The Covalent Bond

01

Covalent bonds are formed by sharing at least one pair of electrons.

Slide 1

Electron-Dot Structures

02

The electron-dot structures provide a simple, but useful, way of representing chemical reactions. Ionic:

Covalent:

Slide 2

Ionic Bonds and Ionic Solids

02

Na (g) + Cl2 (g)

NaCl (s)

Slide 3

Electron-Dot Structures

03
H H C H H

Single Bonds:

H H H H

H C C H

Double Bonds:

C H

Triple Bonds:

Slide 4

Polar Covalent Bonds

Pauling Electronegativities:

02

Slide 5

Polar Covalent Bonds

03

% Ionic Character: We calculate an electronegativity difference for XY bond : EN = EN(Y) EN(X) EN 0 covalent bond.

Most electronegative = Fluorine (4.0) Least electronegative or Most electropositive = Group 1A bottom (0.7) Difference = 4.0 - 0.7 = 3.3 Half of 3.3 is approx 1.7 or 2.0, hence more than 2.0 is ionic (Very approximate scale)

EN < 2.0 polar covalent bond. EN > 2.0 ionic bond.

Slide 6

Molecular Shapes: VSEPR

The approximate
shape of molecules is given by Valence-

01

Shell Electron-Pair
Repulsion (VSEPR).

[taken from Atkins & Jones]

Slide 7

Molecular Shapes: VSEPR

Two Electron Groups: Electron groups point in opposite directions. sp hybrid

03

Slide 8

Molecular Shapes: VSEPR

04

Three Electron Groups: Electron groups lie in the same plane and point to the corners of an equilateral triangle.

126o 117o

sp2 hybrid
Slide 9

Molecular Shapes: VSEPR

sp3 hybrid

05

Four Electron
Groups: Electron groups point to the corners of a regular tetrahedron.
Slide 10

Molecular Shapes: VSEPR

06

Five Electron Groups: Electron groups point to the corners of a trigonal bipyramid.

sp3d hybrid

Slide 11

Molecular Shapes: VSEPR

Six Electron Groups: Electron groups point to the corners of a regular octahedron.

07

sp3d2 hybrid

Slide 12

Valence Bond Theory

sp hybrid:

03

Slide 13

Valence Bond Theory

sp2 hybrid:

04

Slide 14

Valence Bond Theory

Formation of a bond:

05

Slide 15

Valence Bond Theory

Ethylene - sp2 hybridization + bond:

06

Slide 16

Valence Bond Theory

sp3 hybrid:

07

Slide 17

Valence Bond Theory

sp3d hybrid:

08

Slide 18

Valence Bond Theory

sp3d2 hybrid:

09

Slide 19

N.B. You do not need to know sp3d and sp3d2 hybridisation

Slide 20

The Covalent Bond

03

Bond dissociation energy - energy required to break a covalent bond in an isolated gaseous molecule.

Slide 21

Influence of Geometry

Asymmetrical molecules are polar overall

Slide 22

The Covalent Bond

When we talk about a double or triple bond, the bond dissociation energies are not equal to 2x or 3x the energy of a single bond. This is telling us that the nature of the multiple bond is different to that of a single bond. We shall see this later [valence bond theory].
[taken from Atkins & Jones]

04

Slide 23

Influence of Geometry

Symmetrical molecules are non polar overall

Slide 24

Polarity and Physical Properties

Molecules are of the same size, but the B.P. of acetone is higher because it is polar and can form H bonds
Slide 25

Intermolecular Forces
Are electrostatic in nature. Ion-ion forces are the ionic bonds we previously studied.

Look for a metal plus nonmetal.

Strength of attraction increases as

The charge on the ions increase. The radius of the ions decrease.

Slide 26

Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules.

As the size of the dipoles increase and the distance between opposite dipoles on two molecules decrease, the strength of the dipole-dipole force increases.

Ion-dipole forces are similar but exist between an ion and a polar molecular.
The hydration of ions by water is an example of iondipole intermolecular attraction.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

For Example:- Between fluorine monochloride and fluorine monochloride molecules

Slide 28

Ion-Dipole Forces

For Example:- Between water molecules and sodium or chloride ions

Slide 29

Hydrogen Bonding

The hydrogen bond is a special type of dipoledipole interaction because of its unusual strength.
Requires a H atom bonded to either an O, N, or F atom, and an O, N, or F with a lone pair of electrons. HF, NH3, H2O Why would these be particularly strong dipole-dipole attractions?

Induced Dipole- Dipole Forces

Averaged over a long time period, electron distribution is symmetrical, nonpolar. For example between chlorine and chlorine molecules At any given instant, electron distribution may result in an instantaneous dipole, inducing a dipole in a neighboring molecule or atom.

Slide 31