Answers to the Student book questions

4.1 Electrostatics A Movement of electrons from insulator or from cloth. B Opposite, because the comb attracts the paper. C Lost electrons. 1 Positive and negative. 2 An insulator. 3 Repel. 4 Comb is rubbed with an insulating cloth. It becomes charged. Small pieces of paper are attracted to charged comb. 5 a Electrons move from the acetate rod to the cloth, so the rod becomes positively charged. b No, because electrons can move through the metal. 4.2 Dangers of static electricity A Transfer of charge. B Static electricity on clouds being discharged to earth. C Wear insulating shoes, wear clothes made of natural fibres, being connected to earth. 1 If you are wearing clothes made of synthetic materials, become charged and touch something connected to the Earth. 2 When flammable gases or vapours are being used, when fossil fuels are being pumped into tanks, in a thunderstorm. 3 On TV screens and computer monitors, where charge attracts dust, and clothing made of synthetic materials which can cling to you when it becomes charged. 4 It connects an object to earth so that it cannot become charged. 5 It coats clothes with a thin layer that will conduct electricity. This means that an electrostatic charge cannot build up. 4.3 Using static electricity A So that the dust particles obtain a negative charge from the grid and are then attracted to the positive metal plates. B They are positively charged and are attracted to the object which is negatively charged. C So that the charge can flow from the paddles to the patients chest. 1 A device used to restart a persons heart by passing a large electrostatic charge through it. 2 Students own description which should include that two paddles are placed on patients chest, that good contact is needed between paddles and chest, and that charge is passed through patients chest. 3 To reduce pollution. 4 Students own description which should include that dust becomes negatively charged as it passes through the grid, that negatively charged dust are attracted to the positively charged plate, and that dust particles clump together and fall into collecting trough. 5 The students own description which should include that object to be sprayed is negatively charged, that paint is positively charged as it is sprayed, and that positively charged paint is attracted to negatively charged object. 4.4 Current and resistance A Lamp will get dimmer as resistance increases. B R2 because there is the smallest current flowing in the circuit.

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1 A complete loop is needed for a circuit to work/electrons to flow around the circuit. 2 a Resistance increases. b Resistance decreases. 3 Resistor A: 33.3 Resistor B: 50 Resistor C: 100 4 12 V 5 a 2A b 0.5 A c 0.01 A or 10 mA 4.5 Mains electricity in the home A Three B The fuse is connected to the live wire. 1 Plastic is a good electrical insulator. The plastic must be rigid to protect the parts inside the plug. 2
Wire live neutral earth Colour brown blue green and yellow Role provides the electrical energy to the appliance complete the electrical circuit transfers energy away from the appliance if there is a fault

4.6 Longitudinal waves and ultrasound A Sound or p-waves from earthquakes (also accept ultrasound) B Rarefaction 1

2 The distance from one compression to the next (or one rarefaction to the next). 3 Sound waves above human hearing (above 20 000 Hz). 4 The speaker cone moves out and creates and compression, it then moves in to create a rarefaction. This process continues at high speed. 5 The particles vibrate from side to side, not moving very fast and not moving very far. The louder, higher frequency sound makes the particles vibrate more frequently and they travel further during each oscillation. 4.7 Uses of ultrasound A Any three examples, such as unborn babies, kidneys, liver, heart, and so on. B An object which forms inside a patients kidney. It can block various ducts and can be very painful. 1 Any two examples, such as breaking up kidney stones, monitoring blood flow inside the body, ultrasound cleaning, and so on. 2 They have a short wavelength. This means they are able to penetrate the body. 3 The ultrasound makes the stones vibrate so fast that it breaks themup. 4 Ultrasound waves are beamed into the body of a patient from a special transmitter. These waves reflect off different layers inside the body of the patient. In pre-natal scans, the ultrasound reflects off the baby and travels back to the receiver. A computer then processes

3 They respond more quickly and can be reset and used again (also accept they are more sensitive). 4 P=IxV P = 1.5 x 12 P = 18 W 5 One end of this wire is connected the metal case of an appliance. If the live wire comes loose and touches the case, the case would become live. If you were to touch it, you could receive a very dangerous shock. With the earth wire attached the case, it cannot become live as the current passes down the earth wire. This causes a surge in current, melting the fuse. 6 I=P/V I = 115 / 230 I = 0.5 A Fuse value between 0.6 A and 1 A

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the information to form a picture on the screen. 5 It provides better images of soft tissues like the heart and it is not ionising, making it safe to use of unborn babies. 4.8 Radioactivity A The nucleus. B 100 000 atoms break down each second. 1 Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. 2 200 000 nuclei breakdown in four minutes (50 000 4) 3
Alpha particles These are very ionising particles made up of two protons and two neutrons. This makes them the same as a helium nucleus. Alpha particles have a positive charge. A beta particle is fast electron from nucleus. Beta particles have a negative charge.

Half life measured as 26 years (+/- 2 years). 3 a 1/2 (50%) b 1/4 (25%) c 1/64 (~1.6 %) 4 28500 = 5 half lives therefore 1/32 (3.125%) remains. 4.10 The changing nucleus A The mass number goes down by four and the atomic number goes down by two. B It goes up by one. 1 A neutron breaks up into a proton and an electron (beta particle). 2 There is no change in the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. 3 Any valid equation, for example:

Beta particles

Gamma rays

A gamma ray is a high frequency electromagnetic wave. This kind of radiation is not very ionising but travels very far and is very penetrating.

4 A neutron turns into a proton. This means the mass number does not change but the atomic number goes up by one. For example:

4 When ionising radiation passes through a material, it removes electrons from the atoms within the material. 5 Alpha particles have the highest charge and the most mass. This makes them the most ionising. 4.9 Radioactive decay and half-life A It decreases. B Decays per second, counts per second, or counts per minutes. C The average time taken for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. Alternatively, the average time take for the activity of a radioactive substance to halve. 1 As the radioactive atoms within a substance decay, there are fewer and fewer radioactive nuclei remaining. This leads to the drop in activity as time passes. 2 Graph plotted correctly with label, points, units, and so on.

5 b

4.11 Radiation around us A Radon gas from rocks, the ground and buildings, the medical industry. B 14.3% 1 Any two from radon gas from rocks, food and drink, the ground and buildings, cosmic rays, medical uses, nuclear weapons tests, and nuclear power (including accidents). 2 Mapping out the path of pipes, finding leaks or blockages in pipes, and tracking how material is dispersed when it enters the water supply. 3 A source of alpha radiation is used in smoke alarms. This ionises the air and creates a small electric current. When smoke enters the alarm, it stops the alpha
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particles ionising the air. This leads to a drop in current and the alarm sounds. 4

Similarity Electromagnetic waves. They travel very fast, have high frequencies, very, very small wavelengths, and are able to penetrate through flesh and bone. Both are ionising.

Difference Gamma rays come from the nucleus. X-rays come from fast moving electrons.

A source of radiation is mixed into the fluid flowing through the pipe. A worker is then able to detect the radiation at the surface. If there is a blockage or a leak then the activity detected after the leak will fall. This allows the worker on the surface to pin-point where to dig. The source used must emit gamma radiation, as alpha or beta particles would not reach the detector above. 5 Carbon dating relies on the idea the amount of carbon 14 in the air has not changed for thousands of years. It can only be used to date organic material, such as wood, cotton, or bone. When the material is alive, it continuous absorbs new amounts of carbon 14 (through biological processes like gaseous exchange). This replaces any carbon 14 which has decayed. However when the material dies, no new carbon 14 is absorbed and so as it decays, the amount found in the material drops. Scientists use the ratio of carbon 14 found in living things to that found in the sample to determine its age. 4.12 X-rays, gamma rays, and their uses A Electromagnetic waves. B Radiographer. 1 Any suitable example, such as X-ray photography of broken bones.

3 In hospitals, X-rays are produced by firing high speed electrons at angled metal targets inside the X-ray machine. Very high voltages are needed to accelerate the electrons to a high enough speed to produce X-rays. When they smash into the plate, X-rays are emitted. 4 X-rays can be dangerous, particularly if you are exposed to them on a regular basis. To reduce their own exposure, the radiographer leaves the room or stands behind a large lead screen whenever an X-ray machine is used. 4.13 Gamma radiation and medicine A The nucleus. B Any two examples such as the gamma knife, sterilising, medical tracers, and so on. 1 Gamma knife. 2 Either eaten (ingested) or injected. 3 Beta and alpha radiation would not leave the body, they are not penetrating enough. 4 A wide beam of low intensity gamma rays is fired into the body. This is focussed onto the tumour as the source moves around the patient. This limits the dose received by the healthy tissue surrounding the tumour. 5 A radioactive tracer would be ingested then the doctor would allow a short time for the tracer to travel around the body. Special cameras are used to monitor the radiation which leaves the body. If there is a blockage or a tear inside the digestive system, the radiation emitted from this area will be different. Doctors are specially trained to look for these differences.

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4.14 More on nuclear power A Nuclear fission. B Nuclear submarines or aircraft carriers. 1 Uranium (uranium 235). 2 Inside a nuclear power station, the heat from a nuclear reaction is used to turn water to steam. This travels along pipes to a turbine which is made to spin by the passing steam. The turbine is connected to a generator which also spins and generates electricity. 3 Neutron. 4 In nuclear fission, a nucleus must first absorb an extra neutron. This makes the nucleus spin and distort. After a few billionths of a second it splits into two smaller nuclei.

In a nuclear power station, the reaction is controlled. In a nuclear weapon, the reaction is out of control. Special rods called control rods are raised and lowered into the reactor. They are made of a special material that absorbs neutrons, reducing the number available to go on and split more atoms. They are very carefully positioned to ensure there is enough neutrons left over to go and create further fissions but not too many to cause the reaction to go out of control. a 9 b 19683 c 1.16 billion (1162261467)

4.15 Chain reactions A Not much energy is released in each single reaction. B Inside nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. 1 Two or three. 2 When uranium atoms are split, they release two or three extra neutrons. If there are enough uranium atoms in a sample of material then a chain reaction may start. Neutrons released in the first fission go on to make more fissions. These fissions release more neutrons, which lead to even more fissions and the process continues.

4.16 Nuclear fusion A Small nuclei (for example hydrogen). B They are positively charged and so repel each other. 1 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. 2 In nuclear fusion, two small nuclei are joined (or fused) together. This forms a single, heavier, nucleus.

3 Their cores are very hot. The nuclei are moving fast enough to get close enough together to fuse.

4
Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion

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Process

A large nucleus is split into two smaller nuclei. yes yes

Two small nuclei join together to form a larger nucleus. yes no

Energy released Currently used to generate electricity Produces radioactive waste

yes

no

5 The bombs contain a core of uranium 235 or plutonium 239 surrounded by hydrogen. When it explodes, it creates an uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction. This releases vast amounts of heat. This heat in turn causes the hydrogen atoms to fuse together releasing even more energy.

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