Research Plan

Assessment of turbulence models for transport phenomena on a fast moving surface due to impinging slot jets
1. Introduction Flow structure and associated transport phenomena over a moving surface due to jet impingement is a subject of considerable research interest. Impinging jets are widely used for heating cooling and drying application. In many practical situations of impinging jets, the impingement surface is in motion. The examples include production of photographic films, textiles, steel ingots, metallic glass ribbons and the like. The subject of jet impingement on a moving surface is also important from academic angle as it involves prediction of complex flow structure involving throng streamline curvature and transition to turbulence The available literature on jet impingement on moving surface is scarce and industry still relies on rules of thumb practice. The present investigator has carried out investigations on jet impingement on a moving surface in the Reynolds number (Re) range up to 6,000 using large-eddy simulation (LES) (Chattopadhyay et al., 2003) However, LES being computationally expensive, has not reached the stage where it can be used extensively in industry. The existing literature show a relatively larger data base comparing various turbulence models for the stationary case, e.g. Craft et al. (1993), Cooper et al.(1993) and Behnia et al. (1999). However, systematic studies of turbulence modeling on slot jet impingement on a fast moving surface in highRe range is notably scarce. A notable example is the work of Benim et al. (2007) who has very recently reported a comparative study of turbulence models of jets impinging on a rotating disk. It is proposed to assess turbulence models, namely k- model and its variants, the Reynolds stress model and Realized model for predicting the turbulent flow on moving surface up to a Reynolds number range about 50,000. The validation is to be performed by

comparison with LES data available with the author (Chattopadhyay and Saha, 2002, 2003). The flow structure at surface velocity ratio up to 5.0 (non-dimensionalized with respect to the jet inlet velocity) is proposed to be investigated. The work involves significant amount of numerical experiments and hence the proposed visit would be used to generate data at the higher range of surface velocity (2- 5 times of jet velocity) up to Re of 50, 000 only. Apart from the academic insight into the turbulent structure, this range is of practical significance e.g. in production of metallic glass ribbons and in understanding flow structure in vertical take off and landing (VTOL) aircrafts. 2. Objectives In the proposed study, numerical experiments will be conducted to simulate slot jet impingement on a moving surface. The parametric run will be give for Re of 25,000 and 50,000. The surface velocity will be varied up to five times the jet velocity at the nozzle exit. The research elements could be summarized as: To run simulation of jet impingement at high surface to inlet velocity using available turbulence models Compare the results of different models along with available LES data Identification of important components of turbulent production in line with the literature (Chattopadhyay and Saha, 2003) Identification of accurate and acceptable turbulence models.

3. Mathematical Model In the proposed investigation, air with Prantl number (Pr) of 0.7 will be taken as working fluid and will be assumed as incompressible with constant properties. The nondimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations to be used are provided below. For non-dimensionalization, the characteristics length and velocity is the jet height H and the inlet velocity uin, respectively. The pressure and temperature has been nondimensionalised by p=p*/2uin2 and T=(T*-T)/ (Tw-T), respectively, where u, p, T and are the velocity, pressure temperature and density , respectively. The subscripts in, and 2

w correspond to inlet, ambient and wall condition respectively. dimensional quantity.

Here * denotes

.u = 0

(1)

u 1 + (u.)u = p + (1 + t )2 u t Re
T 1 + (u.)T = p + (1 + t )2T t Re . Pr

(2)

(3)

The turbulent viscosity term t is to be computed from an appropriate turbulence model. The expression for the turbulent viscosity is given as:
t = C Re
k2

(4)

The turbulent diffusivity is related to the molecular diffusivity in the following manner
Re Pr

t = Pr t t

(5)

The value of turbulent Prandtl number Prt is chosen as 0.85 as recommended in literature (Benim et al., 2007). For closing the time-averaged momentum equation, several models will be tried which includes the k- model Despite its limitations, this model has been successfully applied to flows with engineering applications including flows in channels. While employing the RANS formulation, a broad range of two-equation k- turbulence models, namely, the standard (Launder and Spalding, 1974), the RNG (Yakhot and Orszag, 1986) and realizable (Shih et al., 1995) models, as well as the k-v model (Wilcox, 1993), and the SST model (Menter, 1994) will be used. Additionally, the Re Stress Model (RSM), using

a quadratic modeling of the pressure-strain term (Speziale et al., 1991), will also be investigated. Mainly, the low Re number (low-Re) versions (Shima and Launder, 1989) of the models have been applied, adopting amendments such as the two-layer-zonal approach (Wolfstein, 1969), which are able to resolve the near-wall region. For comparison, highRe number (high-Re) versions (Launder and Spalding, 1974) of some models will be applied adopting a wall-function approach (WF) for the near-wall flow. For this purpose, the non-equilibrium wall functions (Kim and Choudhury, 1995) are to be employed, which are principally superior to the standard ones (Launder and Spalding, 1974). For brevitys sake the model details could not be discussed here. However, the approach is presented by mentioning the formulation used in k- model. The equations for k and are given as:

k k 1 +w = 1+ t x z Re k

2 k + P

(6)

1 t 1 + +w = x z Re

2 2 C S C 1 2 k

(7)

where P is the production of turbulent kinetic energy. The model constants used in the above equations as given in Launder and Spalding (1974) are given below: k= 1.0 and = 1.2 C1= 1.44, C2=1.9 4. Solution Methodology The governing equations will be solved using SIMPLE algorithms in a finite volume formulation (Patankar, 1990) with structured grids. In generating the computational grids, special care is needed for an appropriate near-wall resolution, resulting in adequate nearwall y+ values, which are compatible with the assumptions of the respective turbulence model (Benim and Arnal, 1994). 4

Since we shall be using RANS formulations, discretizations will be performed in space domain only. The codes developed by Chattopadhyay as documented in Chattopadhyay and Saha (2002) and Chattopadhyay et al. (2003) will generally be used with modification necessary as per the observations and recommendations of Benim et al. (2007). Sciences. A second order upwind scheme (Barth and Jespersen, 1989) is proposed to be used for the discretization of the convective terms of the governing equations of all convective diffusively transported variables, for attaining a high numerical accuracy except for Re stress components, to save in computational time as advocated in Benim et al. (2007). The steps can be summarized as : Grid generation for 2-D and 3-D simulations. Running cases at different levels of jet to surface velocity up to 5.0 Comparison of Turbulence models by comparing distributions of Nusselt number, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence production rate. Studies at two levels of Re i.e. 20,000 and 50,000 5. Concluding Remarks The subject under the proposal merits a very thorough investigation spanning a considerable time. However, a beginning is proposed to be made by collaborating with the research group of Professor Benim who has already initiated significant work in the related area in the background that the present author has also contributed reasonably to the very scientific field. The proposed visit is hoped to be a precursor in future collaborations in the field of turbulence modeling of impinging jets while generating valuable scientific data within the available time frame of two months. Computational resources are to be provided by the CFD Laboratory of Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering of Duesseldorf University of Applied

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