unani physician and there contribution

By editor, on November 5th, 2010

hippocrate, FATHER OF MEDICINE Name of Physician Asclepius Period Greek 600 B.C. Contribution God of Health, First Physician, Ilhami (Spritual) Physician, Student of Hurmus (Hazrat Idris Alaihis Salam), His daughter Hygeia is know as Goddess of Health Proposed Trimatter Theory, Humoral Theory, Physic Theory, know as father of medicine. Described the role of both male and female in the formation of foetus.He described the heart as a first organ formed in the foetus.Coined the term Vessel.Described the brain and its meninges. Described the functions of Stomach. Described the structure of Lungs and Parotid Glands. Coined the term logic. Father of Anatomy.Differentiated between Cerebrum and

Hippocrates

Greek 460 377 B.C.

Aristotle

Greek 384 322 B.C.

Herophilus

Greek 300 B.C.

Cerebellum.Differentiated between Nerve, Tendon and Vein.Differentiated between Motor and Sensory nerve. Differentiated between Artery and Vein. Discovered an instrument Clepsydra, to know the Pulse rate. Discovered the instrument Embryotome to listen the foetal heart sound. Father of Physiology.Described the heart valves.Described the function of Epiglottis. A member in team of compilation of Alexandrine Collection Searched and identified single drugs.Wrote an Encyclopedia Kitab Al Hashaish.Pioneer in Advia.Founder of Advia. Discovered the role of Opium as sedative and as a cough reliever. Discovered the role of Sarkhas as Antihelminthic. Inventor of Huqna (Enema).Described the origin of Nerve from Brain and Spinal Cord.Morphological classification of Bone.Described the Opitic, auditory and facial nerve. Described the morphological classification of muscles. Discovered the membrane. Differentiated between ureter,

Erasistratus

Greek

Yahya Nahwi (Joannes Grammaticus) Dioscorides

Greek

Roman, Ist Century A.D.

Jalinoos, Galen

Roman, 129 100 A.D.

Vein and Artery. Described the Anatomy of Kidneys and Bladder. Described the function of vital organs. Wrote 16 books of medical education know as Alexandrine Collection. Renowned Physician in Prophetic Period Surgeon Toxicologist, Translator of medical books from Greek into Arabic Wrote Kitabul Abdal, Kitabul Aghzia, Kitab Al Amrazi Prince Physician-cum-Chemist. He is considered as first chain of Arabic Caravan of knowledge and technology Father of Chemistry, Prepared surma, Arsenic and lead carbonate from sulphides. Invented Nitric Acid and sulphuric Acid, Invented distillation apparatus, invented aqua regia. Discovered Naushadar (Ammonium Chloride) Court physician of Hajjan bin yusuf, expert of Hamam, Fasad, Qai, and Mushil therapy. Court physician of Hazrat Umar bin Abdul Aziz Renowned translator of baitul hikmah (House of wisdom), wrote kitabul Mushajjar, kitabul Fasd was Hijamah Renowned translator of baitul kamal, wrote kitabul masail (questions medicinal)

Haris Bin Kalda Nazar Bin Haris Kalda Abi Ramsa Tamini Ibn Asal

570-633 A.D. 570-633 A.D. Arabic, 570-633 A.D. Ummavi, 660-750 A.D.

Masir Joyeea A-Bari Khalid Bin Yazid

Ummavi (Ummayal) Ummavi, 704 A.D.

Jabin bi Haiyaan (Gaber)

Ummavi

Tiyazooq

Ummavi period (Ummiyad period)

Abdul Malik Bin Abjar Kanani Ummavi period (Ummiyad period) Yuhanna ibn Masawaih Abbaid period, 777-857 A.D. (Johannes Damascenus)

Hunani ibn Ishaque (Juhannitus)

Abbasid 739-809 A.D.

Thabitiya ibn Qurrah

Abbasid 836-903 A.D.

Qusta bin luqa

Abbasid 812 A.D.(death)

Yaqub ibn Ishaque Rabban Tabri Zakaria razi (Rhazez)

Abbasid 873 A.D. (Death) Abbasid 780-850 A.D. 850-923 A.D

Ali ibn Abbas Majoosi (Hally Abbas) Abus Sehl Masihi

Abbasid 932-994 A.D 10th Century A.D, Abbasid

Translator of biatul hikmah, court physician and court astronomer. Philosopher, mathematician, astrologer, musician, physician, kitab fil waba, kitab fil assehaw wa azalatul marz Wrote kitab fil Ghiza wal dawa, Kitab fil Aqsamul Hummiyah, First Arabic encyclopedia, Firdausul Hikmah. Al-Havi, Al-Mansoori, Pioneer in bed side clinic, Inventor of inoculation, differentiated between measles and small pox, pioneer in modern education system Kamilus sana (Liber Regius)

Miyata fit tib, versatile genius, Mathematician, researcher. Ibn Sina (Avicena) 980-1037 A.D Al Qanoon fit tib (Medical Encyclopedia) (Cannon of Medicine) Abul Qasim Zahrawi (Abul 936-1036 A.D. Father of surgery, Kitab al Casis) Tasreef, expert in cupping, leeching, venesection, cautery. Ali Bin Isa Kahhal (Jesu Haly) 1039 A.D (death) Ophthalmologist, Fisrt used Anaesthesia in Ophthalmologist, expert in catarrh surgeryTazkiratul Kuhaleen Ibn Haitham or Hazen Abbasid period 965 AD 1039 Ophthalmologist, Philosopher A.D. and Physicist, father of optics, Kitabul Manazir (Amptic). He explained first theory of vision. Ibn Jazlah Be Giesla Abbasid Period 1054-1100 A.D Kitab Minhaj Biyan. Ibn Zuhur (Avenzoar) Abbasid Period 1091-1162 A.D Expert in treatment of tuberculosis and paralysis, surgeon, Kitab Al Taisir Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Abbasid Period 12th Century Kitabul Kulliyat, Spanish A.D 1126-1198 A.D Physician Moosa bin Maimoon 1135-1214 Fusool Musa (Maimonide) Ismail Jurjani 12th Century A.D. Zakhira Khawarzm shahi

Abul Lateef Baghdadi Ibn Baitar

1163-1231 A.D 1197-1248 A.D

Najeebuddin Samarqandi Ibn Nafees Nafees Ibn Iwad Kirmani Dawood Antaki Ibn Nadeem Jamaluddin Qufti Ibn Abi Usaiba

1222 A.D (death) 1210-1288 A.D 15th Century A.D 1541-1599 A.D 909 -998 A.D 1192-1248 A.D 13th century A.D

Ali Gilani

1526-1857, Mughal Period

Akbar Arzani

Mughal Period 1722 (Death)

Alvi Khan

1749 AD (Death), Mughal Period

Shareef Khan Khwaja Abdullah Ghazi

Mughal Period 1725-1807 Mughal Period Tuhlaq Period, 14th Century A.D. 1552 A.D. period Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah 1512 A.D. period Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah

Hk. Shahab Abdul Kareem Nagori Mir Mohammad Momin

He described that Sacrum is single bone. Botanist, Pharmacist, considered as encyclopedia of kitab al jameel mufridat, single drug. Kitab Asbab wa Alamat Discovered blood circulation Sharah Asbab wa Alamat Kitab Tazkirah Medical Historian, Kitab Al Fahrist Medical Historian, Tarikhul Hukma Medical historian, Uyoonul Anba Fit Tabqat Atibbah, Fontes Relationnum De Classibus Medicorum Bizyaze Gilani, Commentary on Al-Qanoon Fit tib, Mathematician, Physicist. Qarabadeen Qadri, Muffarahul Quloob, Mizanut Tib, Tibb Akbar, Expert in diagnosis by Pulse.Hashiya Sharah Asbab wa Alamat, Sharah Mujoozul Qanoon. Ilajul Amraz, Taleef Sharifi Ist Kashmiri physician in Mughal Period.Mujazul Aqsarie. Tibbi Shahabi

Ikhtiyarat Qutub Shahi, Risala Miqdariya, Ikhtiyarat Badiee. Shamshuddin Hussain Al Physician, Ophthalmologist, Jurjani translated Tazkiratul Kahaleen. First introduced Arabian Ophthalmology in India. Abdullah tabeeb 1920 A.D. period Mohammad Tibbul Fareed Quli Qutub Shah Shafiuddin Mohammad Tabib 1520 A.D. period Mohammad Tazkiratul Shahwat Fi Tabsirat Gilani Quli Qutub Shah Al Lazzat

Shamshuddin Bin Nooruddin Taqiuddin Mohammad Bin Sadruddin Ali Hk. Al-Mulk Nizamuddin Ahmad Gilani Hk Islami Bin Tabrezi Hk. Wali Gilani Hk. Rustam Jurjani

Hk. Qasim Farishta Raza Ali Khan Shifai Khan

Emperor Mohammad Tuglak Emperor Firoz Shah Tuglak Hakim Jilani Hakim Sarfuddin Hakim Sadra Hakim Satunnesa (tabiba) Mohammad Akbar Arjani Hakim Sayed Ali Ahmad Chandpuri Shh Ahl Ullh Ghulm Imm Hakim Mohammad Khan Dehlavi

1530A.D period Mohammad Zubdatul Hukma Quli Qutub Shah 1611-1625 AD. period Mizan Al Tabaye Qutub Shahi Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah 1625-1672 AD Abdullah Qutub Majmoa Hakeem Al Mulk, Shah Shajrahe Danish 1625-1672 AD Mohammad Tazkiratul Hukma. Quli Qutub Shah 1508-1583 AD Nizam Shahi Taqweemul Abdan, Risalah Dynasty Hifze Sehat. 1544 AD Nizam Shahi Dynasty Hummiyate Murakkabh, Asrarun Nisa, Zakhira Nizam Shahi. 1489 AD, Adil Shahi Dynasty Ikhtiyarate Qasmi, Dastur Al Atibba. 1948 Asif Jahi Dynasty Yadgari Risaii, Tazkiratul Hind. Asif Jahi Dynasty Ilajul Advia, Mizanul Mizaj, Risalae Chob Chini, Mujarribat Dar Bayane Hummiyat 1325-1351 Translation of Arabic and Sanskrit to Persian language 1351-1388 Translation of Arabic and Sanskrit to Persian language Akbar reign1542-1605 Description of Al-Qanon Fit Tibb in persian Akbar reign1542-1605 Wrote the Tibbe Shefai Nuruddin Salim Jahangirs Court physician physician(1569-1627) Sahjahan reign1592-1666 Female treatment Sahjahan reign1592-1666 Tibbe Akbar, Marabadina kaderi and Mijanut tibb Sajahan reign1592-1666 Wrote Attibbae ahade muglia 1776 1830 1235 Hz; 1857 Takmila-yi hind (Indian perfection). Mulijtal-nabaw (Prophetic treatments) Nabbaz(Specialist for diagnosis of diseases by pulse); Wrote two books ; Ziaul Absar Fi Haddil bab; Karnamaya Asrat Founder of Madrasae Tibb Established the Takmilut Tibb

Hakim Abdul Majid Khan Hakim Abdul Aziz

1883 1902

Hakim Ahmad Hossain Hakim Sharif Khan Dehlovi

1904 1134 Hz;

Hakim Abdul Majid Khan Hakim Hafiz Ajmal Khan

1266-1319 1284 Hz; 1864-1927

Hakim Mohammad Azam Khan Hakim Haji Abdul Aziz Shefaul Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif Falsafi Allama Hakim Kabiruddin Shefaul Mulk Hakim Mohammad Sadeq Hakim Hafez Abdul Hamid

1229 1320 Hz;1902 1271 Hz, 1855AD-1329, 1911AD 1317 hz, 1900-1390 hz, 1970AD 1894-1950 1888-1950

1908-1999

Hakim Mohammad Saeed

1920-1998

College Established Allahabad Tibbia College Elmul Amraz, Faoaeda Fharifia(Arabic); short note of Sharul Asbab wal Alamot.Short note of hummiyatul kanon, First founder of tibbe madrasa in Delhi He established the Hindustani Dawakhana in 1910, Korol bagh Unani and Ayurvedic tibia college in 1912; He evaluate the two alkaloid namely Ajmalin and Ajmalinin from Raulfia serpentine. His famous books are Resala Al-Kaulul margub fil maul masrub; Attahfatul hamidiah fil kenayatul kullia. Aksire Azam; Karabadina Azam . Founder Principle of Luknow takmilut tibb college 1927- Teacher in AMU; 1949principle AMU,1965- Principle Delhi Jamia tibia college Timardari, Tasrih(Anatomy), Mnafeul Aza(physiology) Application experimental formulation. Founder-1910Anjumane Attibbae Kolkata Chancellor Jamia Hamdard1962; Founder Hamdard Laboratories waqf Delhi.He wrote the books-Such as Theories and philosopher of medicines-1973, Philosophy of medicine and science problem and perspective-1972, Exchange between India and Central Asia in the field of medicine-1986; Hamdard pharmacopeia(urdu)1964, Karabadina hamdard1967 Founder- Madinatul hikmat-

Hakim Abdur Razzak Hakim Dr Golam Jeelani Hakim Hafiz Jalil Ahmad Ansari Shefaul mulk hakin Mohammad Hasan Qarshi Hakim Nayar Wasti

1931-1992 1873-1930 1906-1960 1890-1974 1902-1982

Karachi, Kitabul Abdal, Kolb aur sehat, tajrabate tabib, Diq aur sil, asbab, alamot and ilaj. Director, CCRUM-1985, President- CCIM Makhjanul Hikmat, Ilaz bil mufradat, Talimul Advia Jameul hikmat, Biaja Khash President Unani &Ayurvedic Board. Manafeul Aza(urdu), Urdu Translate( Muzzul Qanon, Hummiyate Qanon, Shareasbab wal alamot.

Hakim Khwaja Rizwan Ahmad 1910-1973

FORGOTTEN HEROES

The following material is edited from the book The Art Of Reciting The Qur'n by Kristina Nelson, 1985, The University of Texas Press, pp. 192-198. She gives biographies of only the Egyptian reciters.

Shaykh Mahmd cAbd al-Hakam [d. 1982]. Born in Karnak in Upper Egypt, he came to Cairo in 1933, having established his reputation in the south. His first intention was to study at alAzhar, as reciting was secondary to his studies. However, because of his voice, he was encouraged to become a professional reciter. He said it is the Radio which really encourages professionalism: employment by the Radio is important in establishing an audience and a wide reputation. He was with the Radio since 1944. Shaykh cAbd al-Hakam cited Shaykh Rifcat as the major influence on his reciting, although he also listened to Shaykh cAl Mahmood, Shaykh alSacsc, and others not known generally in Cairo. He never studied music, but considered music beneficial to recitation. Shaykh cAbd al-Hakam is admired for the dignity and correctness of his reciting as well as a subdued but fluent musicality. Shaykh cAbd al-Bsit cAbd al-Samad [b. 1927]. He came to Cairo from the city of Armant in Upper Egypt in 1950, having established his reputation in the south. He is the first reciter in his family, but his grandfather was a religious scholar of al-Azhar training. Shaykh cAbd al-Bsit is probably the best-known of Egyptian reciters outside of Egypt, as he was the first to make commercial recordings of his reciting, and he has traveled extensively outside of Egypt. Among his recordings are the complete text of the Qur'n in both styles, murattal and mujawwad. Shaykh c Abd al-Bsit is one of thc four top-ranking reciters in Egypt. He was the first president of the newly formed Reciters' Union. Shaykh cAbd al-Bsit is admired for breath control and his high, clear (harm) voice. Shaykh Kmil Ysuf al-Bahtm [d. 1969 at the age of about forty seven]. He was the protg of Shaykh Muhammad Salmah, and it is said that the influence of his mentor shows in his high registers and melodic cadences. The influence of Shaykh Rifcat shows in the lower registers. Shaykh Kmil studied music with Ahmad Sabra. He is especially admired for the quality of his voice; he is one of the few reciters whose voice is equally clear, strong, and relaxed in both the high and low registers. It is also said that he is one of the few reciters whose studio recordings are as effective as the live performance recordings. Shaykh Hsim Haybah [b. ca. 1920]. He is from a village north of Cairo, near Benha. His father was the owner of a rug factory. Shaykh Hsim says that he always wanted to be a reciter. He memorized the Qur'n and learned the qir't. In those days (1927-34) there was no recitation on the Radio, so he learned the art by listening to reciters in person. He also learned his music by listening. He journeyed to Cairo to hear Shaykh cAli Mahmd recite, and stayed, listening to Shaykh Muhammad Rifcat and Shaykh Muhammad Salmah. He joined the Radio in 1951.

Shaykh Hsim has also established himself as a singer of religious songs. His voice is light and high, and fluent with ornamentation. Shaykh Mahmd Khall al-Husar [d. I980]. He was born near Tanta [north of Cairo]. When he was twenty-five years of age he went to Tanta and established himself as a reciter. He was the reciter at the well-known Ahmad mosque there. Ten years later he moved to Cairo, joined the Radio in 1944, and became the reciter at the Husayn mosque in 1955. In Cairo Shaykh al-Husar also studied at al-Azhar University: he was a well-known religious scholar and author of many books on various aspects of the Qur'n. He was also involved in the recent Azhari printing of the Qur'nic text. His status as reciter was somewhat official: he held the title Shaykh al-Maqri, and his opinions were frequently solicited and quoted by the media. He also accompanied the rector of al-Azhar on his travels and was invited to participate in the World of Islam festival in London (1976). Shaykh al-Husar's recordings are widely distributed outside Egypt. As one of the four top-ranking reciters in Egypt, he recorded the complete Qur'nic text in both styles of recitation, murattal and mujawwad and was the first to record and broadcast the murattal style. Shaykh alHusar is known for the correctness of his recitation. His son also recites professionally. Shaykh Mustaf Ismcl [1905-1978]. Born in Mt Ghazl, a village near Tanta (north of Cairo), Shaykh Mustaf learned the Qur'n, and about the age of fifteen or sixteen he went to study at the Azhari institute in Tanta. He studied the Qur'nic sciences and planned to continue his studies at al-Azhar University in Cairo, but was encouraged to become a reciter. He began to establish his reputation in the Delta in the 1930s. Shaykh Mustafa first went to Cairo in response to an invitation to recite. He soon established his reputation in Cairo and was invited to recite for King Farouk during Ramadan, 1944. He joined the Radio soon after, having negotiated for longer recordings, as his voice needed a minimum of time to warm up. Shaykh Mustafa admired the reciting of Shaykh Muhammad Rifcat and Shaykh cAbd al-Fatth al-Sacsc but was proud of his own unique style. He did not study music formally, but mastered the art by listening, and from his associations with the best musicians of his day. Shaykh Mustafa traveled extensively and was known abroad from his personal appearances. Although as a top-ranking reciter he recorded the complete text of the Qur'n in both the murattal and mujawwad styles, his recordings are not generally available outside Egypt. Shaykh Mustafa was the official reciter of Anwr al-Sadt and traveled with him to Jerusalem in 1978. Shaykh Mustafa is considered one of the most effective reciters of this century, extremely innovative musically, yet correct in tajweed. One can count a generation of younger reciters among his imitators. At the time of his death, Shaykh Mustafa was reciter at the prestigious al-Azhar mosque. Shaykh Muhammad Siddq al-Minshw [d. early 1970s?]. He is of the same generation as Shaykh Kamil Ysuf al-Bahtim, and, in fact, he was also a protg of Shaykh Muhammad Salmah. His father was also a well-known reciter, and his brother, Shaykh Mahmd alMinshw, has now established himself as a respected professional reciter in Cairo. Shaykh alMinshw was born in Upper Egypt and established himself as a reciter there before coming to Cairo. He is especially admired for the spirituality, gravity, and dignity of his style. Shaykh cAl Mahmd [1878-1949]. Also admired for his singing (he made a number of commercial recordings), Shaykh cAl Mahmd is one of the models for musical reciting. It is said that he would render the call to prayer from the Husayn mosque with a differeut maqaam for

each day of the week. A number of reciters, such as Shaykh Muhammad Salmah, and Shaykh Mahmd Muhammad Ramadan, show and acknowledge his influence on their own style of recitation. His style is characterized by the melodic cadences and a density of modulations. Shaykh Fath Qandl. He grew up in rural Egypt, where he was taught the Qur'n by his father. He studied at the Azhari institute in Tanta, then at al-Azhar University in Cairo, where he earned an advanced degree in Qur'nic sciences. He teaches tajwd and qir't at the Institute of Qir't in Suhra. Shaykh Fath began reciting for the Radio in 1970. He studied music at the Music Institute in Cairo. Shaykh Mahmd Muhammad Ramadan. Shaykh Ramadan was born {ca. 1929) in the same baladi area of Cairo in which he still lives. His father was a cloth merchant. He learned the Qur'n in the kuttb, thc traditional primary school, and continued his studies with a Shaykh, from whom he also learned tajwd. He learned music by listening and studying with private tutors, among them the prominent qanoon player Ahmad Sabra. Shaykh Ramadan joined the ranks of Radio reciters in 1972. He is highly respected for his musicality, and he acknowledges the influence of a number of reciters on his style. He is considered to be of the "school" of Shaykh cAl Mahmd. Shaykh Muhammad Rifcat [1882-I950]. His father was a merchant. Shaykh Rifcat is unanimously considered the best reciter of this century. He is admired for his musicality, his mastery and understanding of the art of recitation in all of its aspects, his spirituality and uprightness, and his right intent. Shaykh Rifcat was the first reciter to broadcast his recitation (1934), and his voice and style, as well as his general character, have been a model of the ideal reciter to generations of Egyptians and others ever since. Music critic and composer Suleiman Gamil specifies aspects of Shaykh Rifcat's style such as the unpredictability of the melodic line and the resonance of his voice. Others point to his mastery in correlating melody to meaning (taswr al-macn). In addition to recordings made by the Radio, there exist a great number of recordings made by Zakariyy Muhrn Bs and Muhammad Khams which his son, Mr. Husayn Rifcat, is dedicated to making available to the public. Shaykh Muhammad Salmah (ca. 1888/1900- 1982). Shaykh Salmah was a student at alAzhar University, and at the age of nineteen was encouraged to become a reciter. He had already been reciting since the age of ten. Shaykh Salmah fought in the Sacdist rebellion against the British in 1919 and proudly acknowledged his role in that. He is the only prominent reciter who refused to record for the Radio, one of the reasons being the latter's failure to comply with certain conditions set by him, such as not having the Qur'n broadcast into the streets and taverns and not having the female announcer present in the same room while he was rccording. He participated in a conference of reciters in 1937 which resulted in the establishment of a Reciters'Association. The issue at stake was that some reciters were afraid that broadcasting recitation would harm the less prominent reciters, as their services would be less in demand. Shaykh Salmah was both extremely articulate and sincere about his faith. In performance he was restrained in his gestures, ignoring the admiring comments, even turning away from those who came up to kiss his hand or compliment him. Only in the high registers did he seem to me to interact with his listeners. When another reciter was performing, Shaykh Salmah would listen with eyes closed and head bowed. He was the acknowledged mentor of Shaykh Kmil Yusuf al-

Bahtimi and Shaykh Muhammad Siddq al-Minshw, both of whom lived in his house for a period of time. Some speak of the 'school' of Shaykh Muhammad Salmah as being in a direct line from thc style of Shaykh cAl Mahmd. Shaykh Salmah studied music with Shaykh Darwees. al-Hareeree, teacher of several prominent musicians and reciters, such as Shaykh cAli Mahmood, Shaykh Sayyid Darwees, and Shaykh Zakariyya Ahmad. He used to sing and play the c d until the death of his wife. Shaykh Salmah is considered to be second only to Shaykh Rifcat in correlating melody to meaning (taswr al-macn). Shaykh Ahmad al-Ruzayq (b. ca. 1939). One of the younger generation of reciters, he grew up in Upper Egypt in thc same area as Shaykh cAbd al-Bsit cAbd al-Samad, and Shaykh Muhammad Siddq al-Minshw. Shaykh Ahmad was encouraged to become a reciter because of his beautiful voice. He recited in public at Qina, and at the age of twenty entered the Music Institute to study the art of Arabic music. He also learned from listening to Shaykh Rifcat, Shaykh Mustafa Ism'l, and Shaykh cAbd al-Bsit cAbd al-Samad, but considers Shaykh Muhammad Siddq al-Minshw his mentor because they have similar deep voices and voice quality, are from the same area, and used to recite on the same program. Shaykh Ahmad sings and plays the cd as well. He is president of the Reciters' Union. Shaykh Ibrhm al-Sacsc (b. 1930, Cairo). He is the son of another prominent reciter, Shaykh c Abd al-Fattaah al-Sacsc. His grandfather was also a reciter, and now his son is beginning Qur'nic studies. He memorized the Qur'n, learned tajwd and qir't in school with Shaykh c Amir cUthmn (see below), and received a degree from the Azhari institute. He then studied for three years with Shaykh Darws al- Harr, a famous musician and teacher. He did not begin to recite in public until 1954-55. Shaykh Ibrhm joined the Radio in 1968. He holds the position of reciter at the Sayyidah Zaynab mosque, a post held by his father before him. He acknowledges the influence of his father's style on his own and says that his father was influenced by Shaykh Ahmad Nad, a reciter of the generation before Shaykh Rifcat. Shaykh Ibrhm is admired for his deep, rich voice, his renderings of qir't Warsh, his knowledge of pause and beginning, and the general dignity and gravity of his recitation. Shaykh cAl Hajjj al-Suways [b. 1926]. His father was chief elerk at the Islamic court in Cairo. He studied Qur'n with Shaykh Abu cAzz al-Sahhr, a prominent Azhari scholar and father of Shaykh Sacid al-Sahhar. Shaykh cAl Hajjj al-Suways began reciting in public at an early age: he remembers reciting for a group of Yemenis at a conference when he was only seven or eight years of age. Shaykh cAl joined the Radio in 1946-47 and entered the Music Institute to study 'ud and music theory for four years when he saw the encouragement and success of his reciting. He used to sing a great deal, but now he just recites. He impresses one with how much he enjoys reciting. Shaykh cAl is admired for his use of maqm saba - his voice is considered especially suited to saba - and for his imitation of Shaykh Muhammad Rifcat. Shaykh Muhammad Mahmd al-Tablw [b. 1936 near Cairo in Mt cUqba]. He studied the Qur'n in the traditional school, the kuttb, and was singled out for his voice and encouraged to become a professional reciter. He learned music by listening and cites Shaykh Mahmd cAl alBann, Shaykh al-Bahtm, and Shaykh Ab l-cAynayn al-Sacsah as reciters he particularly admires. Shaykh al-Tablw was the first to record on cassette tape, and his recordings are widely distributed and extremely popular in Egypt, both in Cairo and in the countryside. People

attribute his popularity to his impressive breath control and the "freshness" of his voice. Shaykh Muhammad al-Tablw sueceeded Shaykh Mustafa Ism'l as reciter at the al-Azhar mosque.

Scholars & Teachers

Shaykh cAbd al-Mutacl Mansr cArafah. Shaykh cAbd al-Mutacl graduated from the Institute of Qir't in Subra, became a teacher there. He is presently assistant to the general director of the General Administration of Qur'nic Affairs at al-Azhar. Shaykh cAbd al-Mutacl presents a daily radio lesson on the rules of tajwd, al-Rahmn cAllama l-Qur'n, in conjunction with Shaykh Rizq Habbah. He also participated in preparing the most recent Azhari publication of the Qur'nic text. Shaykh cAmir al-Sacd cUthmn. One of the prominent scholars and teachers in Cairo, he has taught tajwd and qir't to many of the leading professional reciters. An expert in these sciences, he teaches three of the public recitation classes with humor, asperity, patience, and an amazing command of the material. Shaykh cAmir also serves on a number of panels whceh evaluate reciters' performances, such as the auditions for the Friday prayer reciters, the Intemational Recitation Competition in Malaysia, and so forth. He holds the title and position of Wakeel (deputy) Shaykh al-Maqri.