REVISED 1908.

REFERENCE NO.
1908.

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED.

SYLLABUS OF INSTRUCTION.
F IRST L ECTURE . A. Principles of First Aid. B. A brief Description of the Human Skeleton and of the Muscles. C. FracturesCauses, varieties, signs and symptoms. D. Treatment of FracturesGeneral Rules. E. The Triangular Bandage and its application. SECOND LECTURE. A. Treatment of Fractures (continued). Details of treat ment. B. Dislocations, Sprains, StrainsSigns, symptoms and treatment. C. The Heart and Blood Vessels. The Circulation of the Blood. D. Haemorrhage and wounds. General rules for treatment. E. The Triangular Bandage and its application.

8 T HIRD L ECTURE . A. Haemorrhage and wounds (continued). Details of treatment. B. Internal HaemorrhageSigns, symptoms and arrest. C. Haemorrhage from Special Regions.Signs, symptoms and arrest. D. Bruises, Burns and Scalds, Bites and Stings, Frost-bite. E. Foreign bodies in the Eye, Nose and Ear. F. The Triangular Bandage and its application. F OURTH L ECTURE . A. The Nervous System. B. The Organs and Mechanism of RespirationArtificial Respiration. C. Insensibility D. Poisoning. F IFTH L ECTURE (for Males only). A. Improvised methods of lifting and carrying the sick or injured. B. Methods of lifting and carrying the sick or injured on stretchers. C. The conveyance of such by rail or in country carts. F IFTH L ECTURE (for Females only). A. B. C. D. E. Preparation for reception of accident cases. Means of lifting and carrying. Preparation of bed. Removing the clothes. Preparations for surgeon.

9 NOTE I.The subject of poisons should be treated in a general manner; the common poisons classified, and only their general symptoms,'effects and treatment taught. NOTE II.The last half-hour of each lecture should be devoted to practical work, such as the application of bandages and splints, lifting and carrying wounded on stretchers NOTE III.There should be an interval of a week between each lecture. A candidate for examination must attend at hast four out of the five lectures. NOTE IV.Male classes must pass in that system of stretcher exercise most suitable for the locality. NOTE V.As little time as possible is to be .spent on instruction in anatomical and physiological details. Lecturers and examiners are particularly requested to remember that it is " First Aid " that has to be taught and tested, and not anatomy and physiology. Mixed classes oj men and women are on no account permitted. P UPILS UNDER SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE CAN ONLY ATTEND THE "J UNIOR " C OURSE (S ECTION A, S YLLABUS 40). Lecturers instructing a First Aid class, and Local Secretaries, can obtain further particulars on application to the Chief M Secretary for "Paper Reference No. 8o. No Lecturer may examine his own Class for Certificates.

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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. Principles of First Aid .............. ......................... Explanatory ... ... ... ... ... ... Questions on Chapter ...............................................
pagt 17
20 21

CHAPTER II.
The Human Skeleton. Skull, spine, ribs and breast bone, upper limbs (collar-bone, shoulder-blade, armbone, bones of the forearm, carpus, metacarpus, phalanges), pelvis, lower limbs (thigh-bone, knee cap, tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges) ................ ...
I Ullllb ... .1. ** ... .. ... ..t

22 \I

Mrscles. Voluntary and involuntary ... ............. Fractures. Causes, varieties, signs and symptoms ... Apparatus for treatment of Fractures .......................... General Rules to be observed in the treatment of r rac lures ... . .. .. . ... Special Fractures. Cranium, lower jaw, spine, ribs, breast-bone, collar-bone, shoulder-blade, arm-bone or bones close to the elbow joint, forearm, crushed hand, pelvis, thigh-bone, knee-cap, leg, crushed foot Dislocations ... ... ... ... ... ...

32

33 36

43
62

Sprains and Ruptured Muscles Questions on Chapter

65 66

II

C HAPTER III.
Circulation of the Blood. Organs ; general (systemic) and pulmonary circulations ... Haemorrhage or Bleeding". Arterial, venous, capillary Arterial Haemorrhage. Principles of arrest .............. Wounds with Arterial H aemorrhage ............................ Course of the Main Arteries and Pressure Points. Aorta, arteries of the head and neck, of the upper limbs, of the lower limbs Venous Haemorrhage and Varicose Veins ............. Wounds with Venous Haemorrhage ............................ Capillary Haemorrhage Internal Haemorrhage ................................................ Haemorrhage from Special Regions ......................... Questions on Chapter ... .................................... CHAPTER IV. Miscellaneous Injuries. Bruises, burns and scalds, bites of snakes and rabid animals and wounds by poisoned weapons, stings of plants and animals, frost bite, needle embedded under the skin, fish hook embedded in the skin, injuries to joints, foreign body in the eye, ear passage and nose, wound in the front wall of the abdomen, injuries to the organs within the abdomen and pelvis Questions on Chapter ................................................ C H A P T E R V . The Nervous System. Cerebro-spinal, sympathetic ... The Respiratory System .................................... Artificial Respiration. Schafer's, Silvester's, Howard's combined with Silvester's, Laborde's and Marshall Hallos methods ...
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7.? 76 79 93 94 95 95 96 99

102

117

121

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Page

Insensibility. Causes, general rules for treatment, concussion of the brain, compression of the brain, apoplexy, epilepsy, hysteria, shock, fainting and collapse, sunstroke and heat-stroke, convulsions in children, asphyxia

Electric Shock and Effects of Lightning ............. Questions on Chapter .............................................

128 142

H5
148 154

CHAPTER VI.
Poisoning. General rules for treatment, special poisons Questions on Chapter .............................................

CHAPTER VII.
Bandaging. Bandages for the scalp, forehead, etc., shoulder, hip, hand,, foot, chest, back, knee, elbow, fingers and toes...
155

CHAPTER VIII.
Methods of Carrying; Four, two, and three-handed seats, fireman's lift, fore and aft method, improvised stretchers, to cross a ditch or wall, to load or unload
160

CHAPTER IX.
Stretcher Transport.
HLLCIo
Jm

Stretchers, stretcher exercises,

# *

172

C HAPTER X. The Fifth Lecture (for Females only). Preparation for

reception of accident cases, choice and preparation of a room, lifting and carrying, preparation of bed, removing the clothes, preparation for surgeon... Questions on Chapter ................................................ 197
206

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Skeleton showing position of main arteries Skull and vertebral column ............. v er te ora ... .. ... ... Bones of the left upper limb ............. Bones of the right lower limb ............. Shoulder Joint .................................... Rectus Muscle .................................... Triangular bandage spread out and folded Large arm sling .................................... Small arm sling .................................... Reef knot Granny knot... Loop knot Bandage for fracture of lower jaw ............... Bandages for simple fracture of ribs St. John sling Bandages for fracture of both collar bones Bandage for fracture of shoulder blade ... Treatment of fracture of arm ............. Angular splint ... ............. Treatment of fracture of forearm ................ Treatment of crushed hand .......................... Treatment of fracture of thigh bone Treatment of fracture of thigh bone (woman) Fracture of knee cap ......................... Treatment of fracture of knee cap Treatment of fracture of leg (man and woman) Treatment of crushed foot ........................... Diagram of the heart, lungs and air passages
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frontispiece,
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31 31 32

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33 39 39
40
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51 52 53 54 55 55 -57 5S 58 59 61 6 2 71

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Diagram of the circulation of the blood ... ...................... Digital pressure on carotid artery ....................................... Digital pressure on facial artery ......................................... Digital pressure on temporal artery ........................... Digital pres-ure on occipital artery .......................... Pad and bandage to arrest haemorrhage from temple ... Ring pad ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Digital pressure on subclavian artery ............................ Pad and bandages to apply pressure on axillary artery... Digital pressure on brachial artery (two methods) ...

73 81 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 $6

Flexion at elbow ........................................................... Digital pressure on radial and ulnar arteries ...............
Pad and bandage to arrest haemorrhage from palm ... Digital pressure on femoral artery....................................... Tourniquet on femoral artery ...................................... Flexion at knee ............................................................. Organs of the chest and abdomen ....................................... The lungs and bronchial tubes .......................... ... Schafer's method of artificial respiration ........................... "Silvester's method of artificial respiration ................ Silvester's and Howard's methods of artificial respiration combined ... ... ... ... ... ..* Bandage for the head .................................................. Bandage for the shoulder ...................................................... Bandage for the hip............................................................... Bandage for the hand .................................................. Bandage for the foot .................................................. Bandage for the chest .................................................. Bandage for the knee .................................................. Bandage for the elbow .., ....................................... Grip for four-handed seat ... ... ... ... ... Lifting by two-handed seat... ... ... ... ... Grips for two-handed seats... ... ... ... ... Carrying by two-handed seat * .......................................

87 87
89 90 91 92 112 119 122 124 125 155 156 156 157 157 158 159 159 160 161 162 163

15 Grip for three-handed seat .............. Supporting patient............................ Fore and aft method of carrying ... Carrying on improvised seat Improvised stretcher ............. Furley stretchers ............... Stretcher exercise, No. I. " Fall in Ditto, ready to lift patient .............. ; Ditto, lifting patient ......................... Ditto, placing stretcher ............. Ditto, preparing to lower patient ... Ditto, " Lower" ........................ Ditto, No. II. Ready to lift patient Ditto, patient lifted .......................... Ditto, No. IV. First position Ditto, second position .............. Diagrams illustrating Army stretcher drill
LJlllO ... .( ..i ... !

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164 165 167

168 168
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175 176

178 179 180 182

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Bed cradle Improvised bed cradles

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PREFACE. AT the request of the Central Executive Committee I have revised the' manual written by myself in 1901, as the official handbook of the St. John Ambulance Association. throughout the revision an endeavour has been made to simplify the study of First Aid to the Injured by drawing up a number of general rules for the treatment of accidents and sudden illness, and by the omission of all detail which is not absolutely necessary to enable the student to acquire an intelligent knowledge of the subject. I wish to express my thanks to Professor E. A. Schafer for furnishing instructions for* performing a method of artificial respiration, to Dr. L, M. F. Christian for many valuable suggestions, and to the Medical Members of the Central^l&ecutive Committee, especially Surgeon-Major G. fi/Darwin, M.D., and Dr. F. R. Cassidi, for perusing the proof sheets and for a number of useful additions to the work. I cannot omit also to offer my best acknowledgments to Mr. W. R. Edwards, the Accountant and Storekeeper of the S.J.A.A., for his invaluable cooperation. JAMES CANTLIE.