Explain the 7 tools of statistical process control?

Statistical process control: Statistical process control (SPC) is a method of quality control which uses statistical methods. SPC is applied in order to monitor and control a process. Monitoring and controlling the process ensures that it operates at its full potential. At its full potential, the process can make as much conforming product as possible with a minimum (if not an elimination) of waste (rework or trash). SPC can be applied to any process where the "conforming product" (product meeting specifications) output can be measured. Key tools used in SPC include control charts; a focus on continuous improvement; and the design of experiments. An example of a process where SPC is applied is manufacturing lines Objective analysis of variation SPC is a valuable process because it allows examination of specific parts of a process. In particular, it looks at the parts that may conceal sources of variation in the quality of the product. The examination involves objective analysis rather than subjective opinion. SPC also allows the strength of each source of variation to be determined numerically. If sources of variation are detected and measured, they may be amenable to correction. In turn, correction of variations may reduce waste in production and may improve the quality of the product that reaches the customer. SPC must be practiced in 2-phases, where in first phase of SPC to establish the process initially and after that in second phase during the production run. In the second phase, we need to decide the period to be examined, depending upon the change in 4-M conditions and wear rate of parts used in the manufacturing process (machine parts, Jigs and fixture and tooling standard. Statistical process control (SPC) is a method of quality control which uses statistical methods. SPC is applied in order to monitor and control a process. Monitoring and controlling the process ensures that it operates at its full potential. At its full potential, the process can make as much conforming product as possible with a minimum (if not an elimination) of waste (rework or trash). SPC can be applied to any process where the "conforming product" (product meeting specifications) output can be measured. Key tools used in SPC include control charts; a focus on continuous improvement; and the design of experiments The Seven Tools of Quality

1. Control chart 2. X-Bar and R Charts 3. Pareto chart 4. Flow chart 5. Cause and effect diagram 6. Histogram 7. Scatter diagram The Pareto graphically summarizes and displays the relative importance of the differences between groups of data. A Pareto chart can be constructed by segmenting the range of the data into groups. A flowchart is important project development and documentation tool.It visually records the steps, decisions, and actions of any manufacturing or service operation and defines the system, its key points, activities and role performances. A histogram is used to graphically summarize and display the distribution of a process dataset. It can be constructed by segmenting the range of the data into equalsized bins (segments, groups, or classes). The vertical axis of the histogram is the frequency (the number of counts for each bin), and the horizontal axis is labeled with the range of the response variable. Cause and Effect Diagram A problem is systematically tracked back to possible causes. The diagram organizes the search for the root cause of a problemA similar diagram can be used to systematically search for solutions to a problem. Scatter charts It is similar to a line graph except that the data point are plotted without a connecting line drawn between them. Scatter charts are suitable for showing how data points compare to each other. At least 2 measured objects are needed for the query (one for x-axis and one for y-axis) Control Charts A broken line graph illustrates how a process behaves over time. Samples are periodically taken, checked, or measured, and the results are plotted on the chart. The charts can show

how the specific measurement changes, how the variation in measurement changes, or how the proportion of defective pieces changes over time X-Bar and R Charts The most commonly used of the control charts and the most valuable.They are ideal tools to improve product quality and process control and help to drastically reduce scrap and rework while assuring the production of only Satisfactory products.They can be used for controlling every step of production process, for the acceptance/ rejection of lots, and for early detection of equipment or process failure Limitations SPC is applied to reduce or eliminate process waste. This, in turn, eliminates the need for the process step of post-manufacture inspection. The success of SPC relies not only on the skill with which it is applied, but also on how suitable or amenable the process is to SPC. In some cases, it may be difficult to judge when the application of SPC is appropriate.