1|Page 1. Explain different types of input/output devices??

Ans: Input devices are used to enter data and instructions into computer memory from external world. Examples include: Keyboard, Mouse, Track ball, Track Pad, Joy stick, Touch Screen, Light pen, Touch Screen, Scanner, Digital Camera, Microphone, Graphics tablet. They perform three main functions 1. Receive data from user 2. Convert data into binary form [the language of 0 and 1 also called the machine language. Machine language is the only language, a computer can understand directly.] 3. Provide converted data to computer memory for processing Key board:Keyboard is the most familiar input device. It is most widely used input device to enter data and instructions into the computer. Keyboard has a set of keys like a typewriter. It has alphabetic keys for A,B,CZ or a,b,c,z. It has numeric keys like 0,1,2,3,9. It has function keys F1,F2,F12 used to perform specific tasks. It has other keys used for editing like Delete, Backspace, Home, End, etc. Mouse: Mouse is an input device used to control motion of pointer on screen. A mouse has two or three buttons called Left, Right and Middle button. Buttons are used to perform different functions. It has a rubber or metal ball inside its body. Mouse is rolled over a flat surface called mouse pad. The movement of ball is detected by internal circuits of mouse. These circuits convert this movement into digital signals, which are sent to computer. Mouse is used in graphical applications. It is also used for playing video games on computer. Track Ball: Track Ball is an input device like a mouse. It is used in Lap top computers to control motion of pointer on screen. It is a pointing device like upside down mouse. It has a ball on its upper side. This ball is moved by fingers or thumb and the pointer moves accordingly on screen. Track Pad: Track pad is a pointing input device. It is used in Lap top computers to control motion of pointer on screen. Track pad is a stationary input device. It has a flat surface of 1.5 to 2 square inch. Finger is moved on this surface to move pointer on screen. Joy stick:Joystick is an input device used to play games on computer. It is used to control motion of an object quickly in game with the help of a hand held stick. This stick can be moved forward, backward or side ways. This stick is mounted on a ball. When stick is moved then ball is moved and signals are sent to the computer. Light Pen:Light pen is an input device consisting of a special pen that is connected to a computer's monitor. The user points at the screen with the pen and selects items or chooses commands either by pressing a clip on the side of the light pen or by pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen (the equivalent of performing a mouse click). Microphone:Microphone is an input device used to enter sounds into the computer. We can record sounds in computer with the help of microphone and sound card. 8. Scanner:Scanner is an input device. It is used to save pictures or text on paper into computer memory. It converts picture or text on paper in to binary form and saves it in computer memory. With the help of scanner we may save our time to type a lot of text.

2|Page 9. Graphics tablet / digitizer:A graphics tablet consists of a special pen called stylus and a flat pad. The image is created on the monitor screen as the user draws it on the pad with the help of stylus (special pen). Graphics tablet is also called a digitizer. 10. Touch Screen:In ATM and in latest smart phones, touch screen is used to receive input from the user. The user enters data by the touch of his finger on different menu options or icons present on touch screen.

Output devices
Out put devices are used to display results of processing to the user. They perform the following functions: 1. 2. 3. Receive results from memory Convert data into human readable form Display results to the user

Examples include: Monitor, printer, plotter, speaker, and multimedia projector. 1. Monitor

Monitor is the most commonly used output device used to display results of processing. It has a TV like shape. Pictures on monitor are formed with picture elements called PIXEL. Monitors may be Monochrome that will display results in Black & White. Color Monitors are also available. They display results in multi colors. Monitor produces soft copy output. 2. Printers

Printers are used to produce hard copy out put. They print processing results on paper. Printers are divided into two main categories: Impact Printers Non Impact printers Impact Printers. These printers print with striking of hammers or pins on ribbon. For example Dot Matrix printer and daisy wheel printers are impact printers. Non-Impact Printers. These printers do not use striking mechanism for printing. They use electrostatic and laser technology. Quality and speed of these printers is better than Impact printers. For example Laser printer and Inkjet printers are non-impact printers. 3. Speaker

Speaker produces sound output. We can listen recorded voices, sounds or music with the help of speaker. Speaker produces sound output with the help of sound card. 4. Plotter

3|Page Plotters are used to draw different designs of buildings or internal structure of machines. Mostly Engineers and Architects use plotters. 5. Multimedia Projector.

Multimedia projector is used to produce computer output on a big screen. These are used in meeting rooms or in classrooms of educational institutes.

2. Explain about secondary storage devices?

Ans: Storage devices are used to store data and instructions permanently. Storage devices are also called secondary storage devices / backing storage devices / external storage devices or auxiliary storage devices. Examples of storage devices include Hard Disk, CD and DVD etc. Why Secondary Storage Devices are Used? Secondary storage devices are used because: 1. Primary memory(RAM) is volatile and temporary. When computer is switched off, all data in ram is erased. 2. Storage devices can store large amounts of data and instructions permanently whereas Primary memory has less capacity of storing data.

Types Of Storage Devices

There are three main types of storage devices: 1. Magnetic Tape 2. Magnetic Disk 3. Optical Disk

1. Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape is the oldest storage device. It is made of plastic coated with magnetic material. Data is stored on magnetic tape in the form of magnetic spots. Tape drive is used to read and write data on tape. Magnetic disk is sequential access device. It is slower device than magnetic disk or optical disk. Magnetic tapes are used in reels of different lengths, for example 200, 600, 1200 feet etc.

2. Magnetic Disk
A magnetic disk is a thin circular metal or plastic disk coated with magnetic material. Data is stored in the form of magnetic spots. Magnetic disk is random access device. It is faster than magnetic tape. There are three main types of magnetic disk: a. Hard Disk b. Floppy Disk c. Zip Disk a. Hard Disk The hard disk is also called fixed disk. It consists of one or more metal plates. The plates are fixed in the

4|Page drive. Metal plates are coated with magnetic material to store data. A motor rotates disks. There is also an access arm and read / write heads to read and write data on disks. Following are major characteristics of hard disk: - The storage capacity of hard disk is much greater than floppy disk. - Now a days hard disks of size 40 GB, 80 GB or more are available. - Hard disk is covered in a hard jacket and there are less chances of disk damage due to dust and mishandling. - Now days Operating system and application programs are installed on hard disk. - Before using a magnetic disk we use operating system to format the disk. Operating system divides the disk into circles called tracks. Each track is divided into pie-shaped areas called sectors. Data is stored in sectors. Each sector can store 512 bytes. b. Floppy Disk Floppy disk is a small plastic plate coated with magnetic material. Data is stored in magnetic spots. Main advantage of floppy disk is that it is used to transfer data from one computer to another. Floppy disk drive is used to read and write data on floppy disk. Floppy disk is available in two sizes: 3 INCH Floppy Disk It is also called micro floppy disk. Its diameter is 3 inch. It is covered in a hard plastic cover. Read/Write window is covered with a metal shutter. When disk is inserted into disk drive then shutter is automatically opened. It can be write protected by a notch. Storage capacity of micro floppy is 1.44 MB. 5 Inch floppy disk. It is a 5 inch diameter plastic plate coated with magnetic material. Its storage capacity is 1.2 MB. It is not used in modern computers. c. Zip Disk Zip disk is similar to 3 inch floppy disk. But it can store 100 MB or more data. Zip disk drive is used to read and write data on a zip disk.

3. Optical Disk
LASER technology is used to read and write data on Optical disk. LASER stands for Light Amplification through Emission of Radiation. Laser beam writes on the surface of optical disk by creating very small holes. The presence of hole represents a One and absence of the hole represents a Zero. There are following main types of optical disk. 1.CD-ROM, 2. CD-R or WORM, 3. CD-RW 4.DVD-ROM, 5. DVD-R, 6. DVD-RW 1. CD-ROM CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk-Read Only Memory. The data stored on Cd-Rom can only be read. It cannot be deleted or changed. It is a portable storage device. Data can be easily transferred by CD Rom from one computer to another. Commonly it can store 650 MB / 700 MB/ 750 MB data. It is used to store large amounts of data like Software or audio/video data. 2. CD-R (CD Recordable) Or WORM (Write Once Read Many) CD-R stands for Compact Disk -Recordable. Initially, it is a blank disk. User can store data on it only once. This is why it is also called WORM(Write Once Read Many) disk too. Because we can write data on it only once and later we can read many times. The devices to store data on CD-R are called CD Writers or CD

5|Page Burners. We can write data on CD-R only once, but can read data many times. Because of this write once read many quality, CD-R is often known as WORM(write once read many). 3. CD-RW ( CD Rewritable ) CD-RW stands for Compact Disk Rewritable. This is a special type of CD. User can write data on it, if there is an error in writing data, he may erase the contents and rewrite again. CD-Writers are used to store data on CD-RW.

4. DVD - Digital Video Disk (DVD-ROM) DVD stands for Digital Video Disk. A laser beam with a short wave length is used to create very very small holes on the surface of disk. So there are much more tiny holes on the surface of DVD as compared to that of CD. Therefore, storage capacity of DVD is much larger than CD. It can store up to 17 GB or more data. DVD-ROM is pre recorded and it can contain data like movies, videos and software etc. User cannot change or delete data from DVD-ROM. It is read only. 5. DVD-R (DVD-Recordable) DVD-R stands for Digital Video Disk Recordable. Initially it is a blank disk. User can store data on disk only once. Then it becomes read only. It is normally used to store high definition video movies. DVDWriters are used to store data on DVD-R. 6. DVD-RW ( DVD Rewritable) DVD-RW stands for Digital Video Disk Rewritable. User can write data on disk many times by erasing the old data. 3. Explain about Primary memory?(or) Explain about Ram and ROM?

Ans:
The primary memory or the main memory is part of the main computer system. The processor or the CPU directly stores and retrieves information from it. This memory is accessed by CPU, in random fashion. That means any location of this memory can be accessed by the CPU to either read information from it, or to store information in it. The primary memory itself is implemented by two types of memory technologies. The first is called Random Access Memory (RAM) and the other is read only memory (ROM). RAM Ram stands for random Access Memory. Data in RAM can be accessed directly. That is, we can access data directly from any location of RAM in the same time. This Random Access quality makes RAM a very fast memory. RAM is volatile. Data and programs in RAM are erased when computer is turned off. Therefore RAM is a temporary memory. It is used to store those data and programs, which are currently being executed by CPU. Ram is also called Primary Memory or Main Memory. Types of Ram:There are two main types of Ram.

Dynamic Ram (DRAM)

Dynamic Ram is widely used in personal computers. It is a cheaper kind of RAM. DRAM loses electric charge with the passage of time, so DRAM needs to be refreshed frequently. Otherwise, it may lose data.

6|Page Dram is recharged many times in a second. Therefore, it is slower than SRAM. Since CPU cannot access the data from DRAM while it is in the process of refreshing or recharging.

Static Ram (SRAM)

Static Ram does not need to be refreshed again and again. So processor can access data from static RAM faster than DRAM. There is no time wastage in refreshing the memory again and again. Static RAM is more expensive and faster than DRAM. Static Ram is used to build a very fast memory called CACHE (pronounces 'cash' ) memory. ROM ROM stands for Read Only Memory, because its contents can be read and used only and we cannot change or delete its contents. It is a non volatile memory. Its retains its contents even after switching off the computer. Therefore, ROM does not require electricity to retain its contents. ROM is a permanent memory. The instructions in ROM are written at the time of manufacturing by the manufacturer. Importance of ROM 1. One important reason a computer needs ROM is that instructions stored in ROM (called ROM BIOS - Basic Input/output System)execute on start-up of computer and guide the computer what to do. They make the computer ready for work. 2. ROM contains a set of start-up instructions to check that memory is functioning well and check for other hardware devices. Types of ROM Following are the types of ROM

PROM

PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. Instructions can be stored in PROM only once. Then it becomes ROM and we cannot change instructions in it. Initially PROM is a blank chip. Once instructions are written on it, then it become ROM. Now we cannot change or delete the instructions. If there is any error in writing instructions then PROM chip becomes unusable.

EPROM

EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Program instructions written on EPROM can be erased and changed with the help of ultra violet rays. So if once we write instruction on this chip with errors, we can erase wrong instructions and rewrite new instructions.

EEPROM

EPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Program instructions written on EEPROM can be erased with the help of electricity and rewritten.

4. Explain the characteristics of a computer? Ans: 1. Speed

Computers work at a very high speed. They are much faster than humans. A computer can perform billions of calculations in a second. Computer speed is measured in Mega Hertz (MHz). 2. Storage

7|Page A computer can store large amounts of data permanently. 3. Processing A computer can process the given instructions. It can perform different types of processing like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. 4. Accuracy Accuracy means the capability to provide results without any errors. Computer can process large amounts of data and produce 100% accurate results. 5. Recalling A computer can recall the stored data and information at any time, as and when required. 6. Cost Reduction Computer can reduce cost. We can do a work in less time and cost by computer. A single person, with computer, can do work of many people in an office. 8. Versatile A computer can perform different types of tasks. We can use a computer in hospital, bank or at home. 9. No Feelings Computer has no feelings. It cannot be affected by sorrows and happiness. 10. No Intelligence Computer itself is not intelligent. It only follows the given instructions. If a computer is given a program for addition it cannot perform subtraction by itself. 5. Explain Classification of Computers OR Explain Types of computer on the basis of Size, Shape and Resources, performance? Ans: Computers are classified on the basis of size, speed and price as under: Microcomputer or Personal Computer Mini Computer Mainframe Computer Super Computer 1. Micro Computers Desktop Model computer Micro computer is also called personal computer. It was introduced in 1970. It contains input devices, output device, storage device, memory and processor. It is used by one person at a time. Examples of personal computers are PC and Apple Macintosh. The major types of personal computers are desktop computer and portable computer. Desktop Computers These computers can easily fit on a table or desktop, hence the name. These computers come in two models or casings. In Desktop model, the system unit is placed on the desktop or table. Monitor is placed on the system unit. In Tower model, both monitor and system unit are placed on the table. Portable Computer Portable is a personal computer that can be carried from one place to other easily. Notebook computer and handheld computer (smart phone) are examples of portable computers. Notebook computer is also called laptop computer. Laptop computers are very small in size and can be placed easily on lap.

Handheld Computers (like smart phone) are also potable. Handheld computer is also known as palmtop computer. It easily fits in the hand of the user. Uses of Micro Computer The PC is the most common type of computer used in the office. It is now widely used in many homes.

8|Page These are also used for business and engineering application. 2. Mini Computers Mini computers were introduced in the 1960s. Minicomputer is larger and more powerful computer than personal computer. It can execute five million instructions per second. It generally consists of two or more processors. Mini computer can serve up to 4000 connected users simultaneously. It is normally accessed by users via personal computer or terminal. A device with a monitor and keyboard is called terminal. It is also known as dumb terminal. It has no processing power and cannot work as stand-alone computer. Examples of mini computers are: VAX-8800 AS 400. Uses of Mini Computers Mini computers are often used by small and medium-sized companies to provide centralized store of information. 3. Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers were introduced in 1975. A mainframe computer is a very large computer in size. It is more powerful than mini computer. It consists of multiple processors. It is designed to perform multiple tasks for multiple users at the same time. Mainframe computers can serve up to 50,000 users at the same time. The users access a mainframe computer through terminal or personal computer. A typical mainframe computer can execute 16 million instructions per second. Examples of mainframe computers are NEC 610 DEC 10 Uses of Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers are used in large organizations. For example, airlines use these computers for ticket reservation system. 4. Super Computers Super computers were introduced in 1980s. Super computer is the fastest computer. Super computer is the biggest in size and the most expensive in price than any other computers. It is the most sophisticated, complex and advanced computer. It has a very large storage capacity. It can process trillions of instructions in one second. Super Computer is the fastest and most powerful computer of a time. Supercomputers are very expensive. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks. Super computers are used for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations.. Uses of Super Computers include: 1. Weather forecasting, 2. animated graphics like in Hollywood movies, 3. fluid dynamic calculations, 4. nuclear energy research, 5. space science 6. Weapon and missile design etc. Examples of super computers are CRAY-XP, ETA-10.

What are Different Types of Computers?

9|Page Ans: Computers can be divided into the following 3 types on the basis of their working mechanism: 1) Analog Computers 2) Digital Computers 3) Hybrid Computers 1. Analog Computers Analog computer is used to measure continuous values. It measures a physical property like voltage, pressure, speed, time and temperature. An analog computer takes input in analog form and gives output in analog form. Its output is usually displayed on a meter or scale. Analog computer has low memory and fewer functions. Analog computer is mainly used in the field of engineering and medicine. Examples include:

Examples of Analog Computers include: 1. Thermometer 2. Speedometer 3. Analog clock 2. Digital Computers A digital computer works with digital data. Digital computer uses binary number system. Binary number system consists of only two digits 0 and 1. A digital computer represents data in digital signals. A 0 represents OFF and a 1 represents ON. Digital computer performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. It gives output in digital form. Digital computers are very fast. These computers can store results. They have large Memory(that is data storing capacity). Today most of the computers used in offices and homes are Digital computers. Examples: 1. Personal Computer-(also called PC or Micro Computer) 2. Digital Score board 3. Digital watch 3. Hybrid Computers A hybrid computer is a combination of both analog and digital computer. Hybrid computer can handle both analog and digital data. A hybrid computer combines the best characteristics of both the analog and digital computer. It can accept data in both analog and digital form. Examples: 1. Hybrid computer devices are used in hospitals that may calculate patient's heart function, temperature and blood pressure etc. 2. Hybrid computers are also used in spaceships and missile system. 3. Hybrid Computer Machines are generally used in scientific applications

10 | P a g e 4. Hybrid computers are used for controlling industrial processes. 6. Define operating system? Explain the functions of operating system? Ans: Operating system is a platform between hardware and user which is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of a computer. It hosts the several applications that run on a computer and handles the operations of computer hardware. There are different types of operating systems. These are as follows: 1. Real-time Operating System: It is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time applications. 2. Multi-user and Single-user Operating Systems: The operating systems of this type allow a multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. 3. Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems: When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking system, while in case the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system. 4. Distributed Operating System: An operating system that manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a distributed operating system. 5. Embedded System: The operating systems designed for being used in embedded computer systems are known as embedded operating systems Various services performed by operating systems are discussed below.
1. Process Management CPU can perform one task at one time. If there are many tasks, operating system decides which task should get the CPU first. Operating system also maintains a queue of jobs for processing one by one. 2. Main Memory Management Operating system manages memory (RAM)for many running programs. It allocates memory area to different programs. It de-allocates the memory area when a program is terminated. It also manages efficient use of RAM during processing. 3. Secondary Storage Management Operating system manages secondary storage. It manages the stored files and folders on disk in a proper way. You can create and save files and folders, edit files, copy files, move files from one location to another within one computer or from computer to computer, and delete files and folders etc, with the help oif operating system. 4. I/O System management It manages Input/output operations. It controls I/O devices like mouse, keyboard, monitor and printer etc. 5. File Management It manages files, for example:

creation of files

11 | P a g e

deletion of files copying of files. editing files moving of files etc.

6. Protection System There are many processes of different users in memory at a time. So operating system provides protection so that no process can interfere with another process activity. Operating system makes sure that each and every process performs within its own boundaries. 7. Networking Operating system provides access to shared resources by networking system. Users can share files and hardware resources like printer. 8. Command Interpreter system Operating system provides command interpreter for reading and executing user commands. For example, Microsoft Windows XP provides Command Prompt to enter and execute commands. 9. Booting Operating system starts the computer. It checks the computer and makes it ready to work. 10. Loading and Execution Operating system provides the facility to load programs in memory easily and then execute it. 11. Data Security Operating system protects the data stored on the computer from illegal use, modification or deletion. 12 Device Controlling Operating system controls all devices attached to computer with the help of device drivers. Device driver is software that permits a computer system to communicate with a device. e.g., device driver software for a modem comes with it on CD. We have to install device driver before using a device. 13. Printing Controlling Operating System also controls printing function. If a user issues two or more print commands at a time, it manages print queue for printing each document one by one in a proper sequence. 14. Providing Interface Operating system provides User interface to interact with the computer. User Interface may be Graphical user interface (GUI) or Command line interface. For example, Microsoft Windows XP provides an easy to use graphical user interface called GUI. Whereas DOS provides a

Command Line Interface called CLI.

7. Explain the block diagram of a computer with a neat diagram?

Ans:

12 | P a g e

A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve highly complicated problems quickly and accurately. Input Unit: Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem. Therefore we need to input the data and instructions into the computers. The input unit consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly used input device. Other commonly used input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc. All the input devices perform the following functions. Accept the data and instructions from the outside world. Convert it to a form that the computer can understand. Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing. Storage Unit: The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through the input unit, before they are processed. It preserves the intermediate and final results before these are sent to the output devices. It also saves the data for the later use. The various storage devices of a computer system are divided into two categories. 1. Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory is generally used to hold the program being currently executed in the computer, The primary memory is temporary in nature. The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store the data permanently, the data has to be transferred to the secondary memory. The cost of the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage. Therefore most computers have limited primary storage capacity. 2. Secondary Storage: Secondary storage to store several programs, documents, data bases etc. The programs that you run on the computer are first transferred to the primary memory before it is actually run. Whenever the results are saved, again they get stored in the secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than the primary memory. Some of the commonly used secondary memory devices are Hard disk, CD, etc., Memory Size: All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0s and 1s. Each character or a number is represented by an 8 bit code. The set of 8 bits is called a byte. A character occupies 1 byte space. A numeric occupies 2 byte space. Byte is the space occupied in the memory.

13 | P a g e The size of the primary storage is specified in KB (Kilobytes) or MB (Megabyte). One KB is equal to 1024 bytes and one MB is equal to 1000KB. Output Unit: The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used output devices. Arithmetic Logical Unit: All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer. It also does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can perform basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic operations viz, >, <, =, etc. Whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU once the computations are done, the results are transferred to the storage unit by the control unit and then it is send to the output unit for displaying results. Control Unit: It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit, where to store the data after receiving it from the user. It controls the flow of data and instructions from the storage unit to ALU. It also controls the flow of results from the ALU to the storage unit. The control unit is generally referred as the central nervous system of the computer that control and synchronizes its working. Central Processing Unit: The control unit and ALU of the computer are together known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is like brain performs the following functions: It performs all calculations. It takes all decisions. It controls all units of the computer.

8. Explain about different types of programming languages? Ans: In order to communicate with the computer user also needs to have a language
that should be understood by the computer. For this purpose, different languages are developed for performing different types of work on the computer. Basically, languages are divided into two categories according to their interpretation. 1. Low level languages 2. High level languages Low Level Languages:Low level computer languages are machine codes or close to it. Computer cannot understand instructions given in high level languages or in English. It can only understand and execute instructions given in the form of machine language i.e. language of 0 and 1. There are two types of low level languages:

Machine Language. Assembly Language

14 | P a g e Machine Language: It is the lowest and most elementary level of Programming language and was the first type of programming language to be Developed. Machine Language is basically the only language which computer Can understand. In fact, a manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one Language, its machine code, which is represented inside the computer by a String of binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. The symbol 0 stands for the absence of Electric pulse and 1 for the presence of an electric pulse . Since a computer is Capable of recognizing electric signals, therefore, it understand machine Language. Advantages of Machine Language i) It makes fast and efficient use of the computer. ii) It requires no translator to translate the code i.e.Directly understood by the computer Assembly Language: This is another low level but a very important language in which operation codes and operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0s and ls. These alphanumeric symbols will be known as mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to 5 letter combination e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START, LABEL etc. Because of this feature it is also known as Symbolic Programming Language. The language mainly helps in compiler orientations. The instructions of the Assembly language will also be converted to machine codes by language translator to be executed by the computer. Advantages of Assembly Language i) It is easier to understand and use as compared to machine language. ii)It is easy to locate and correct errors. iii) It is modified easily Disadvantages of Assembly Language i) Like machine language it is also machine dependent. ii) Since it is machine dependent therefore programmer should have the knowledge of the hardware also. High Level Languages High level computer languages give formats close to English language and the purpose of developing high level languages is to enable people to write programs easily and in their own native language environment (English). High-level languages are basically symbolic languages that use English words and/or mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes. Each instruction in the high level language is translated into many machine language instructions thus showing one-to-many translation Ex: c,c++,java,fortran etc..

15 | P a g e Advantages of High Level Language Following are the advantages of a high level language:

User-friendly it is easier to learn. They require less time to write. They are easier to maintain. Problem oriented rather than 'machine' based. Program written in a high-level language can be translated into many machine language and therefore can run on any computer for which there exists an appropriate translator. Programs developed in high level language can be run on any Computer

Disadvantages of High Level Language

A high-level language has to be translated into the machine language by a translator and thus a price in computer time is paid. The object code generated by a translator might be inefficient Compared to an equivalent assembly language program

9. Explain the features of windows (or) Windows operating system?

Ans: Windows is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based operating system which allows multitasking i.e. Multiple Applications can be simultaneously run in different windows. It has many very useful features that adds to its user-friendliness. Some of them are 1. Desktop: Screen upon which icons, Windows etc. are displayed is known as desktop. The windows, operating system desktop may contain background, one or more active or inactive windows, taskbar, icons. - -etc. 2, My Computer: In windows, the things you have on your computer your programs, documents and data files are all accessible from one place called My Computer My Computer is generally located at the upper left corner of the desktop 3 Icons: Icons are pictures representing windows elements like files, folders, shortcuts etc. Icons play a very important role in graphical user interface. 4. Recycle bin: Recycle Bin When we delete our files in windows, then these files are moved, to Recycle Bin from where these can be restored if desired. To delete these files permanently, we have to remove them from Recycle Bin So, Recycle Bin provides us with a second choice to restore the deleted files Recycle Bin can be opened by double clicking on its icon placed on the desktop. We can delete the files immediately without moving them to recycle bin by pressing the shift key along with the delete key 5. Windows Accessories Windows operating system comes equipped with basic accessories like Calculator, Paint, Notepad, Wordpad etc.. Notepad can be used to create or edit text files that do not require formatting. Paint can be used to create, edit and view pictures. Similarly, Wordpad is a text editor used for short documents.

16 | P a g e 6. Clipboard : Clipboard is a temporary storage space for data that is being copied or moved. Clipboard generally stores one set of data at a time. The contents of clipboard are cleared each time you select a new set of data and choose either cut or copy commands again. However, in word 2000 you can have as many as 12 sets of data simultaneously stored in clipboard.

11. What is window explorer? What are its various features?

Ans. Windows Explorer is a program which allows you to view all of your folders, and the files that belong in those folders. It is divided into 2 parts. On the left side are the dives and folders. The right side shows the files and subfolders of the folder or drive you have chosen from the left pane. Features of Window explorer are: Creating a folder: (I) Select the Drive or Folder you want to create your Folder in (ii) Right click in the right pane in the white area (iii) Select New (iv) Select Folder (v) Type in name for that Folder Deleting a file / folder: (i) Select the File/Folder you want to delete (ii) Hit the Delete Key on the keyboard (iii) Confirm Deletion Moving/Copying files to different folders: (i) Select the Folder you want to move or copy (ii) To Move File : Simply drag it to the destination you want it to go to (iii) To Copy File : Click on Edit --> Copy from the top of the screen. Then go to the destination folder and click Edit --> Paste Copying a file/folder to a floppy disk: (i) Select the Folder you want to mdve or copy (ii)Right click on the file or folder in the right pane (iii) Select Send To .-->

17 | P a g e (iv)S&ect 3.5 Floppy (A) (v) You can also drag the file to 3.5 Floppy (A:\) in the left pane. Copying a file/folder from a floppy disk to other drive (I) Select 3.5 Floppy (A :) in the left pane (ii) Seiect the File/Folder youwant to copy from in the floppy drive (iii) Drag it to your destination Renaming a file or folder (i) Select th File or Folder you want to rename (ii) Right Click on it (iii) Select Rename (iv) Rename File

1. Explain about tables in Ms-word?

MS-OFFICE

Ans: A table is a collection of rows and columns. The intersection of a row and column is called a cell. The layout of a table looks like a small spreadsheet. CREATING TABLE: Draw Table: This feature is very useful to draw a table of your specification. To draw a table click on the Tables and Borders icon, or Table >Draw table. With the help of a

18 | P a g e pencil tool, a table can be drawn easily. It is easier than insert table option if you are not sure of the required number of rows and columns. INSERTING A TABLE: 1. Click on the portion of the text, where the table must be created 2. Select Table Insert Table 3. Enter the number of columns (1 to 63) and rows (1 to 32767) click on OK 4. A table will be displayed with the specified columns and rows. We can also insert a table by clicking Insert Table icon from the standard tool bar. A grid will be displayed containing 5 columns and 4 rows. Click on the box containing the table to specify the number of rows and columns.

TYPING IN A TABLE To type the text or numbers in the table, move to the appropriate cell and type it. Once you have finished typing in one cell to go to the next cell press Tab key. Pressing Tab at the end of the row will move the insertion point to the next row and pressing Tab at the end of table will add a row at the bottom of table.

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Deleting a column:
Select the column to be deleted by clicking at the top of the column. Select Table Delete columns The column will be deleted and the next column will be brought in its place.

SETTING THE ROW HEIGHT AND COLUMN WIDTH: Table Alignment: To center or to bring the table to the right side select Center or Right from Alignment in Row of Cell Height and width in Table menu. Applying borders: Borders can be applied to any part of the table or entire table. To put the borders, select the cells (select entire table to put the borders in full) and select FormatBorders and Shading. Select Box (for outer border only), Grid (for inside borders only) or All (for outer and gridline borders), select the color and width, click on OK.

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2. Explain about headers and footers in Ms-word? Ans: Headers and footers are areas in the top and bottom of each page in a document. You can insert text or graphics in headers and footers - for example, page numbers, the date, a company logo, the document's title or file name, or the author's name - that are printed at the top or bottom of each page in a document.

You can work in the header and footer areas by clicking Header and Footer on the View menu. Headers and footers appear only in print lay out view and in printed documents.

EDITING HEADER OR FOOTERS

On the View menu, click Header and Footer. If necessary, click Show Previous or Show Next on the Header and Footer tool bar to move to the header or footer you want to change. Make your changes to the header or footer. For example, revise text, change the font, apply bold format, or apply a different font color. When you change a header or footer, Microsoft Word automatically changes the same header or footer throughout the document, unless the document contains different headers or footers in a section.

Create a Header or Footer:

On the View menu, click Header and Footer. The Header and Footer toolbar is displayed and the main document content is dimmed. Also, at the top margin you see the insertion point positioned in an area enclosed by a nonprinting dashed line, with the word "Header", or so, printed on it. This is the header area. The footer area is at the bottom margin. To move to the footer area, click the Switch Between Header and Footer button.

With the insertion point positioned within the dashed line surrounding the header, type the text you want for the header. Do one or more of the following: Page numbers, page of pages(3 of 13) ,inserting date and time . To enter the footer information, click the Switch Between Header and Footer button to move the insertion point to the footer area. (You can also use

21 | P a g e the vertical scroll bar between the header and footer areas to scroll between the header and footer.)

Follow steps 2 through 3 above to create the footer. Click the Close button, or double-click the dimmed main document text, to return to the main document when you are through.

Create a Different Header or Footer for Odd And Even Pages 1. On the View menu, click Header and Footer. The Header and Footer toolbar is displayed. 2. On the Header and Footer toolbar, click the Page Setup button. The Page Setup dialog box is displayed. 3. Click the Layout tab if it's not already selected. 4. Under Headers and footers, click the Different odd and even check box, and then click OK. 5. Click the Show Previous or Show Next button to move to an even page header or footer. 6. Create the header or footer you want to appear on each even-numbered page. Click the Switch Between Header and Footer button to switch between viewing the header or footer area. 7. Click the Show Next button to move to an odd page header or footer. 8. Create the header or footer you want to appear on each odd-numbered page. Click the Switch Between Header and Footer button to switch between viewing the header or footer area. 9. Click the Close button on the Header and Footer toolbar, or double-click the dimmed main document text, to return to the document.

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3. Explain Mail-Merge in Ms-word? Ans: Mail Merge is used to create form letters, mailing tables, envelops, and catalogs by merging the information from two different files. Those two files are generally the Main Document and Data Source file. After creating those two files, they are merged to get the desired result. Generally, Mail Merge is used to print multiple copies of a particular letter addressed to many members. For example circulars, invitations etc., MAIN DOCUMENT: The main document contains the subject matter of the letter to be printed. It can contain text, graphic objects and fields, which are to be inserted into the letter. When merging, data will be merged with in the main document. Therefore, the format of the letter and where the data from data source file must be inserted is specified in the main document. DATA SOURCE: Data source file contains the information in the form of records, which is inserted to the main document. In one record, one members information is stored - for example, one persons address. The individual information of the record is called a field. Actually, the data written in these fields will be inserted in the main document during merge. Mere requires 3 steps: 1. Creating Main Document 2. Creating Data Source

23 | P a g e 3. Merging of two files CREATING MAIN DOCUMENT First, open a new document to create a main document by selecting File--New. Then select Tools-----Mail Merge. The following dialog will be displayed on the screen. Click on the button Create to display the available formats (form letter, mailing labels, envelop or catalog) of the main document. The following list will be displayed. From the list click on Form Letters. Then, a dialog will be displayed prompting where to create the main document (whether in the active window (current file) or in a new document). Click on Active Window

The Edit button will be displayed to the right of Create. Before selecting edit the Master Document, specify the address of members to whom the letters must be sent.

Creating Data Source: The address must be stored in the data file. To create the data file, click on Get Data in Data Source. The following list will be displayed.

Click on create Data Source to specify the fields (items) to be included in the address, like name, place etc., The existing field names will be displayed on the screen to the right. Unwanted fields can be removed by clicking on the field name and by clicking on the button Remove Field Name. Type the field name on the left side below the Field Name and click on the button Add Field Name. The added fields will be displayed on the right side list. After specifying the field names, to type the contents, Click on OK. A dialog will be displayed to specify a name for the data source. Type a name and click on save. A dialog will be displayed asking to edit the data source or edit the master document, as shown below.

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Type the details by pressing enter after typing the name, address etc. To type other address, click on Add New button. After the typing is completed, click on OK. Data source dialog will end and a blank screen will be displayed to type the subject matter of the letter. Now, type the contents of the letter. Wherever the content of data source is to be included, click On insert Merge Field icon available in Mail Merge tool bar, a list of available fields in the data source will be displayed. Click on the desired field name to insert it into the file.

After typing the letter, save it under a name (do not give the name of data source to the letter). Now the document is ready to merge. To merge the data source with the main document and to print a letter for every address in the data source, select ToolsMail Merge. Merge dialog will be displayed again. Click on Merge displayed at the bottom of the dialog. The following Merge dialog will be displayed. By default, the merging will be done in a new document and a letter will be printed for every address in the data source. If the letters has to be printed for a few addresses only, specify from and To for address numbers. Select Merge to merge the addresses with the letter. A letter will be printed for each address in the data source in a new file. These merged letters can be saved in a file and printed later.

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4. Explain about Macros in Ms-word? Ans: A macro is a series of keystrokes and mouse clicks that can be called with the
simple click of a mouse. Advanced users of ten create and use macro to automate frequently used operations. This provides time saving shortcuts to speed up such operations.

Recording macros in Word

To record a macro in Word, follow these steps: 1. Choose Tools --> Macro --> Record New Macro. A Record Macro dialog box appears, as shown in Figure.

2. Type a name for your macro in the Macro name text box. 3. Click the Keyboard button. A Customize Keyboard dialog box appears, it's where you assign a keystroke combination to your macro. 4. Press the keystroke that you want to represent your macro (such as Alt+F12). You can repeat this step to assign multiple keystrokes to the same macro if you want. 5. Click the Assign button. 6. Click the Close button. The mouse pointer turns into an arrow with an audiocassette icon; a Stop Recording toolbar appears, as shown in Figure 3, which you can use to pause or stop recording a macro. 7. Press the keystrokes that you want to record in your macro. If you click the Pause Recording button, you can temporarily stop the recording of your macro. 8. Click the Stop Recording button when you finish recording the keystrokes. To run your macro, press the keystroke combination that you chose in Step 4. ********

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5. Explain about components of Ms-word Window and its features?

Ans: MS-WORD is a word processor developed by Microsoft Corporation. We can create, edit, and print the documents according to our requirements. Some of the features of Ms-WORD include mail merge, auto correct, spelling and grammar checking, tables, etc

Components of MS-word:

Tool bar: A set of icons to perform different tasks and displayed as a set is called a tool bar. Standard toolbar and formatting toolbars are displayed at the top of the screen below the menu bar. In word 2000, drawing tool bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen. Ruler bar: It displays the margins, indents, tab positions on a numbers scale, Horizontal ruler line will be on the top and vertical ruler line is to the left of the screen. View Bar: View Bar is displayed below the workspace containing 4 icons in it. It can be used to display the document in Normal View, Online Layout View, Page Layout View or Outline View. Status Bar: The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of Ms-Word window (above the task bar). It displays

27 | P a g e the information about the active document such as page number, section number, number of pages, insertion point position etc., Features of MS-Word: i) Using word you can create the document and edit them later, as and when required, by adding more text, modifying the existing text, deleting/moving some part of it. ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) Changing the size of the margins can reformat complete document or part of text. Font size and type of fonts can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer can be included. Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire document. Word count and other statistics can be generated. Text can be formatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can be made. Tables can be made and included in the text. Word also allows the user to mix the graphical pictures with the text. Graphical pictures can either be created in word itself or can be imported from outside like from Clip Art Gallery. viii) ix) x) Word also provides the mail-merge facility. Word also has the facility of macros. Macros can be either attached to some function/special keys or to a tool bar or to a menu. It also provides online help of any option.

Ms-Power Point
1. Explain about Power point and its features? Ans: Microsoft power point is an audio-visual tool, which is used for presentation purposes. By using power point, the information can be represented in the form of tables. A slide is container of information. The information on the slide can be edited and animated. Features of Power point: 1. Microsoft power point is an audio-visual tool, which is used for presentation purposes. 2. By using power point, presentations can be made in different styles like on screen presentations, overhead transparencies etc. 3. Power point provides auto content wizard, template features for preparing presentations. 4. Slides can be viewed in different ways.

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5. Slides can be inserted, deleted, copied in presentations.

6. Slide numbering can be provided. 7. Power point allows adding animation effects to slide contents. 8. Music can be added while displaying a slide. 2. Create a power point presentation using auto content wizard and design template? Ans: PowerPoint offers a variety of ways to create a new presentation. We can create a presentation by the following three methods. Using AutoContent Wizard Using Templates Using Blank Presentation. CREATING A PRESENTATION USING AUTOCONTENT WIZARD: The steps to create a presentation using AutoContent Wizard. Select the AutoContent Wizard option from the PowerPoint dialogue box. A dialogue box as shown in the figure will be displayed.

Click on the Next button. Enter the data in each text box and click on Next. Choose the type of the presentation and click on the Next. A dialogue box will be displayed that helps to select a visual style and duration of the presentation. Make the selections and click on Next. Select the kind of output is required and whether handouts are to be printed or not and click on Next. Click ON Finish to conclude the wizard. CREATING A PRESENTATION USING TEMPLATE A presentation template is a saved presentation file that contains predefined slide and title Masters, color schemes and graphic elements. It also includes masters with preformatted fonts and styles.

29 | P a g e The steps to apply a template to a new presentation are: Select the template option from the PowerPoint dialogue box. Click on the Presentation Designs tab to display the design templates. Select a template and click on OK button to activate the template. The New Slide Dialogue box will be displayed as shown in the figure. Select a layout and click on OK button Now we can start creating the presentation by adding the information and styles to each slide.

3. Explain working with slides?

Ans: After creation of a presentation, we can add, delete or copy slides wherever necessary. Adding a Slide The steps to add a slide are: Select the New Slide option from the Insert Menu. Select an appropriate layout from New Slide dialogue box. Click on OK. Deleting a Slide The steps to delete a slide are: Select the slide to be deleted. Select Delete option from Edit Menu. Copying a Slide The steps to copy a slide are: Open the presentation in Slide Sorter View. Select the Slide, which we want to copy. Place the cursor where we want to insert the slide. Select Edit Paste.

4. Explain about drawing objects in power point? Ans: The drawing feature in PowerPoint helps to draw shapes such as rectangles,
squares, circles and even stars on a slide. DRAWING RECTANGLE AND ELLIPSE: The steps to draw a rectangle are: Click on the Rectangle tool icon in the Drawing Toolbar. The mouse pointer changes crosshair. Move crosshair pointer to the position on the slide where we want to start the rectangle. Click and drag the pointer to the opposite corner for the rectangle. Release the mouse button. The steps to draw an ellipse are: Click on the Ellipse tool icon in the Drawing Toolbar. The mouse pointer changes to crosshair. Move crosshair pointer to the position on the slide where we want to place the edges of the ellipse. Click and drag the pointer until the ellipse shape and size we want. Release the mouse button.

30 | P a g e DRAWING LINES AND ARCS Drawing Lines and Arcs is similar to that used for drawing shapes, except that Line and Arc are not enclosed objects. The Line and Arc have a beginning point and en end point with resize handles at each point. The steps to draw a Line are: Open the slide we want to draw a Line. Click on the Line icon tool in the Drawing Tool bar. The mouse pointer changes to Cross hair. Move the crosshair to the slide and point where the Line begins. Click and drag the mouse to the endpoint of the Line. Release the mouse button. The steps to draw an Arc are: Open the slide we want to draw an Arc. Click on the Arc icon tool in the Drawing Tool bar. The mouse pointer changes to Cross hair. Move the crosshair to the slide and point where the Arc begins. Click and drag the mouse to the endpoint of the Arc. Release the mouse button. DRAWING AUTO SHAPES: The AutoShapes feature makes it easy to draw frequently drawn shapes in PowerPoint slides and other applications. The AutoShapes tool displays a popup menu click on it. It contains objects like Lines, Basic Shapes, Block Arrows, Flowcharts, Stars, Banners and Callout. The steps to draw an AutoShape are: Click on the AutoShape on the drawing Toolbar. The AutoShape popup menu will be displayed. Select a tool and move the pointer to the slide. Click the pointer to anchor the beginning point and drag to the end point for the object.

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MS-EXCEL
Explain about cell references in Excel? Ans:

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