t14004@cc.ntnu.edu.

tw

1944
(grammar school)
(technical school)
(modern school)
1990
1950 J. P. Guilford
(Structure of Intellect; SI) (Guilford, 1967)

Guilford Getzels Jackson (1962)

Torrance (1970)

100 20 20
20 6

70
Getzels Jackson
(psychosocial excellence)

Cole
(1997)(moral intelligence)
Getzels Jackson
1

 1960
C. W. Taylor 1968
(1)(2)(3)
(4)(5)(6)Taylor
10 10
30
50 90
Taylor

1960

Reissman(1962)

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7. ()
8.
Reissman Torrance (1970)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Torrance(1970)

Torrance

Gardner (MI Theory)

Howard Gardner1983, 1993Theory of

Multiple Intelligences Robert J. Sternberg1985, 1988
The Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceSuccessful
IntelligenceSternberg, 1996

Gardner
1983
Sternberg1985,
1988componential(contextual)
(experiential)Sternberg, 1996

()

Gardner 1983
1.(linguistic intelligence)

2.(musical intelligence)

3.(logic-mathematical intelligence)

4.(spatial intelligence)

5.(bodily-kinesthetic intelligence)

6.(intrapersonal intelligence)

7.(interpersonal intelligence)

Gardner 1993 (naturalist intelligence)

(Gardner, 1999;
Glock, Wertz, & Meyer, 1999) existential
intelligence

Gardner, 2003 1
1 Gardner

Linguistic

Logical-

Mathematical

Musical

top-down
bottom-up

Spatial

Kinesthetic

()

Intrapersonal

()

Interpersonal

()

Naturalist
()

(Existential)

Gardner (1983,1993,1999, 2003, 2006), Shearer (2005c)

5

 Coles (1997)(moral intelligence)

Gardner
( Thorndike, 1920; Strang, 1930) Salovey Mayer (1990)
Goleman1995EQ

Sternberg
metacognition

Gardner Sternberg
Perkins1995
learnable intelligence
Gardner MI Sternberg SI 2 3 (
2003a)
2

Gardner Sternberg

Gardner

Sternberg

1.
2.
3

Gardner(MI) Sternberg (SI)

( ( (

) ) )

 2-2 Gardner MI Sternberg SI vs.

(1)()
()
()
(2)()(3)
()
Gardner1993 Sternberg1996

Gardner (1993)
(Practical Intelligence for School; PIFS)
Gardner(1983) () Sternberg(1985)

PIFS

1.

2.

3.

PIFS

(infusion curriculum)
(self-monitoring)

PIFS
(Gardner, 1993)


Gardner MI
MI 1983
(Frames of Mind: Theory of Multiple Intelligences)
O MI
IQ
1983 Gardner
IQ MI
MI
MI

123
4 Gardner
(1998)
1983 Howard Gardner

(Wu, 2004)
(American Educational Research Association; AERA) 2003
MI (20 Years of Multiple
Intelligences: Reflections and A Blueprint for the Future) Gardner

MI-SIG 20
Gardner --
(Existential Intelligence)

MI
2003b2008Gardner, 2006
Gardner MI

Larry Cuban Gardner

MI MI

2003b
Elliot Eisner MI-SIG

(Multiple Intelligences and School Reform: Aspirations and

Dilemmas)(who)
(what)(where)MI

Gardner
2003b
Gardner MI

MI
MI
(Project Zero)1
DISCOVER(June Maker )2 SUMIT (Mindy
Kornhaber )(3)4Model
Program(5)Key Learning Community
Program(6)(Newcity School Program)

Gardner
(key school)
1987 Gardner MI 1993
1998(K-12)
(community program)2003b
1998 11 (NAGC)
(Louisville) MI ( DISCOVER
) Byck C. June Maker (
)

()(Lexington, Kentucky)(Rossell Primary

School)
1991 MI MI
MI

1997 MI MI

1.
2.
3.
3.
4.
( ) (Minneapolis, Minneasota)
(Excellence School)
1990 MI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.
()(Sealttle, Washington)(Skyview High
School)
1999 4 AERA MI-SIG

1. 900 10%
2.
3.
4.
20
5.
6.

(2002)

()
Gardner1993
10

Papert1993

Ken & Dunn1997 37%

34% 29%

(learning style)
()

Lazear1991

1.awaken stage

2.amplify stage)

11

3.(teach stage)

( 2-1)

(1)

(2)

(3)

4.(transfer stsge)

()
Lazear1994

1.(tacit intelligence)

2.(aware intelligence)

3.(strategic intelligence)

12

4.( reflective intelligence)

1998
performanceprogress
participation
developmental performance
descriptors
1.universal level
2.(cultural level)
3.(discipline-based level)

1.

2.
3.
13


1.

2.
3.
4.
Sternberg (1996)

1.
2.
3.
Lazear1994 Gardner MI

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

14

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Sternberg (1996)

authentic assessment)performance assessment

15

Sternberg1996 IQ

Gardner1993
portfolio assessment
Gardner Lazear (1994)

Gardner Sternberg

MI

(Cuban, (2003)

1.

16


2.

3.

(intra-individual differences)

4.

5.

6.

7.

17

Gardner Sternberg

(1999200520002000
20051999200119982004
20062006200520012001)
(2005
(2006)

1
2
3
4
(, 1999, 2003a)
(,1999-2005 MI
Gardner
Sternberg(1996))
1)

1. Gardner
2. Sternberg
3.
talents
talent development
Gardner MI

18

12
34

(
19992003a2003b20042000, 2001
2005
Gardner
() Coles(1997)
(1), (2), (3), (4), (5)
, (6)(), (7)(), (8)
, (9), (10)()

1
2001
2004

2005
()

(2001)
19


(1 , 1-28 )
,,
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(2004)

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(N=145)

(
)
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(2)

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20

(2005)
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((MI)
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93-2413-H-003-008)
()
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(4)
()

( MI
)

MI MI MI

(MI)

(CMIDAS)
()
2007, 2008 Branton Shearer The Multiple
Intelligences Developmental Scales (MIDAS) Howard Gardner
21

 MIDAS

1. 4-8
CMIDAS-B 9-15 CMIDAS-C 16

2. Existential
Intelligence
3. ()
4. 5

5. T

6. T

1 10 11 18

++

()

T T

1.

(T )

22


( 60 40 )
0.5 ( 60 40 )
60()

55 - 59

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40

2.
( T )

()

1.()

(intra-individual differences)
2.

(IDEA,1997,2004)IEP

No Child Left BehindNCLB,

2002
3.

23

Gardner
MI O MI
IQ
MI
MI MI

Gardner
MI

MI

MI
MI

education for
allexcellence for all

1999

24

2005

1990
207-218 )
1998GardnerSternberg
651-7
1999 73 1-9
2003a110 20-40
2003b 2003
2004
4 1 1-28
2007(CMIDAS-B)
(2000)18
237-255
2001
1 1 1-28
2005(MI)
(NSC
93-2413-H-003-008)
H. Gardner 2008
2000

200637 3
215-229
2000

2005

1999

2001

1998
(24-50)

2002 vs.
25


1998

2004

2006

2006

2005

1998IQ

2001

2005

2002

(2002) (MI) --
()

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