Shamash). 2. The judicial code on the stele is written in what cultures language? The Judicial code was written in Akkadian. 3. List the 6 sample laws given in this short essay that illustrate some of the many laws of Hammurabis Code: a. If a man puts out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. b. If he kills a mans slave, he shall pay one-third of a mina. c. If someone steals property from a temple, he will be put to death, as will the person who receives the stolen goods. d. If a married woman dies before bearing any sons, her dowry shall be repaid to her father, but if she gave birth to sons, the dowry shall belong to them. e. If a man rents a boat and the boat is wrecked, the renter shall replace the boat with another.

f. If a mans wife is caught in bed with another man, both will be tied up and thrown in the water. Babylon: City of Wonders 1. What is the story of the hanging gardens of Babylon? Remember, these gardens were part of the architectural complex that included the Ishtar Gate (2-25). [The Babylonians] say that the god comes in person to the temple [compare the Sumerian notion of the temple as a waiting room] and rests on the couch 2. Why did God strike down Babylon? (Biblical reference) Humankinds arrogant desire to build a tower to Heaven angered God.