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Incorporating Demand Response With Spinning Reserve to Realize an Adaptive Frequency Restoration Plan for System Contingencies
Le-Ren Chang-Chien, Member, IEEE, Luu Ngoc An, Ta-Wei Lin, and Wei-Jen Lee, Fellow, IEEE
AbstractDemand response (DR) is considered to be one of the most incentive smart grid functions to enhance power system reliability and control. For the purpose of system security, DR has been utilized to deal with contingent events. In this way, load shedding conducted by the DR program is no longer sorely considered as the last defense line to save system frequency, it should be considered as part of the available fast response resources to cooperate with spinning reserve for balancing generation and demand under some specic conditions. This paper proposes an overall frequency restoration plan considering the DR and spinning reserve. The frequency restoration is designed using the DR as the rst option to intercept frequency decline for a large disturbance, followed by the scheduled spinning reserve to raise frequency back to the pre-disturbance level. The proposed scheme is especially developed to intelligently deploy DR for coordinating with different spinning reserve constraints and contingency scenarios. Tests of the proposed frequency restoration scheme are evaluated by simulation where the system data was retrieved from frequency events in a utility. Test results show that the proposed spinning reserve and DR deployment could effectively restore frequency under various contingency scenarios. Index TermsDemand response, frequency restoration, load shedding.

I. INTRODUCTION

LECTRICITY is not only the foundation of modern living but also the power of economic advancement. There is no doubt that prosperous economy leads to a large demand of electric power. However, due to the limited nature resources for driving the electrical generation, the load demand is continuously eroding the generation margin that system can offer, which inevitably reduces the spinning reserve. Other than nding out more generation resources, one way to effectively mitigate such demand stress could come from the demand side management. Demand response (DR) refers to actions initiated from contracted customers by changing their consumption

Manuscript received May 04, 2011; revised September 08, 2011, November 02, 2011; accepted March 16, 2012. Date of publication June 08, 2012; date of current version August 20, 2012. This work was supported by Taiwan Power Company under Grant TPC 546-2101-9801 and National Science Council under Grants NSC 100-2628-E-006-016 and NSC 98-2918-I-006-006. Paper no. TSG00169-2011. L.-R. Chang-Chien, L. N. An, and T.-W. Lin are with the Department of Electrical Engineering/Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan. W.-J. Lee is with Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76011 USA. Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TSG.2012.2192297

(demand) of electric power in response to price signals, incentives, or directions from grid operators. Emergency demand response (EDR) program is one of the incentive-based demand responses to provide direct load control, capacity, and ancillary service during the real-time [1]. Customers participating the EDR program may include thermal energy storage equipment, air conditioning systems, and water pumping units, etc [2]. Utilities employing EDR to deal with frequency events are based on the under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) scheme. Conventionally, UFLS is considered as the last defense line to save system frequency when spinning reserve is unable to stop the frequency decline. If the EDR is employed in this matter, the probable low usage rate may become a problem from the economical operation point of view, because the risk of credible contingencies to trigger UFLS is low. Another operating concern is that, if EDR is considered as part of the spinning reserve to save generating capacity, how the EDR is deployed to coordinate with the available spinning reserve so that declined frequency is smoothly restored is an important issue. Several real cases of EDR operation have indicated that an overly shedding of the EDR could lead to unexpected power oscillations, which complicate the sequential generation control [2], [3]. Therefore, accurate execution of the demand side management is very important. It goes without saying that an accurate demand-side shedding is dependent upon the information of the disturbance magnitude. The most useful technique to acquire this information is to use the frequency decline rate as an index to measure the disturbance magnitude [4], [5]. However, the real implementation of this method is dependent upon the accuracy of the rate of frequency change. This method could not perform its prime advantage due to the slow sampling rate of the old SCADA system until the latest introduction of the frequency estimation from the phasor measurement unit (PMU) [6], [7]. With the fast sampling nature of PMU, accuracy of the disturbance estimation can be improved. Consequently, EDR is now situated in a better position by knowing how much demand is required to be shed for balancing the generation loss. In this paper, a new frequency restoration plan cooperating the demand response with spinning reserve is proposed for dealing with system contingencies. By means of EDR participation, the proposed scheme would be exible to ensure systems reliability under various contingency scenarios. Because the execution of the EDR is based on the estimation of the disturbance magnitude, accuracy improvement of the estimation method is also discussed. Merits of the designed scheme and

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Fig. 2. Frequency curve of the system frequency response model.

Fig. 1. System frequency response model with interconnection to the external area [8].

the accuracy of the test results were veried by comparing with the real data from a utility. Detailed presentation is as follows. Section II introduces the frequency response model that will be analyzed to come up with the proposed frequency restoration plan and execution procedure. Some of the system key components are highlighted to illustrate the present challenges and future opportunities in the smart grid operation. In Section III, this paper presents the algorithm to estimate the rate of frequency change and the use of it to the estimation on system disturbance. Factors of the real implementation that affect the accuracy of the estimate, such as sampling rate and frequency oscillation are discussed in this section. Section IV introduces the proposed responsive reserve planning of a utility company to deal with the contingent events. Section V presents the execution of the proposed frequency restoration scheme for various operating conditions. Test results are demonstrated in Section VI for the scheme validation. Section VII gives the concluding remark. II. SYSTEM MODEL OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE To understand the behavior of the system frequency in response to the system disturbance, the reduced-order system frequency response (SFR) model [8] is the well-known representative of this issue. Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the SFR model interconnected with an external area. Fig. 2 depicts the frequency curve of the model response, where and denote systems lumped generating response as well as the load, respectively. Here, we focus more on the dynamics of the single area system. The reason is that when a control area has the tie-ow supported from the external area, the impact of internal disturbance is shared by the whole interconnection. Therefore, its frequency impact is not as serious as that for the single area case. However, if the generation loss comes from the trip of the

major tie-line, the system could be isolated from the whole interconnection. The consequent response would be similar to that of the single area case. Another notation we would like to emphasize is that this paper does not discuss the role of the automatic generation control (AGC) during the course of frequency decline. Generally, the response time of AGC could be in a minute or two [9]. This time scope is beyond the emergency time scale that we will discuss in this paper. When the system encounters a credible generation loss either from the trip of generating units or from the trip of the interconnected tie-line, temporary imbalance is immediately compensated by the changes in kinetic energy of rotating inertia of generators and motors , resulting in a change in frequency, which in turn will affect frequency sensitive load to change the power consumption. Once system frequency goes beyond the governor deadband, the governor will act to increase or decrease the output power of the generating units. It is evident that different system components affect frequency behavior in different time sequence. As a large generation loss causes system frequency to decline, the inertia constant affects the initial slope and rate of frequency change. During the course of frequency decline, system load damping , generators speed-droop response , generators reheater time constant , fraction of total power generated by the high pressure turbine , and mechanical power gain factor are acting to affect frequency trend and determine the frequency nadir . However, the steady state frequency is mainly affected by and . From frequency security point of view, operators need to know how much generation loss and how frequency behaves during the contingency so that they can decide which remedial means to restore system frequency. Therefore, magnitude of generation loss , frequency nadir , and steady state frequency are the important indices for planning and execution of the frequency restoration. In the old days, due to the physical limits of the data acquisition network, obtaining the accurate information of the aforementioned indices is not easy. This situation impeded the development of the emergency response program. Now with the integration of information and communication techniques (ICT)

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into the grid infrastructure, the instantaneous state estimation and the consequent utilization of direct load control devices would make the EDR become a promising function in the smart grid operation. III. ESTIMATION
ON THE

TABLE I FREQUENCY RESPONSE CALCULATION WITH DIFFERENT SAMPLING RATES

MAGNITUDE DISTURBANCE

OF

SYSTEM

A. Estimation Principle Most adaptive UFLS schemes using the magnitude estimation of the system disturbance are based on the rate of frequency decline, which originally comes from the SFR model. Since generators may distribute at different locations, the measured frequency data at various locations, especially during the transient, may slightly differ from one to the other. Therefore, frequency of the equivalent inertial center is taken to represent the frequency data to be used for the estimation algorithm [5], [10]. The representative frequency data is in concurrent with the idea of averaged frequency, where synchronizing oscillations between generators are ltered out, but the average frequency behavior is retained. For all the UFLS schemes that adopt centralized control, taking accurate averaged frequency data is the basic procedure. Based on the theory of low-order frequency response model, the frequency response in per unit subject to a unit step disturbance is shown below [8]. (1) where (2)

The maximum rate of frequency change can be obtained from (4) at , which corresponds to

(8) The initial slope of frequency decline is (9) is dened to be the initial slope of the frequency dewhere cline in per unit per second. If the initial slope of frequency decline is observed during the incident, we can determine the size of the disturbance assuming that the inertia constant is known. The inertia constant is normalized to the base of the total generation in the network. Although the inertia constant is about 3 to 5 s [4], this constant may vary during different operating period. To closely trace this value in realtime, we can apply the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm to estimate this value [11]. Consequently, (9) allows us to monitor the size of the disturbance online, which is (10)

(3) including the generating gain , the load damping , the speed-droop of unit governor , the inertia constant of the system , the average reheat time constant , and the high pressure power fraction of the reheat turbine . The disturbance, , is denoted as the unit step disturbance and is the Laplace operator. Making the slope of averaged frequency change, , and taking the inverse form for the time domain equation, the following equation is obtained. (4) where (5) (6) (7) B. Factors Affecting the Estimation Accuracy 1) Sampling Rate: A disturbance case was tested to verify the accuracy of the disturbance estimation. During the testing case, the estimator kept on monitoring frequency change. Meanwhile, a 0.4 pu generation trip occurred and induced frequency drop. We compared the exact slope of frequency change with the estimated ones with respect to different sampling rates, which are shown in Table I. In Table I, the rst two columns record the sampling time and the estimated rate of frequency change with respect to the sampling in Column 1. Column 3 gives the exact rate of frequency change. Column 4 gives the estimation error. Clearly, slower sampling rates make higher errors in the estimation. It is suggested that fast sampling rate can enhance accuracy in frequency slope measurement. Currently, most PMUs are able to sample 60 times within one second. More advanced PMUs can even sample 120 times within one second [12], which is fast enough to reduce the estimation error. Table I shows that the scale of the sampling time is proportional to the scale of the estimation error. To further enhance

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Fig. 3. error versus different sampling with respect to various disturbance magnitudes.

the estimation accuracy, [4] proposed the following correction factor. (11) where: estimated system disturbance (pu). system inertial constant (s). estimated slope (Hz/s). sampling rate (samples/s). Based on (11), we can deduce that the corrected slope of frequency change, , is as follows. (12) Equation (11) is proven to work well in large systems when frequency decline is not too steep. However, we also found that the correction is not sensitive to the slope of frequency change, , i.e., the disturbance magnitude. This may also affect the accuracy of the estimation error. Therefore, we propose another correction factor to take care of this effect. (13) Therefore, (11) becomes (14) After using the correction in (14), Fig. 3 shows the estimation error versus different sampling with respect to various disturbance magnitudes. The result indicates that the proposed correction factor not only effectively reduces the estimation error (compared to Table I) but also reduces the correction uncertainty that is affected by different disturbance magnitudes. 2) Frequency Fluctuation: It is shown that the estimation accuracy of the disturbance magnitude depends on the rate of system frequency change at the moment of incident. Practically, system frequency changes at all times. This could affect the estimating amount of the disturbance. In order to observe the effect of frequency uctuation, we retrieved a set of frequency

Fig. 4. Frequency response curve and disturbance estimation when the disturs. bance occurs at

trend. Under the normal operating period, this frequency trend moves up and down around 60 Hz. Moreover, additional sampling noise is considered in the sampled frequency. In order to assess the inuence of the frequency oscillation on the estimation, we assume that the disturbance ( MW) occurs at 71.85 s when the system frequency trend is moving in the downward direction. Fig. 4(a) shows the frequency curve. Fig. 4(b) shows the frequency deviation and Fig. 4(c) is the disturbance estimation. From Fig. 4(c), we obtain the estimated disturbance value MW. This value is larger than the real value ( MW). For comparison, we also chose a frequency incident occurred when the frequency trend was moving in the upward direction. The estimated value is smaller than the actual disturbance value. From the given results, we deduce that the estimated disturbances differ from the drifting of frequency trend. If the frequency is drifting in the descending direction, the amount of the estimated disturbance will be larger than the real value because the initial rate of frequency change contains the rate of the down swing of the frequency trend as well. On the other hand, the estimated value will be smaller when the trend of frequency moves up, because the rate of frequency change is smaller during the up swing period. Nevertheless, the estimating error of the system disturbance is very small, about %. It is because the rate of frequency swing during the normal operation is relatively small compared to that of the disturbance. Note that even though the sampling noises also make small noises in the estimation result, however, the scale is comparably smaller than that of the disturbance. Noise effect could be easily ltered out using a proper threshold. IV. DESIGN OF THE FREQUENCY RESTORATION PLAN CONSIDERING DEMAND RESPONSE AND SPINNING RESERVE The prior mission of the proposed frequency restoration plan is to utilize available DR and spinning reserve to prevent frequency from triggering the unexpected load shedding. This plan is not intended to serve the last defense line to shed customer loads, but efciently allocate DR and spinning reserve to deal with occasional system contingencies and thus enhance

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Fig. 5. Frequency control of a utility system. TABLE II THE UNDER-FREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING CRITERIA FOR TAIPOWER, 2005 [15]

systems operating exibility and reliability. Procedures to make such a plan are described in the following subsections. A. Operating Principle Fig. 5 shows the overall frequency control guideline of the Taiwan Power Company (Taipower) both in normal and contingent operating conditions [13]. The frequency curve shows that once a credible single contingency occurs, primary response (contributed from the damping of frequency-sensitive load as well as governor regulation of online units) takes the rst step to intercept frequency decline. The guideline requires that systems primary response should be able to keep the frequency nadir above Hz, where is dened as the frequency threshold for the under-frequency relay to shed load instantly. This value is set to be 59.2 in the operating guideline. It is noted that due to the delay of the mechanical actions, the spinning reserve units can not provide full response in the rst few seconds [14]. Especially when the system encounters a large disaster, such as earthquake, tripping of the major transmission line from a nuclear power plant makes the frequency decline very fast. To an independent system without tie-line support, such as Taipower, it is possible that the primary response could not respond in time to stop the descending frequency going below 59.2 Hz. As a result, when the frequency passes 59.2 Hz threshold, the under-frequency relay will initiate load shedding immediately. The shedding amount was pre-determined based on the historical record of load-frequency damping, and operating experience. The UFLS criteria for Taipower is shown in Table II. In order to enhance Taipowers reliability, when system encounters a substantial frequency drop, its better not to trigger

the load shedding of any threshold in Table II. Therefore, the guideline of the responsive reserve states the following principle: the responsive reserve should be able to keep the declined frequency from dropping below 59.2 Hz and then return the frequency back above 59.5 Hz within 50 s. Although the system allows 50 s duration for frequency restoration, the required fast instantaneous reserve (FIR) is not easy to allocate for restoring frequency. In most cases, FIR is served by hydraulic or pumped-storage generators because their responses are the fastest among the unit selections. However, due to the drought season when the utilization of hydraulic or pumped-storage units is limited, the inadequate amount of FIR may become a problem. For this reason, adding the EDR to the FIR allocation is the alternative. After frequency interception, the operating guideline requires FIR to restore frequency back above 59.5 Hz in 50 s for not triggering the 59.5 Hz load shedding. The is dened as the safe level of frequency restoration [16], [17]. Practically, a Hz margin is added to 59.5 Hz so that is set at 59.7 Hz. After the frequency has been restored to , the follow-up step is to make use of the slower responsive reserve which may consist of slower spinning and fast-start non-spinning units to restore frequency back to 60 Hz. According to the historical data of the studied utility, most frequency nadirs are rested above 59.5 Hz in frequency events when system loads are relatively high. However, risks of lower frequency nadir could still exist when the system is under the off-peak operating season. If the descending frequency goes below 59.5 Hz, system operator prefers to shed contracted demands for quickly intercepting the run-away frequency. So long as the descending frequency does not touch 59.2 Hz frequency threshold and the frequency is then returned above 59.5 Hz within 50 s, shedding of the unexpected customer load can be avoided. Thus, allocation of the EDR is designed according to this principle. In our design strategy, EDR has been divided into two parts. The rst part, EDR1, is allocated to intercept the frequency decline and prevent from the 59.2 Hz load shedding. The second part, EDR2, is designed to bring the declined frequency back to a secure level at 59.7 Hz, so that the slower responsive reserve could carry on the restoration afterwards. B. Dene the Most Credible Single Contingency For contingency planning, dening the available responsive reserve is the prerequisite. Utilities usually conservatively require that the reserve should be able to deal with the most credible contingency event which may be dened either by the largest tripped unit, or the weakest network point of the power systems [18]. Typically, many utilities adopt a loss of the largest generating unit, , in the network as the most credible single contingent event. C. Calculate the Frequency Nadir Following the Most Credible Single Contingency When a system encounters a credible generation loss, the declined frequency is rst affected by the primary response. According to (4), the frequency nadir, , occurs when . The result of is the time duration of

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frequency decline when frequency reaches calculated as follows [8].

can be

F. Allocate Sustain Instantaneous Reserve for the Second Stage Frequency Restoration After restoring frequency back to 59.7 Hz, the least remaining reserve, which is called sustain instantaneous reserve (SIR), to be scheduled for continually returning frequency back to 60 Hz is calculated as follows. (20)

(15) Therefore, can be calculated as follows.

(16) where is the pre-disturbance frequency. If is above the load shedding frequency threshold, it indicates that systems primary response is sufcient to avoid the risk of unexpected load shedding. Otherwise, system operators may need to activate EDR to quickly intercept the frequency decline. D. Determine the Least EDR for Frequency Interception (EDR1) To deploy sufcient EDR for frequency security, we calculate the least quantity of the demand response (EDR1) for the maximum single contingency scenario. Assuming that the EDR1 is planned to prevent the descending frequency from touching the 59.2 Hz frequency level, the required least quantity of EDR1 is equal to the following relation. (17) is dened as the maximum single contingency in where MW, is the decit power that makes frequency drop from nominal frequency ( Hz) to minimum frequency . In our study case, and are 60 Hz and 59.2 Hz, respectively. According to (16), the decit power in per unit can be calculated as follows. (18) It is noted that is not constant because several system parameters, such as , and , could be different during the varying system conditions. In order to reect the latest system condition, these parameters can be estimated using the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm [11]. E. Determine the Remaining EDR for the First Stage Frequency Restoration (EDR2) Once EDR1 is determined by the planning procedure, the remaining EDRs would be allocated as EDR2 whose mission is to bring the declined frequency up to a secure level (59.7 Hz). It is noted that EDR2 can be coordinated with available fast spinning units (FIR) to fulll this task. The required per unit amount of EDR2 and FIR is calculated as follows.

Units participating SIR could be slower response spinning units, or fast start turbines. V. EXECUTION OF THE PROPOSED FREQUENCY RESTORATION SCHEME A. Determine the Disturbance Magnitude When a sudden frequency drop is detected by the PMU, the energy management system in the control center would instantly calculate initial rate of the frequency decline. This value is used to calculate the magnitude of system disturbance as of (14). B. Central Control for Triggering EDR1 or EDR2 1) Option A: Moment of EDR1 Execution: Once is obtained, is compared with . If , it means that the contingency amount could drag frequency below (59.2 Hz). Therefore, EDR1 is initiated when frequency drops below 59.7 Hz. Otherwise, the execution step is by-passed to option B. After the execution of EDR1, the renewed power decit is calculated using the following equation. (21) 2) Option B: Moment of EDR2 Execution: In this option, between the frethe corresponding MW power difference quency 60 Hz and is calculated. The calculation of is the same as (18), where the 59.2 Hz is replaced by . In our study case, is chosen at 59.7 Hz. Once is obtained, the remaining EDR (EDR2) that is going to be casted into the system is equal to the following relation: (22) If option A is not executed, then (23) Using the above relation, accurate amount of EDR2 will be allocated for restoring the frequency back to the expected level. Note that if EDR1 is not utilized in the option A, EDR1 would be then automatically allocated for EDR2. On the other hand, if EDR2 is not sufcient enough to return frequency back to 59.7 Hz, FIR will be activated to help in this step. The schematic of the EDR control is depicted in Fig. 6. It is noted that in Fig. 6, 59.5 Hz is another important threshold to decide the EDR initiation. The reason is that the possibility of dragging the frequency below 59.2 Hz is rare

(19)

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Fig. 6. Schematic of the EDR control for frequency incidents.

in the single contingency. Instead, most severe single contingencies could drag frequency down between 59.2 Hz and 59.5 Hz. Therefore, we set another decision path to make use of EDR1 as well as EDR2 for taking care of this frequency range. Supposedly, the decision blocks (Diamond blocks) in Fig. 6 are designed to determine the next frequency restoration steps for the 59.2 Hz, 59.5 Hz, and 59.7 Hz frequency levels, respectively, following the single contingency. However, cascading events may happen during the restoration process. Thus a frequency check point at 59.5 Hz is applied to every decision path to re-cast the remaining EDR or FIR into the system if frequency does not return above the 59.5 Hz level. VI. TEST OF THE FREQUENCY RESTORATION SCHEME The adaptive frequency restoration control is tested for the proposed scheme. Our primary goal is to shed EDR1 to avoid frequency drops below 59.2 Hz. Our secondary goal is to allocate sufcient EDR2 or fast response spinning reserve (FIR) so that frequency could be quickly raised above 59.5 Hz within 50 s. In order to prove that the proposed scheme can t into various contingency scenarios, we demonstrate some tests with different scales of disturbances which were taken by real data sampled

from a utility. We checked the frequency restoration procedures and evaluated the performance of the proposed scheme. A. System Environment In order to closely simulate frequency response of a utility, system parameters used in the simulation must be accurate enough to reect the real frequency trend. The parameters were estimated by the following way: rst, using the RLS algorithm to estimate the system parameters (such as system droop, load damping, and inertia, etc.) and record frequency event curves from a utility. After that, we duplicated the frequency response model of the utility system. By comparing the real frequency trend with the simulated one, we could validate the reality of the simulated system. System parameters used for the frequency response model are shown in Table III. Now we selected one frequency incident when the system was operating at 25 000 MW load. The recognized maximum single contingency in the system was the trip of a major transmission line when it was delivering 1900 MW generation from a nuclear power plant. Under this circumstance, according to (16), we recognized that the frequency nadir could drop below 59.2 Hz. This event might trigger shedding of customer load instantly.

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TABLE III SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODEL IN THE TEST CASE

B. Allocation Planning Based on the aforementioned system condition, we had the following responsive reserve planning to deal with the maximum single contingency. Our frequency control needed to allocate sufcient EDRs and responsive reserve for preventing from the frequency drop below 59.2 Hz, and return frequency back to the 59.7 Hz level. According to (17) and (18), the least EDR1 should be allocated with the following quantity to avoid frequency drop below 59.2 Hz. (24) The amount of EDR2 or FIR that was allocated for returning frequency back to 59.7 Hz is obtained as follows. (25) The amount of SIR to bring frequency back to the nominal value is calculated as follows. (26) When the system encountered the 1900 MW generation loss, EDR1 should be ready for at least 472.5 MW to intercept frequency from being dropped below 59.2 Hz. After initiating EDR1, EDR2 comes with FIR to return frequency back on 59.7 Hz. Then the task is followed by the SIR to continually return frequency back to 60 Hz. C. Execution of the Frequency Restoration (Case Study) 1) Case 1: the Most Severe Disturbance: In this scenario, we adopted a case when the system encountered a maximum single Hz under the contingency (1900 MW) disturbance at 25 000 MW demand. During the planning stage, only 500 MW demand response was available. As a result, 500 MW was all allocated as EDR1. The frequency response curves are shown in Fig. 7 and the decision path of the EDR is shown in Fig. 6. When the disturbance occurred, it was estimated that the frequency could drop below 59.2 Hz without EDR1 (curve 1). As a result, the control center initiated EDR1 when frequency dropped below 59.7 Hz. After using the EDR1, the frequency dip was raised above 59.2 Hz (curve 2). It is noted that after shedding EDR1, frequency was rested around 59.5 Hz after the full responses from unit governors. Followed by the execution of FIR, the frequency was then raised above 59.7 Hz (curve 3). After that, SIR continued to restore frequency back to 60 Hz within 5 min (curve 4). 2) Case 2: Medium Disturbance: In this scenario, the 500 MW demand response was planned as EDR1. When the power system was operating at 20200 MW demand, a single Hz. contingency (1100 MW) disturbance occurred at Because the amount of the disturbance was not large enough to make the frequency decline below 59.2 Hz, the execution process was bypassed to option B (EDR1 became EDR2) to

Fig. 7. Frequency response curves of case 1.

Fig. 8. Frequency response curves of case 2.

Fig. 9. Frequency response curves of case 3.

raise frequency up to 59.7 Hz secure level. After the activation of EDR2, slower spinning reserve (SIR) followed to restore the frequency back to 60 Hz. Simulated frequency curves and the EDR execution path are shown in Figs. 8 and 6, respectively. 3) Case 3: Small Disturbance: In this scenario, the system had 500 MW demand response. When the power system was operating at 21500 MW demand, a single contingency (650 MW Hz. Because the amount of disturunit trip) occurred at bance was small, the estimated steady state frequency drop was still above 59.7 Hz. Thus, no EDR was activated. The SIR was then activated to restore the frequency back to 60 Hz. The frequency curves and the corresponding decision path are shown in Figs. 9 and 6, respectively.

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VII. CONCLUSION For frequency security, power system operation should intelligently perform autonomous actions when the system encounters contingent events as well as hidden failures. Therefore, how to design and execute a suitable frequency restoration plan has become an important topic. This paper proposes a new adaptive control on the demand response and spinning reserve to deal with frequency events. The proposed control rst makes use of the PMU to retrieve frequency data for estimating the disturbance magnitude. Surveys of the estimated magnitude of the disturbance have proven the delity of high accuracy. Based on the advantages of online monitoring and computation, the emergency demand response is introduced to cope with the spinning reserve for realizing an adaptive frequency restoration plan. The planning and execution stages that were made for the Taipowers case provide a very good paradigm for system practitioners to follow. The effectiveness of the proposed operation is veried by simulations using the historical data from a utility. Testing results have proven the effectiveness of the designed scheme to ensure a more reliable smart grid operation. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are greatly indebted to the engineers at Taiwan Power Company for sharing their operating experiences and frequency response data to publish this paper. The authors also appreciate reviewers valuable comments and suggestions that they relied on heavily in revising their paper. REFERENCES
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Luu Ngoc An received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from Da Nang University of Technology, Da Nang, Vietnam, in 2005 and the M.S. degree at National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, in 2010. His research interests include electric machinery, power system control and renewable energy.

Ta-Wei Lin received the B.S. degree in electrical and computer science engineering from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, in 2007 and the M.S. degree at National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, in 2009. His research interests are in power system operation and control.

Wei-Jen Lee (S85M85SM97F07) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University, Taipei, in 1978 and 1980, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Texas, Arlington, in 1985. Since 1985, he has been with the University of Texas, Arlington, as a Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department and the Director of the Energy Systems Research Center. He has been involved in research on power ow, transient and dynamic stability, voltage stability, short circuits, relay coordination, power quality analysis, renewable energy, and deregulation for utility companies. Dr. Lee is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Texas.