Work and Power

Work To change an objects position, we need to apply a force on the object over the given distance. This requires work to be done on the object. Work done:

where is the force applied on the object (N) and is the displacement of the object (m) ( and are in the same direction). Work is measured in Nm or joules (1 Nm = 1 J). Power

Power is the rate which energy is used or given off:

where E or W are in J and t is in s. Power is measured in Watts (W) or J/s (1 W = 1 J/s). Example 1 A cross country skier of mass 85 kg travels 600 m along the snowy trail which has a coefficient of friction of 0.10. He does this trip in 3.0 min. a) Determine his work done.

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*Assume

is applied over 600 m.

b) Determine his power output.

Mechanical Energy , where d is

We can derive each of these energy equations from the work equation parallel to F.

Types of Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy, The work needed to be done to lift the box of mass m from a height hi to a new height hf is ( )

*We assume weight mg is constant from hi to hf this is OK as long as we dont go too high. Since work changes the potential energy of the box,

h = 0 reference (

Thus we have shown that the potential energy of

a mass m at a height h above the reference is constant g = 9.8 N/kg). Kinetic Energy,

measured in Joules (J) (assume

F m m

d Work done on an object can change its speed and consequently its kinetic energy.

Thus we have shown that the kinetic energy of an object due to its motion is Elastic Potential Energy, When we stretch a spring, it has the potential spring back. So the force we apply on the spring changes its elastic potential energy.

The force we apply on a spring to extend it depends on how much we extend it by: ( )

Conservation of (Mechanical) Energy When mechanical energy is conserved, the sum of the and at one instant is equal to the sum of the and at a different instant (there is no energy transformed to heat or sound).

( Question

Justin, who has a mass of 72.7 kg, rides the roller coaster. He moves at 1.0 m/s as he goes past point A. Assuming a frictionless track, calculate the speed of Justin as he goes through point B and point C on his exhilarating trip.

a) Point B: Mechanical Energy at A = Mechanical Energy at B

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b) Point C: Mechanical Energy at A = Mechanical Energy at C ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )

Note: We can find the speed at point C by considering the conditions at B instead of A. Machines and Efficiency The efficiency of a machine is determined by

) Machine

For machines, WOutput changes the mechanical energy of the object. ( The Pulley as a Simple Machine )

Mechanical Advantage, MA

Ideal Mechanical Advantage, IMA

Due to friction in the pulley,

for one pulley only so