International Conference on Power Engineering-2007, October 23-27, 2007, Hangzhou, China 108

Study on Thermodynamic System Analytical Method of Cogeneration

Unit Based on Mass Unit
Hai-ping Chen *, An-fei Lin *, Wei-zhu Shi**
*Key Laboratory of Condition Monitoring and Control for Power Plant Equipment, Ministry of Education
North China Electric Power University, Hebei Baoding, China, 071003
(E-mail: hdchenhaiping@163.com)
**Northern electric power united company, Inner Mongolia Huhehaote, China, 102202
Abstract: Divide actual thermodynamic system of cogeneration unit into condensing cycle and heating cycle. Then by mass unit
matrix analytical method, derive heating cycle steam-water distribution equation of all stages of heaters in typical mass unit,
where heating backwater flows. Hence, its convenient to analyze how local disturbance of thermodynamic system influences
generation and heating load. Verified by living example, this method is of wide universality, high precision and programmable as
well.
Keywords: Thermal power engineering; Cogeneration unit; Thermodynamic system; Mass unit
Due to its duality, thermal economy of cogeneration unit is
reflected in two aspects, i.e. generation and heating load.
Compared with condensing unit, its thermodynamic system is
more complicated to analyze. Mass Unit Matrix Analytical
Method presented in document [1] originally focused on study
of condensing unit instead of cogeneration unit which could
regulate heating extraction. Here we extend this method to
analysis and calculation of thermodynamic system of the latter
in the hope of perfecting its analytics system based on mass
unit.
1 ANALYTICAL THINKING
Study on thermodynamic system in power plant should
base on cycle analysis because thermodynamic system in
power plant is steam power cycle there. Regard the actual
thermodynamic system of cogeneration unit as a composite
synthetic thermodynamic cycle mixed by many steam and
water flows of different functions, which can be divided into
condensing cycle and heating cycle. Condensate from both
cycles goes through related regenerative extraction steam
stages, heated in heaters and then delivered to boiler by feed
pump. Work done by both cycles includes that of itself and
that generates when all stages of regenerative extraction steam
expands in turbine during heating. Work done by the whole
unit is equal to the sum of both cycles. Exhaust of heating
cycle is exploited by user as gains while that from condensing
cycle is only cooled in condenser, whose exothermal is lost to
environment as waste heat. That shows a one by one
corresponding relationship between exhaust loss of heating
cycle and heating load. Firstly, conceptions below must be
clearly defined:
Condensing Cycle: it includes condensate flow, extraction
steam for heating condensate and auxiliary flows of
corresponding share.
Unit Inlet Water Factor of Condensing Cycle : inlet
water flow of condensing cycle when its outlet water flow is
1kg in No j mass unit.
d
Gcj
Exhaust Factor of Condensing Cycle
c
o : exhaust flow of
condensing cycle when its inlet volume is 1kg, equals to
successive multiplication of unit inlet water factors of all mass
units in condensing cycle.
Heating Cycle: it includes heating flow and its makeup
flow, extraction steam for heating return water and makeup
water, together with auxiliary flows of corresponding share.
Unit Inlet Water Factor of Heating Cycle : inlet water
flow of heating cycle when its outlet water flow is 1kg in No j
mass unit.
d
Ghj
Exhaust Factor of Heating Cycle
h
o : exhaust flow of
heating cycle when its inlet steam is 1kg, equals to successive
multiplication of unit inlet water factors of all mass units in
heating cycle.
In this analytical thinking, heating cycle is not regarded as
auxiliary steam-water constituents, such as leakage steam
from gland seal any longer. With condensing cycle, they
compose two general cycles jointly of cogeneration unit.
Regenerative extraction of all stages and auxiliary steam-water
of thermodynamic system are distributed to both cycles at
different locations in or out the system according to the
proportion between condensate and inlet steam flow of each
cycle. Hence, we can accurately calculate the degree how local
disturbance of thermodynamic system influences both
generation and heating load, together with variation of thermal
economic index.
By Mass Unit Matrix Analytical Method, we analyze
condensing cycle in the same way as calculation process of
condensing unit. For heating cycle, heating steam flow
expands to heating extraction enthalpy from admission
Study on Thermodynamic System Analytical Method of Cogeneration Unit Based on Mass Unit 109
enthalpy in turbine. When heating backwater flows back to
thermodynamic system at different location in different way
after heat exchange with heat user, due to those factors, as
different rate & temperature of backwater, temperature of
supplemental water etc. Accordingly, calculation formula of
unit inlet water factor and exhaust factor differs, which needs
separate discussion.
2 STEAM-WATER DISTRIBUTION EQUATION
OF TYPICAL MASS UNIT IN HEATING CYCLE
Fig. 1 Typical mass unit calculation sketch
To verify the universality of this conclusion, the typical
mass unit in Fig.1 is taken as an object of study to demonstrate
steam-water distribution equation and calculation formula of
unit inlet water factor of heating cycle when heating
backwater flows in all stages of heaters.
According to original data arrangement rules of mass unit
matrix analytical method[1], surface heater
#1#2#3#n-1:
, ,
1 1
q h t t t t t
i i si i si i i si i
= = =
+
t
Collective heater#n: known from document[2]:
heating backwater flowing into regenerative extraction steam
is only related to the mass unit at the inlet point and all mass
units below (in direction of condensate flow). In other words,
mass unit above doesnt influence heating cycle. Inlet water
flow of heating cycle at mass unit inlet is zero.
0, 0, 0
1
q h t t
n n n n n sn
= = =

t
When heating backwater flows into water inlet of #1 heater
as in Fig.1, list heat balance equation for heaters #1~#n
respectively and get:
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
q d
h
q d
q d d
Ghj
d
q
n n n n n n n
A
=


( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

t t
t
t t
t t

t
d 1
1
n
d
i Ghj
i
_ =
=
(1)
Among them:
2
t t
h h
A = t showing the difference
between heating backwater enthalpy and feed water enthalpy
at inlet.
When heating backwater returns into water inlet of #2~#n
heaters respectively, using the same method to derivate, get
respective matrix equation and write into general formula:
| || | | |
B d d
i i Ghj hi
= (

t t
1
1
n
d
i Ghj
i
_ =
=
d (2)
Above is steam-water distribution equation of heating
cycle when heating backwater returns into typical mass unit.
In it, [B] reflects the connecting manner of the system in mass
unit. B=b
ij
when i<j b
ij
=0when i=j b
ij
=q
i
when
i>jb
ij
=
i
q
i
,
i
and
i
stand for extraction heat exhaust,
drain heat exhaust and feed water enthalpy rise. d
i
is the unit
extraction factor of heating cycle of No i heater in mass unit.
d
Ghj
is unit inlet water factor of heating cycle in given mass
unit. Value of
hi
heating backwater flows into water inlet of
No j heater by enthalpy value
h
t when i<j
hi
=0when
i=j
hi
=
h
=
1 h i
t t
+
when i>j
h
=
i

Its necessary to explain this condition that heating

backwater returns into water inlet of surface
heaters#1#2#3#n-1. Since feed water flow at inlet
of #n heater is zero, unit extraction steam factor of the heater
on given stage must be negative. This special phenomenon
does not mean steam flows back to turbine. It only means
extraction of this stage decreases because of existence of
heating cycle.
3 CALCULATION INSTANCES
Illustrated by cogeneration unit of C50-8.82/0.118 type in
Fig. 2, main parameters of thermodynamic system under a
certain performance are in Table 1.
Fig.2 Thermodynamic system of cogeneration unit of
C50-8.82/0.118
In light of mass unit dividing principle
[1]
of Mass Unit
Matrix Analytical Method, thermodynamic system of this unit
consists of two mass units. The first includes No1, No2 and
No3 heaters while No4, No5 and No6 belong to the second.
Refer to Table 2 for all intermediate parameters and
calculation results. Verify by heat balance method, we get
same calculation result.
Under this performance, leakage steam volume from main
steam valve D
f
=1.56t/henthalpy h
f
=3475.04 kJ/kg,exploited
inside deaerator, calculate influence on generation and heating
load when main steam flow of calculated unit is constant.
Leakage steam from main steam valve only causes change
in the first mass unit:
International Conference on Power Engineering-2007, October 23-27, 2007, Hangzhou, China 110
Table 1 Main parameters of thermodynamic systemkJ/kg
Serial
No.
h
i
q
i

i
t
i

No1 3255.3 2338.4 146.96

No2 3112.1 2386.1 190.92 190.92
No3 2956.0 2346.4 74.54 116.39
No4 2857.0 2234.0 94.62
No5 2727.0 2199.5 249.69 95.46
No6 2594.0 2498.1 169.41 431.66
Main steam flow
D
0
=306t/h
New steam enthalpy
h
0
=3475.04
heating extraction flow
D
h
=224.43t/h
heating extraction enthalpy
h
h
=2727.0
Turbine exhaust enthalpy
h
c
=2472.00
Heating backwater enthalpy
h
t
=527.54
Feed water enthalpy
fw
t
=1022.0
condensate pump discharge
enthalpy
c
t
=95.88
Feed pump enthalpy rise
b
t
=17.16
Feed water enthalpy at No5
outlet
5
t
=514.98
0.8456874687
1 1
d d
Gc Gh
' ' = =
Cycle exhaust factor:
1 2
0.6805787226
Gc Gc
d d
c
o' ' = =
1 2
0.8162077331
h Gh Gh
d d o' ' = =
Generation change:
197.435 W W W ' A = = kW
100% 0.349%
W
W
W
A
= = o
Heating load variation:
0.646 Q Q Q
h h h
' A = = GJ/h
100% 0.134%
Q
h
Q
h
Q
h
A
= = o
Relative variation of gross thermal efficiency (fuel
exploitation coefficient):
6
3600 10
0.00943%
6
3600 10
W Q
h
tp
W Q
h
A + A
A = =
+
q
Table 2 Summaries of main calculation data of C50-8.82/0.118 thermodynamic system
Calculation index Condensing cycle Heating circulation
Inlet water factor of 1st mass unit
1
0.8445597253
Gc
d =
1
0.8445597253
Gh
d =
Inlet water factor of 2nd mass unit
2
0.8047638729
Gc
d =
2
0.9651410992
Gh
d =
Cycle exhaust factor
0.6796711554
c
o = 0.8151193016
h
o =
1kg live steam cycle work kJ/kg
0
838.0598
c
w =
0
660.2177
h
w =
Cycle inlet steam volume t/h
0
30.6661
c
D =
0
275.3339
h
D =
Cycle power generation kW
electromechanical efficiency is 0.98
6996.111
c
W = 49484.646
h
W =
Actual power generation
56480.757 W = kW
Actual heating load GJ/h 483.752 Q
h
=
heating network efficiency is 0.98
4 CONCLUSION
Above calculation instances illustrate that: its feasible to
divide actual thermodynamic system of cogeneration unit into
condensing cycle and heating cycle. Its accurate to analyze and
calculate thermodynamic system of cogeneration unit by Mass
Unit Matrix Analytical Method, whose calculation precision is
identical with that of heat balance calculation. Its convenient
to calculate how local disturbance of thermodynamic system
influences generation and heating load, together with variation
of thermal economic index of thermodynamic system of
cogeneration unit.
REFERENCES
[1] Chen Haiping, The Calculation Method For
Thermodynamic System of Coal-fired Unit based on
Mass Unit, North China Power University ,Baoding,
2002.
[2] Ma Fangli, Analytical Principle of Thermodynamic
System in Power Plant, Beijing, Water Conservancy
Electric Power Publishing House, 1992.