CHAPTER 5 1.

(a) The dispersion relation is

1 = m | sin Ka|. We solve this for K to obtain 2 2 1 K = (2/a) sin ( / m ) , whence dK/d = (2 / a)(m 2 ) 1/ 2 and, from (15), D()
2

= (2L/a)(m 2 ) 1/ 2 . This is singular at = m. (b) The volume of a sphere of radius K in 3 3/2 Fourier space is = 4K / 3 = (4 / 3)[(0 ) / A] , and the density of orbitals near 0 is D()= (L/2)3 | d/d |= (L/2)3 (2 / A 3/2 )(0 )1/ 2 , provided < 0. It is apparent that
D() vanishes for above the minimum 0. 2. The potential energy associated with the dilation is

1 1 1 B(V/V) 2 a 3 k BT . This is k BT and not 2 2 2

3 k BT , because the other degrees of freedom are to be associated with shear distortions of the lattice cell. 2 2 47 24 3 Thus < ( V) > = 1.5 10 ;(V) rms = 4.7 10 cm ; and ( V) rms / V = 0.125 . Now 3a/a V/V , whence (a) rms / a = 0.04 .
3. (a)

/ V) 1 , < R 2 > = (h/2

2

where

from

(20)
2

for

Debye

spectrum

/ D / 82 v3 . (b) In one dimension from = d D()1 = 3VD / 43 v3 , whence < R 2 > = 3h 1 (15) we have D() = L/v , whence d D() diverges at the lower limit. The mean square 1 2 / strain in one dimension is < (R/x) 2 > = K 2 u 0 = (h/2MNv) K 2 2 2 / / D / 4MNv3 . = (h/2MNv) (K D / 2) = h
4. (a) The motion is constrained to each layer and is therefore essentially two-dimensional. Consider one plane of area A. There is one allowed value of K per area (2/L)2 in K space, or (L/2)2 = A/42 allowed values of K per unit area of K space. The total number of modes with wavevector less than K is, with = vK,

N = (A/42 ) (K 2 ) = A2 / 4v 2 .
The density of modes of each polarization type is D() = dN/d = A/2v2. The thermal average phonon energy for the two polarization types is, for each layer,

U = 2

D() n(,) = d = 2

D A = d , 2 0 2v exp(h/) 1

where D is defined by N =

D() d . In the regime =D >> , we have

2A3 2v 2 = 2

x2 dx. ex 1

5-1

Thus the heat capacity C = k B U/ T .

2

(b) If the layers are weakly bound together, the system behaves as a linear structure with each plane as a vibrating unit. By induction from the results for 2 and 3 dimensions, we expect C T . But this only holds at extremely low temperatures such that << =D =vN layer / L , where Nlayer/L is the number of layers per unit length. 5. (a) From the Planck distribution

1 1 x 1 = (e + 1) /(e x 1) = coth (x/2) , where 2 2 2 x/2 sx x/2 x / /k BT . The partition function Z = e e = e /(1 e ) = [2sinh (x/2)]1 and the x=h <n>+

free energy is F = kBT log Z = kBT log[2 sinh(x/2)]. (b) With () = (0) (1 ), the condition

1 / coth (h / /2k BT) on direct differentiation. The energy h 2 / is just the term to the right of the summation symbol, so that B = U (T) . (c) By definition <n>h of , we have / = V/V , or d log = d log V . But D , whence d log = d log V .
F/ = 0 becomes B =

5-2