" I F " and "WHEN"

A r c t i c S u r v i v a l Manuals
by

C a r l M. H i l d

E d i t e d by:

V i c k i A. H i l d

" I F " and "WHEN" A r c t i c S u r v i v a l Manuals

by

C a r l M. H i l d

E d i t e d by:

V i c k i A. H i l d

The m a t e r i a l i n t h i s manual s h o u l d n o t be c o n s t r u e d t o b e a b s o l u t e . E v e r y s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n i s u n i q u e , and t h e r e f o r e , t h e N o r t h S l o p e Borough H e i r l t h and S o c i a l S e r v i c e s Agency w i l l n o t be 1 i a b l e f o r any a c c i d e n t , ' i n j u r y o r i l l - h e a l t h r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e use of t h i s manual i n d e a l i n g w i t h s n emergency s i t u a t i o n .

Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................. Foreword ......................................................... Introduction ..................................................... A. Attitude ..................................................... Aptitude Ai rway B. Belief ....................................................... Behavior Breathing C. Consciousness ................................................ Concerns Circulation D. Desire ....................................................... Design Degrees Dressings
iii

F-01 1-01 A-01

B-01

C- 01

D-01

E. Enlightenment ................................................
Emotions Energy Envi ronment Summary .......................................................... "WHEN" Manual ................................................ Special Sections Hints ........................................................ Equipment .................................................... Recommended Readings ......................................... State of Alaska Hypothermia and Cold Water Near/Drowning Protocols ......................... Helicopter Rescue ............................................ Igloo Building......................................... "No Word for Luck" ...................................... S-01 3-03 SS-01 SS-06 SS-09 SS-10 SS-14
ss-18
sS-29

The author gratefully acknowledges following technical reviewers:

the

contributions

of

the

Bill Jones, N.S.B. Emergency Medical Services Harold Kaveolook, N.S.B. School District Randy Crosby, N.S.B. Search and Rescue Hank Irelan, Midnight Sun Boy Scout Council Sarah Jacoby, N.S.B. Health and Social Services Agency

FOREWORD The " I F " and "WHEN" A r c t i c S u r v i v a l Manuals a r e a d i r e c t r e s u l t o f a g r a n t f r o m t h e N o r t h e r n A l a s k a H e a l t h Resources A ~ s o c i a t i o n t o t h e N o r t h S l o p e Borough H e a l t h and S o c i a l S e r v i c e s Agency w h i c h i s It i s w i t h great appreciaticn t o responsible f o r t h e i r production. numerous a g e n c i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s t h a t t h e s e manuals a r e w r i t t e n . The " I F " A r c t i c S u r v i v a l Manual i s d e s i g n e d as an i n s t r u c t i o n a l manual. I t i s designed t o prepare people f o r s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n s " I F " t h e y g e t i n t o an emerqency i n t h e A r c t i c . The "WHEN" A r c t i c S u r v i v a l Manual has changed f r o m a f o l d i n g w a l l e t - s i z e d c a r d , t o a m a l l s u r v i v a l book, t o a p o c k e t - s i z e d s u r v i v a l k i t t h a t we were u n a b l e t o f i n d a m a n u f a c t u r e r t o p r o d u c e . It then moved back t o a m i c r o f i c h e c a r d w i t h l e n s , t o a w a l l e t - s i z e d e n g r a v e d m e t a l s u r v i v a l t o o l and f i n a l l y back t o a f o l d i n g w a l l e t - s i z e d c a r d . The s t o r y o f "The S t o n e c u t t e r " a l l o v e r . a g a i n . A l a m i n a t e d "WHEN" Manual i s i n c l u d e d w i t h each copy o f t h e " I F " Manual. The "WHEN" Manual d e r i v e s i t s name f r o m t h e i d e a t h a t t h i s manual w i l l be w i t h p e o p l e "when" t h e y a r e i n an A r c t i c emergency. The key t o s u r v i v a l i s t o be p r e p a r e d . No p o c k e t - s i z e d k i t . w i l l A good s t u r d y k n i f e i s e v e r r e p l a c e a warm, f u n c t i o n i n g human b r a i n . recommended as an a l l - p u r p o s e t o o l t h a t f i t s i n t h e p o c k e t and can be c a r r i e d a t a1 1 t i m e s . These manuals a r e d e d i c a t e d t o a1 1 t h e p e o p l e who have he1 ped w i t h t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t as t h e i r i n s i g h t s on l i f e have been i n v a l u a b l e . S p e c i a l t h a n k s go t o P e t e S o v a l i k , T. R u s s e l l F r a n k and H e r b e r t F r a n k , a l l t e a c h e r s of 1i f e .

USE OF THIS MANUAL S u r v i v a l means k n o w i n g a b o u t many a s p e c t s o f l i f e . T h a t i s what survival is, staying alive. F i r s t a i d i s very important i n survival. T h i s c o u r s e w i l l g i v e y o u enough t o g e t b y i n a p i n c h . B u t i t i s h i g h l y recommended t h a t y o u t a k e a f u l l f i r s t a i d c l a s s t o r e a l l y l e a r n how t o t a k e c a r e o f y o u r s e l f and o t h e r s . T h r o u g h o u t t h i s manual, t h e m a l e s i n g u l a r pronouns a r e used. T h i s i s done t o a i d t h e r e a d e r and i s no comment f o r o r a g a i n s t f e m a l e s . P l e a s e r e a d he t o mean he o r she, h i m t o mean h i m o r h e r and h i s t o mean h i s o r hers. A l s o , t o p r a c t i c e t h e s k i l l s y o u w i l l l e a r n , y o u w i l l need a p a r t n e r . I n t h e A r c t i c i t i s a l w a y s w i s e t o t r a v e l w i t h someone, s o why n o t l e a r n t o g e t h e r . P i c k a p a r t n e r and h a v e i t be someone y o u t r u s t and who t r u s t s y o u . Your l i v e s may depend on each o t h e r someday. F i n a l l y , t h r o u g h o u t t h e manual y o u w i l l see symbols i n t h e m a r g i n s . These a r e t o he1 p y o u i n y o u r l e a r n i n g .

The e y e i s u s e d t o mark v e r y i m p o r t a n t i d e a s . Look a t them, s t u d y them and l e a r n them. These p o i n t s a r e v a l u a b l e keys t o s t a y i n g a l i v e .

The a c t i o n f i g u r e i s u s e d t o t e l l y o u t o work on an e x e r c i s e . Take t i m e t o s t o p r e a d i n g and p r a c t i c e what y o u h a v e l e a r n e d o r do t h e a c t i v i t y t h a t has been requested. These s k i l l s may be i m p o r t a n t i n a survival situation.

The q u e s t i o n / h e a d i s u s e d t o mark t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t o f activities. You s h o u l d s t o p r e a d i n g and t h i n k a b o u t t h e q u e s t i o n s y o u h a v e j u s t been asked. T h i n k of how t h o s e q u e s t i o n s r e l a t e t o y o u . T h i n k o f how t h e answers t o t h o s e q u e s t i o n s m i g h t h e l p keep y o u a1 i v e .

The hand i s u s e d a t p o i n t s o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t need t o be c o n s i d e r e d c a r e f u l l y . T h i s symbol i s a w a r n i n g s i g n . These w a r n i n g s may b e v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n h e l p i n g you s u r v i v e .

INTRODUCTION From t h e v e r y f i r s t moment " I t ' s an e a r t h q u a k e ! "

. . .
pi, 0

"We're l o s i n g a l t i t u d e ; the-eng+m' "Fire!

I ,

iced!"
3 .;

"
J , # , " . \ *

-I5

"We're t a k i n g on w a t e r ! "The w i n d i s t o o s t r o n g . "Oh, my God!"

G e t y o u r 7~-i-f-e---ja-ck~t-s!"

I c a n ' t see t h e t r a i l anymore!"

. . . u n t i l y o u r e f l e c t on t h e i n c i d e n t s f r o m t h e c o m f o r t o f y o u r Survival i s stayirrg a l i v e the next home, i t i s a s u r v i v a l e x p e r i e n c e . month, t h e n e x t day, t h e n e x t h o u r o r even t h e n e x t m i n u t e . C o u l d y o u do i t ? R i g h t now?

time

do y o u

I F s u d d e n l y t h e room f i l l e d w i t h c h l o r i n e g a s , have?

how much s u r v i v a l

I F s u d d e n l y y o u w e r e t h r o w n i n t o t h e A r c t i c Ocean f r o m a c r a s h , hcw much s u r v i v a l t i m e do y o u h a v e ? time

do y o u

I F s u d d e n l y y o u r home e x p l o d e s a n d c a t c h e s f i r e , how much s u r v i v a l have?

T h i s manual w i l l n o t t e l l y o u how t o h a n d l e e v e r y emergency situation. I t w i l l g i v e y o u a m e t h o d t o h a n d l e a l l emergency s i t u a t i o n s . I t s t a r t s a n d b u i l d s f r o m one b a s i c e l e n l e n t , y o u . What a r e y o u ? You a r e a f o r m o f l i f e t h a t has a n i n t e r n a l d e s i r e t o c o n t i n u e l i v i n g , t o s u r v i v e . S i m p l e . Who d e t e r m i n e s i f y o u s u r v i v e ? You do. S i m p l e . How do y o u s u r v i v e ? N o t s o s i m p l e . T h a t i s why t h i s manual was w r i t t e n . As t h i s manual was f i r s t c o m i n g i n t o b e i n g , i t was t o b e i n a l a r g e p a r t a review o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l Inupiaq c u l t u r a l s u r v i v a l techniques. The I n u p i a t , t h e n o r t h A l a s k a n E s k i m o s ' name f o r t h e m s e l v e s , h a v e s u r v i v e d i n t h e A r c t i c f o r thousands o f y e a r s . They were b y f a r t h e m a s t e r s o f c o l d w e a t h e r s u r v i v a l . The e a r l y e x p l o r e r s l e a r n e d much and owe t h e i r s u c c e s s i n t h e w o r l d ' s c o l d r e g i o n s t c t h e l e s s o ~ s t h e y l e a r n e d from t h e I n u p i a t .

I t was i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e f o c u s o f t h i s manual b e k e p t on s u r v i v a l techniques o f today. T h e r e f o r e , t h i s manual i s n o t a s t u d y o f t h e I n u p i a q c u l t . u r e n o r how t h e I n u p i a t s u r v i v e d i r : t h e A r c t i c . These t o p i c s c o u l d each b e t h e i r own e n c y c l o p e d i s . on t h e s u b j e c t . T h i s manual i s b u t a small sampling t h a t h o p e f u l l y represents a cross sectior: of b o t h t h e t r a d i t i o n a l ways and t h e " a p p r o v e d " ways o f s t a y i n y a l i v e i n the cold.
The A r c t i c . I n t h i s manual we w i l l d e s c r i b e t h e A r c t i c a s t h e a r e a n o r t h o f t h e t r e e l i n e o r n c r t h o f t h e 10" C a v e r a g e s u r f a c e i s o t h e r m f o r -c-5 f r y ,-IL 0; t h e warmest month, J u l y . T k , : T d i 51 rl 'f pwa!J y y 5 a ~ -r~ L-,t d w I ,-r, 1 J E I - ~ U n - 3 144 1 b t' & . & G +L. . OF&\ c%J, A,& , .l4<"b r && d ,4 & W . . T B * ! /&L7,
0

- ,,

,*XL~,L

. . c

The A r c t i c has many u n i q u e f e a t u r e s , however, t h e k e y t o s u r v i v a l i s maintaining your body's temperature range. Professor Kari L a g e r s p e l t z f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Oul u, F i n l a n d , has r e p o r t e d , " T e m p e r a t u r e i s t h e n e x t most i m p o r t a n t l i f e - l i m i t i n g f a c t o r i n t h e universe. Organisms make u s e o f d i f f e r e n t s t r a t e g i e s , homeothermy, a c c l i n i a t i z a t i o n , t e m p o r a r y r e s t i n g s t a g e s , c r e a t i o n o f a new e n v i r o n m e n t o r movement t o such an e n v i r o n m e n t t o m a i n t a i n 1 i f e a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s . I'
I t i s known t h a t i f y o u r body g e t s t o o c o l d , y o u r b r a i n s l o w s down and y o u do n o t t h i n k we1 1. I t i s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t y o u use y o u r head t o keep y o u r head warm. Kenneth Toovak p$ B a r r o w S e a r c h and Rescue a d v i s e d 4 t h a t , "You have a s u r v i v a l k i t y o u even i f y o u have n o t h i n g . You have y o u r head. You have y o u r t o h e a r and l i s t e n . You have y o u r eyes t o g u i d e y o u s a f e l y . "

M a j o r Rogers,who e s t a b l i s h e d R o g e r s ' Rangers i n 1 7 5 6 , summed up a l l s u r v i v a l r u l e s w i t h t h e statement, "Don't f o r g e t n o t h i n ' ! " T h i s one r u l e i n c l u d e s a l l t h a t has been l e a r n e d b y t h o s e who have l i v e d i n t h e A r c t i c b e f o r e you.

T h i s manual i s based on t h r e e l e v e l s . First. You a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r y o u r s e l f and t h a t y o u a r e made up o f a b l e n d i n g o f y o u r S p i r i t , y o u r M i n d and y o u r Body.

Mind

Second. The s t e p s i n t h i s English alphabet. A, B, C, D t o l d , " I f y o u need a hand, t h e o f y o u r own arm." F i v e f i n g e r s t h i s manual.

manual a r e t h e f i r s t f i v e l e t t e r s of t h e and E. Easy t o remember. I was once b e s t p l a c e t o l o o k f o r i t i s a t t h e end a r e on t h a t hand and f i v e l e t t e r s a r e i n

/ 1

, /-, &

Third. T h i s manual c a n n o t d e X a i l every possible survival a l l s i t u a t i o n s can be s i t u a t i o n . However, i f you f o l l o w t h e ' s t e p s t h e n h a n d l e d . You a r e t h e m o v i n g f o r c e . You a r e l e a r n i n g as y o u r e a d t h i s page. You w i l l now have t h e o p t i o n t o t a k e t h i s m a t e r i a l i n t o y o u r b r a i n f o r u s e a t a l a t e r d a t e o r t o l e t t h e l e s s o n s o f o t h e r s pass y o u b y s o y o u can l e a r n b y y o u r o w n T i s t a k e s .

I t i s a g r e e d t h a t p e o p l e l e a r n b e s t when t h e y make t h e i r own m i s t a k e s . You w i l l be g i v e n s u g g e s t i o n s t o t r y o u t y o u r s k i l l s now i n t h e s a f e t y o f y o u r s t u d y a r e a o r o u t s i ' d e , c l o s e t o she1 t e r and s a f e t y . However, t h e r e a r e some l e s s c n s t h a t a r e e a s i e r t o l e a r n b y l i s t e n i n g A , w e l l , r a t h e r t h a n b y s u f f e r i n g f r o m t h e l e s s o n s of r e a l i t y ; i ~ e : - , t ~ ~ ~ ~ prevent f r o s t b i t e . P r a c t i c e s u r v i v a l s k i l l s BEFORE y o u need them. If y o u do p r a c t i c e , t h e y w i l l be much e a s i e r t o do when y o u r e a l l y need them.

I n summary, t h e C i r c l e of y o u p l u s t h e s e f i v e s t e p s and all s i t u a t i o n s add up t o C i r - f i v e - a l l , s u r v i v a l , o r b e t t e r .yet, c o n t i n u e d 1i f e .

Now i s t h e t i m e t o u s e y o u r head. L e a r n what o t h e r s have l e a r n e d t h r o u g h p a i n and endurance. L e a r n and p r e p a r e y o u r s e l f f o r any c h a l l e n g e . L e a r n and u n d e r s t a n d where y o u f i t i n t h e scheme o f l i f e .

E.

I F y o u . g e t i n t o a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n , i t i s as easy as A , B, C, D, -

' i
I,
I

Attitude Aptitude Airway

You a r e made up of t h r e e p a r t s - s p i r i t , m i n d and body. In this f i r s t s e c t i o n we w i l l a d d r e s s t h e s p i r i t as A t t i t u d e , t h e m i n d as A p t i t u d e and t h e body as A i r w a y . I f y o u do n o t ha\,e any o f t h e s e t h r e e , y o u r l i f e w i l l be o 9 e r s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e emergency o r s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n a r i s e s . The l a c k o f any one w i l l mean y o u r d e a t h ; y o u r i n a b i l i t y t o make i t one m i n u t e ; y o u r i n a b i l i t y t o 1 i v e . Remember, i f y o u need a hand, i f y o u need h e l p , t h e f i r s t and b e s t p l a c e t o l o o k f o r i t i s w i t h i n y o u r s e l f . You a r e y o u r own b e s t f r i e n d .

Attitude
How do y o u l o o k a t t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d ? An o p t i m i s t , a l w a y s l o o k i n g f o r t h e good t h i n g s ? A p e s s i m i s t , a l w a y s l o o k i n g a t t h e bad t h i n g s ? You a r e p r o b a b l y a f i n e m i x t u r e of b o t h t h e s e A t t i t u d e s . How do y o u r e a c t t o an emergency? How w o u l d y o u r e a c t t o a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n ? Most p e o p l e do n o t know. So t h a t i s an o k a y A t t i t u d e f o r now. i

, .

LA*.

'

However, t h i s ,coufs> w i l l g i v e y o u t r a i n i n g i n s p e c i f i c s k i l l s w i t h t h e hope t h a t t h e b e t t e r y o u r a r e t r a i n e d , t h e more s u r e y o u r a c t i o n s w i l l be i n an emergency, t h e more p o s i t i v e y o u r A t t i t u d e . Penn S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y d i d s t u d i e s on t h i s and f o u n d t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s who a r e t r a i n e d i n an emergency s k i l l w i l l a l m o s t a l w a y s a s s i s t and l e a d i n an emergency. I n d i v i d u a l s who a r e u n t r a i n e d wifhmt /take ddx-1 c iv p IF;, 1.1 , r e s p o n s i b i l ity o r r e s p o n d . /"kc
,
I

fu

--

*,

. ,*

/,*'.

'

If y o u want t o l i v e y o u w i l l t r y . I n many books t h i s has been called the " w i l l t o live." "Mawson's W i l l " i s n o t a b o u t Mawson w o r k i n g w i t h a l a w y e r t o draw up a .&, b u t i t i s a b o u t an i n c r e d i b l e t r i p i n t h e - A r c t i c where Mawson s u r v i v e s , i t seems, on h i s A t t i t u d e a l o n e , on h i s w i l l power, h i s " w i l l t o l i v e . " I F y o u c r a s h e d i n a s m a l l p l a n e and had b o t h l e g s b r o k e n , a hand b u r n e d , b r u i s e d a1 1 o v e r and were i n w e t , t o r n c l o t h i n g on a day l i k e t o d a y , w o u l d y o u have t h e " w i l l t o l i v e " ? T h i s A t t i t u d e i s b u i l t and based on how s t r o n g y o u a r e p h y s i c a l l y , how much y o u know a b o u t k e e p i n g y o u r s e l f a1 ive, and what y o u be1 i e v e . However, sometimes A t t i t u d e can w i n o u t o v e r e v e r y t h i n g e l s e . I n the book, "One S u r v i v e d " , an I n u p i a q from K i n g I s l a n d s u r v i v e d i n w i n t e r s t o r m s , f l o a t i n g on i c e i n t h e B e r i n g S t r a i t f o r weeks. A t t i t u d e k e p t h i m a l i v e as i t d i d Mawson. When c a u g h t w i t h no f o o d , 1 i m i t e d c l o t h i n g and no f u e l i n t h e h a r s h e s t e n v i r o n m e n t i n t h e w o r l d , t h e s e men survived.

Then there was a U.S. military p i l o t who successfully landed his j e t , which was having problems, on a frozen lake north of the Brooks Range. H e climbed o u t and walked around the plane which was in f i n e condition. H e had survival gear and emergency rations with him. H e was uninjured. H e had a radio. Everything looked l i k e i t was in his favor. W h e n the rescue team arrived l e s s than 24 hours l a t e r they found the pilot. H e was s i t t i n g in the cockpit of his j e t and he had shot himself in the head with his .45 caliber p i s t o l . There was no reason f o r him t o die except t h a t he had l o s t his Attitude, his "will t o l i v e " . If t h i s manual teaches you nothing e l s e , learn t h i s . If you do n o t have a good Attitude and a strong will t o l i v e , you will die. This i s n o t j u s t f o r survival, t h i s i s f o r living in general. People die in the safety and warmth of t h e i r own homes, in t h e i r own community because they have a poor Attitude, a low self-image. They abuse t h e i r bodies with drugs and risky behavior because they d o n ' t care about themselves and end u p dead drunk or crashed into a truck with t h e i r snowmachine.

How do you feel about yourself? If you have been in an emergency s i t u a t i o n , how did you react? How well have you handled pain? How did you react when you sprained your ankle, broke a bone or cut yourself?
What kind of Attitude do you have? Read and learn what i s in t h i s manual and your Attitude will improve. You will have more confidence in yourself. You will gain s k i l l s t h a t have been passed from generation t o generation. You will be able t o help yourself and t h i s will make i t e a s i e r f o r you t o w a n t t o help yourself. R u t once more, i t a l l comes back t o you. Do you want t o l i v e ?

Aptitude
What d o you k n o w about surviving an emergency? Do you k n o w how t o survive? Have you ever asked your f a t h e r , uncle, grandfather, grandmother or any older person t o teach you the ways t o l i v e ? Have you asked t o be told the s t o r i e s of t r a d i t i o n t h a t a l l contained lessons of l i f e ? Are you interested in your l i f e , in your family's history a n d how people survived in the Arctic? There i s much information o u t there. You need t o g o find o u t about i t . Take time t o ask. Tonight a t home ask an older family member or b e t t e r y e t , the oldest family member. "What was i t l i k e when you were m y age?" Make plans t h i s coming weekend t o v i s i t someone you know w h o spends a l o t of time hunting. Ask questions, l i s t e n and watch. ' I
,\

ouT ~DI.PJ

Albert Einstein s a i d , "Common sense i s actually nothing more than a deposit of prejudices l a i d down in the mind prior t o the age of eighteen." What prejudices have you learned from your family about living in the Arctic? d" M I C C J IC! C.rm-I'- y ,

As was s t a t e d i n t h e A t t i t u d e s e c t i o n , t h e more y o u know, t h e b e t t e r y o u a r e t r a i n e d i n emergency s k i l l s , t h e b e t t e r y o u r A t t i t u d e w i l l be i n a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n . A p t i t u d e i s t h a t knowledge, t h a t u n d e r s t a n d i n g . P u t t h e s e t w o i d e a s t o g e t h e r and y o u have t h e A b i l i t y t o s t a y a l i v e . B u t once more i t a l l comes back t o y o u . Do y o u know how t o l i v e ? Do y o u want t o l i v e ?

Do y o u have an open A i r w a y ? T h i s must be t h e v e r y f i r s t q u e s t i o n t o r a c e t h r o u g h y o u r mind i n r e g a r d s t o y o u r b o d y ' s s u r v i v a l , o r t o anyone e l s e ' s s u r v i v a l . The b r a i n needs oxygen t o l i v e and t o f u n c t i o n . Under normal s i t u a t i o n s y o u r b o d y ' s b l o o d c a r r i e s oxygen t o t h e b r a i n and y o u r e m a i n c o n s c i o u s and c a n r e s p o n d t o y o u r b o d y ' s needs. I F f o r some r e a s o n y o u c a n n o t b r e a t h e and b r i n g oxygen t o t h e b l o ~ d ~ ~ b o ru a i rn w i l l c o n t i n u e t o work f o r o n l y a s h o r t t i m e . As i t uses up oxygen i n t h e b l o o d , t h e b r a i n w i l l s t o p f u n c t i o n i n g w e l l and t h e p e r s o n w i l l become u n c o n s c i o u s . I F oxygen i s n o t r e p l e n i s h e d w i t h i n 4 t o 6 m i n u t e s , t h e b r a i n w i l l b e g i n to d i e . How l o n g c a n y o u h o l d y o u r b r e a t h ? Time y o u r s e l f r i g h t now. T h a t l e n g t h o f t i m e i s how much t i m e y o u have t o remain c o n s c i o u s if y o u r A i r w a y was t o become b l o c k e d . You a r e c l i m b i n g on some b u i l d i n g You can no l o n g e r m a t e r i a l s , y o u f a l l and a box f a 1 1s on y o u r c h e s t . b r e a t h e . How much t i m e do y o u have? You c a n n o t c a l l f o r h e l p . Your f r i e n d who i s w i t h y o u removes t h e box b e f o r e y o u pass o u t . How q u i c k was he? Perhaps he g o t t o y o u a f t e r y o u had passed o u t . He removes t h e box, b u t y o u do n o t respond. Your A i r w a y i s n o t open. You a r e n o t g e t t i n g a i r i n t o y o u r l u n g s n o r oxygen t o y o u r b r a i n . You w i l l d i e i n 4 t o 6 m i n u t e s . What s h o u l d y o u r f r i e n d do? Open y o u r A i r w a y ! These s t e p s a r e easy. I f y o u f i n d someone who i s u n c o n s c i o u s :

1.

Ask h i m i f he i s okay, he may be j u s t s l e e p i n g .

2.

I f he does n o t r e s p o n d , p u t y o u r e a r j u s t above L i s t e n f o r a i r m o v i n g o r b r e a t h i n g sounds. Feel w i t h y o u r cheek i f t h e r e i s any movement o f a i r . Look w i t h y o u r eyes t o see i f t h e r e i s any movement o f t h e c h e s t o r abdomen. P l a c e y o u r hand 1 i g h t l y on t h e abdomen and c h e s t and f e e l f o r any a i r o r l u n g movement.

,ls (" k 7 nose and mduth.

3.

If there i s no a i r going in or o u t , there i s no Airway. Kneel beside the person's head. Place your hand t h a t i s closest t o his f e e t , under his neck. Place your other h a n d on his forehead. L i f t the neck gently while holding the forehead down. This action will l i f t t h e tongue from the t h r o a t and open the Airway. A good rule i s t o see t h a t the jaw and e a r a r e in a v e r t i c a l 1 ine. Redo step 2 . Look, 1 i s t e n , f e e l . The Airway i s open. The person s t a r t s t o breathe again and should become conscious very soon.

4.

Pick a partner. Practice s t e p s 1 through 4. Realize you must be e n t l e when you t i p the head back. Get t o know what a breath f e e l s , sounds and looks l i k e . Hold your breath, breathe shallow, t r y t o relax your tongue so i t blocks your Airway.

What i f you are by Y o u now know how t o help someone e l s e . yourself? Your boat has j u s t tipped over and you weren't wearing your personal f l o a t a t i o n device ( P F D ) . You are trapped under the boat which i s upside down. I t i s black and you can see nothing. H o w long do you have? What i s your Attitude, do you want t o l i v e ? What i s your Aptitude, do you k n o w how t o l i v e ? What condition i s your Airway? If you have no a i r , your Airway i s closed. Can you open i t ?

You move down, around the s i d e of the boat and come to the surface. Y o u did want t o l i v e , you knew you had t o a c t within the length of time you could hold your breath, you knew how t o swim and you moved t o the surface and opened your Airway.
I

Water i s a (common element in Airway problems. Drowning i s a leading cause of L &den+++ death in the S t a t e of Alaska. There are other s i t u a t i o n s where Airways a r e important. Suffocating due to being buried a l i v e i s a l s o a problem. Once again the action must be quick because you do n o t have much oxygen, a n d snow and d i r t will pack e a s i e r during the f i r s t few minutes. Airways are needed when the a i r becomes short of oxygen. This can happen when a building f i l l s with gas o r when toxic fumes f i l l a s h e l t e r . Chlorine gas will burn and blind you as well as close your Airway. Carbon monoxide and exhaust from stoves will rob oxygen from your brain and cause death. Even your exhaled breath will a f f e c t the a i r in your s h e l t e r . If you a r e in an area t h a t has toxic fumes, or i f you feel lightheaded, or your s k i n , l i p s and f i n g e r n a i l s turn red or blue, get o u t into fresh a i r immediately. Handle toxic fumes with extreme caution, or b e t t e r y e t , avoid them.

.--/

A1 1 she1 t e r s and Vent i l a t e a l l s h e l t e r s .

people

must

have

Airways

to

stay

heal thy.

Airplanes can create Airway problems also. Everytime you f l y in a commercial, pressurized j e t the f l i g h t .crew explains the use of the "on-board oxygen". The next time you f l y , pay attention t o t h e i r instructions. There i s very l i t t l e oxygen a t high a l t i t u d e s . If the cabin of the j e t does lose i t s pressure, i t will lose i t s oxygen also. If you lose your oxygen, you lose your Airway.
I n order t o restore your Airway, pull down on the mask which will P u t the mask over your nose and mouth s t a r t the flow of oxygen. securing i t with the e l a s t i c band. Breathe normally until you are told to do something e l s e . I f you are with a child or someone who needs help, be sure to p u t your mask on f i r s t . I f you get your mask on properly, you can then safely help others. I f you do n o t , there could be two people in trouble rather t h a n j u s t one.

Airways a r e a l s o common problems in f i r e s . Often you will see f i r e f i g h t e r s p u t on a i r masks a n d tanks t o f i g h t a f i r e . Once inside the building, the firemen drop to t h e i r hands a n d knees t o crawl under the smoke a n d heat t o get t o the f i r e and p u t i t out. If you a r e in a smoke-filled building, the best way to keep your Heat a n d smoke both r i s e and the Airway i s t o get on the f l o o r . coolest, cleanest a i r will be low a n d on the f l o o r . Keep a good Airway a n d crawl, i f need be, on your belly under the smoke, under the heat, is under the flames t o the nearest e x i t . A window ~ M T s . f ; - f - 1 - 6 6 ~ j u s t as much an e x i t as a door. B u t once more i t comes back to you. Do you w a n t t o l i v e ?

N o w w e come to the f i r s t real t e s t of your Attitude. Perhaps you have already taken t h i s t e s t . If you are interested in your well-being, a n d w a n t t o be able t o take care of y o u r s e l f , then turn the page. If not, you might as well return t h i s manual. Ever wonder w h a t t h a t p i l o t must have thought, before he used his g u n on himself?

Belief Behavior Breathing

So you decided t o s t i c k with i t . An e x c e l l e n t d e c i s i o n . I t shows good A t t i t u d e and Aptitude. I t a l s o shows t h a t you have a p r e t t y good self-image a l r e a d y . I f you had a tough time deciding t o continue o r i f you could t a k e i t o r leave i t , your self-image might be shaky. You may not c a r e i f you l i v e o r d i e . I t may a l s o mean t h a t you d o n ' t l i k e the manual o r t h e s u b j e c t . I f you l i v e o r plan t o l i v e in t h e A r c t i c , t h i s i s a very important s u b j e c t . I t could mean your l i f e . o'q
c O / / ~ ~

This s e c t i o n d e a l s with p r e c i s e l y t h e s e same i s s u e s . What do you, p e r s o n a l l y , b e l i e v e t o be important? What behavior do you d i s p l a y , o r in o t h e r words, "Do you p r a c t i c e what you preach?" How do you keep breathing and relaxed? Dr. Wilhelm Reich, noted p s y c h i a t r i s t , found t h a t people displayed t h e i r inner confidence, t h e i r i n n e r rapport with t h e o u t e r world and t h e i r mental s t a b i l i t y through t h e i r breathing patterns .

--li

Belief
Be1 i e f i s what you hold o r perceive t o be t r u e . I f you be1 ieve i n t h e C h r i s t i a n d e f i n i t i o n of God, you then b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e i s a Holy S p i r i t t h a t abides i n everyone. I f you b e l i e v e in t h e t r a d i t i o n a l Inupiaq ways, you then b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e i s a Living S p i r i t t h a t abides in everything and t h a t man i s j u s t one p a r t of a l l Nature. Neither i s good, n e i t h e r i s bad, n e i t h e r i s r i g h t and n e i t h e r i s wrong in an a b s o l u t e sense. A "True Be1 i e v e r " b e l i e v e s h i s i s t h e only way and a l l o t h e r ways a r e wrong. B u t in r e a l i t y , no one can say o r judge what o t h e r s be1 ieve. This philosophy holds in survival a s w e l l . I f you b e l i e v e t h a t because you have Inupiaq blood i n your veins you can s u r v i v e in t h e A r c t i c , then you have an advantage. I f you b e l i e v e t h a t because you can think l i k e an Inupiaq you can s u r v i v e i n t h e A r c t i c , then you have an advantage. I f you b e l i e v e t h a t because you have learned t r a d i t i o n a l Inupiaq survival s k i l l s you can s u r v i v e i n t h e A r c t i c , then you have an advantage. I f you b e l i e v e t h a t because you have learned Russian s u r v i v a l s k i l l s you can s u r v i v e in t h e A r c t i c , then you have a n advantage. I f you b e l i e v e t h a t because you have Arctic winter camping s k i l l s you can s u r v i v e in t h e A r c t i c , then you have an advantage. In summary, i f you b e l i e v e t h a t because you ( f i l l in t h e blank) you can survive i n t h e A r c t i c , then you have an advantage. I f you be1 i e v e you CAN, you have an advantage. In t h e c h i l d r e n ' s s t o r y "The L i t t l e Engine That Could" t h e engine keeps saying " I think I can, I

think I can, I think I can . . ." Once over the mountain the engine said " I knew I could, I knew I could . . . " Traditional Inupiaq s t o r i e s teach many of the same lessons of hunters who believed they could bring food home regardless of storms, threatening animals, o r evi 1 s p i r i t s . Belief do l i t t l e . People have i n j u r i e s in i s a very strong f o r c e . Like A t t i t u d e , without i t you can With f a i t h , with a B e l i e f , amazing things have been done. survived hundreds of days on r a f t s a t sea and weeks with Arctic a r e a s .

Harry Houdini, the great magician, once survived hours under r i v e r i c e a f t e r he had escaped from a trunk, ropes and handcuffs. H e could e not f i n d 4 t h e hole in the i c e t h a t he had been dropped through. H breathed a i r t h a t was trapped between the water and i c e . H e believed he heard h i s mother's voice and followed i t . When he f i n a l l y came t o an area where the i c e was broken, he was r i g h t by the shore. H e knew before he s t a r t e d the escape t h a t he could do i t . H e believed h i s mother's voice would lead him t o s a f e t y . H e was successful. The movie, "A Man in the krilderness" was based on a t r u e s t o r y . Hugh Glass was a f u r trapper during t h e days of the f i r s t white men exploring the Midwest of what i s now the Continental U.S. H e was t r a v e l i n g with two companions. While deep in Indian country, Glass was mauled by a g r i z z l y bear. His companions thought he was dead o r so near death t h a t nothing could be done. They took G l a s s ' s r i f l e and gear, covered him with leaves and' l e f t . Glass was not dead. H e nursed his wounds and survived. I l l - c l o t h e d and with no weapons b u t what he could make, he crawled and hobbled 200 miles t o the c l o s e s t t r a d i n g post. H e believed he would survive i f f o r no other reason than t o k i l l the two men who had l e f t him. H e did survive and he a l s o forgave h i s companions. H e wrote a page in the annals of human endurance, strength and ingenuity t h a t was fueled by Belief. A t r a d i t i o n a l Inupiaq Belief i s t h a t in the Arctic l i v e the Imrnarraq, "1 i t t l e people". The Imrnarraq a r e pranksters 1 ike the Leprechauns, Elves, T r o l l s o r Menehune. You must always watch out f o r the Immarraq as they will get i n t o your camp and "play". They will get i n t o your food, knock your dry c l o t h e s in the snow, move your knife, r i f l e o r anything e l s e t h a t can be misplaced. This Belief has lead the Inupiat t o be c a r e f u l , t o be watchful , as they know the Arctic can be very unforgiving. The t r i c k s and r i d d l e s of the Imrnarraq can be rewarding. Often, in remembering s t o r i e s of the " l i t t l e people", new clues a r e found t h a t lead t o game, t o s a f e t y , t o s u r v i v a l . This Belief has lead t o a Behavior t h a t f o r the Inupiat has kept them a l i v e . What a r e your B e l i e f s ? D o you believe in a God, a Supreme Being, a Life Force,or a Great Mystery? D o you believe t h a t you a r e being taken care of by t h a t B e l i e f ? D o you believe i n your own a b i l i t i e s , in y o u r s e l f ? "God helps those who help themselves." D o you have the B e l i e f , the Attitude t o help y o u r s e l f ? Once again i t i s back t o you. What do you believe?

Behavior
What y o u do i s y o u r B e h a v i o r . What y o u do r e f l e c t s y o u r A t t i t u d e , y c u r A p t i t u d e a n d y o u r B e l i e f s . I f i t i s s n o w i n g o u t s i d e and y o u go o u t s n o w m a c h i n i n g f o r t h e d a y i n a t e e s h i r t , j e a n s and s n e a k e r s , w h a t a r e y o u s a y i n g ? Y o u r A t t i t u d e i s one o f n o t c a r i n g f o r y o u r s e l f . Your A p t i t u d e i s one o f n o t k n o w i n g t h a t snow means i t i s c o l d and t h a t c l o t h e s keep y o u r b o d y f r o m l o s i n g t o o much h e a t . Y o u r B e l i e f i s one t h a t p r o b a b l y w i l l n o t k e e p y o u warm v e r y l o n g . Your B e h a v i o r i s one t h a t j u s t does n o t make s e n s e . End r e s u l t : You a r e g o i n g t o g e t c o l d . The b l e n d i n g o f A t t i t u d e , A p t i t u d e and Be1 i e f i s B e h a v i o r . T h e r e i s sound o r n o r m a l b e h a v i o r , when w h a t y o u do i s w h a t m o s t p e o p l e a g r e e y o u s h o u l d do. T h e r e i s ufisound o r a b n o r m a l b e h a v i o r , when w h a t y o u do i s n o t what most p e o p l e agree y o u s h o u l d do. B e h a v i o r comes w i t h e x p e r i e n c e . The more o f t e n y o u go o u t f o r t h e d a y O D y o u r snowmachine, t h e more e x p e r i e n c e y o u w i l l g a i n . The more y o u w i l l l e a r n and i n c r e a s e your Aptitude. The more y o u w i l l b e 1 i e v e i n y o u r a b i l i t i e s . The more y o u w i l l h a v e a p o s i t i v e A t t i t u d e ? b o u t t r a v e l i n g b y snowmachine. S u r v i v a l i s 1 i k e a p u z z l e . The f i r s t f e w p i e c e s seem t o b e o d d l y p l a c e d , b u t a s t i m e g o e s b y t h e y w i l l b e g i n t c f i t t o g e t h e r and f o r m a p a t t e r n . A l l p a r t s i n t h i s p u z z l e , t h i s game o f l i f e , a r e w o r k e d b y y o u . Y o u r B e h a v i o r , l i k e a l l t h e s e o t h e r i t e m s , i s u p t o y o u . How d o y o u behave i n t h e A r c t i c ?

The c o n t i n u e d s u c c e s s f u l u s e o f y o u r A i r w a y i s c o n s i d e r e d breathing. A i r c a r r y i n g o x y g e n goes i n t o y o u r l u n g s w h e r e i t i s transferred t o your blood. Your b l o o d c i r c u l a t e s t h e o x y g e n t o e v e r y c e l l i n y o u r b o d y . The s t r a t e g i c c e l l s o f t h e b r a i n k e e p y o u a l e r t , t h e s y s t e m w o r k i n g and o c c a s i o n a l l y a c h i e v e moments o f t h o u g h t and e n l i g h t e n m e n t . The b l o o d p i c k s u p c d r b o n d i o x i d e f r o m t h e c e l l s w h i c h i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e l u n g s a n d e x p e l l e d f r o m t h e b o d y as y o u e x h a l e . T h e r e i s n o t h i n g d i f f i c u l t a b o u t t h e w h o l e s y s t e m e x c e p t when i t s t o p s . I n t h e l a s t s e c t i o n A i r w a y was d i s c u s s e d . I f you f i n d a person who i s u n c o n s c i o u s , y o u h a v e f o u r s t e p s . ONE, c h e c k f o r c o n s c i o u s n e s s . FOUR, l o o k and TWO, l o o k a n d l i s t e r a n d f e e l . THREE, t i l t t b e head. 1 i s t e n and f e e l . I f y o u h a v e c o m p l e t e d t h e s e s t e p s and t h e r e i s s t ill n o B r e a t h i n g , y o u m u s t s e e w h a t e l s e y o u c a n do. T h i s becomes a t i m e o f d e c i s i o n s . Where a r e y o u ? How f a r away i s h e l p ? What a r e y o u r s k i l l s ? A r e y o u i n d a n g e r ? A r e t h e r e o t h e r s who need h e l p ?

F i r s t , c a l l f o r help. Just y e l l i t out, t h e r e a r e o t h e r s t o h e l p , g r e a t . If t h e r e a r e must d e c i d e whom t o h e l p . Does t h i s p e r s o n b r e a t h i n g a g a i n w i t h some h e l p ? I s h i s body p o o l s o f b l o o d ? I s t h e body s t i l l warm?

r i g h t where y o u a r e . If o t h e r s who need h e l p y o u l o o k l i k e he w i l l s t a r t i n t a c t ? Are t h e r e l a r g e

The l o n g e r i t has been s i n c e t h e p e r s o n had oxygen, t h e b l u e r he w i l l a p p e a r . The l o n g e r he has n o t been c i r c u l a t i n g b l o o d , t h e c o l d e r he w i l l be. I f y o u a r e n o t n e a r h e l p , i f t h e r e i s n o t a phone t o c a l l f o r h e l p , y o u must d e c i d e w h e t h e r o r n o t t o s t a r t a r t i f i c i a l respiration. When y o u d e c i d e t h a t t h e p e r s o n c a n be h e l p e d , s t a r t a r t i f i c i a l respiration. Mouth t o mouth b r e a t h i n g i s said t o be a t r a d i t i o n a l I n u p i a q p r a c t i c e and was known i n t h e ~ r c t i c / l p q b e f o r e t h e Red Cross d a p p e a r e d and began t e a c h i n g i t . kffkr+%/ '~ c . FL.. S , - L c . ,c P i n c h t h e nose c l o s e d w h i l e h o l d i n g t h e head i n t h e open A i r w a y position. P u t y o u r mouth o v e r t h e p e r s o n ' s mouth and b r e a t h e i n f o u r quick breaths. T u r n y o u r head and l o o k , 1 i s t e n and f e e l t o see i f t h e p e r s o n has s t a r t e d t o b r e a t h e on h i s own. Ifn o t , p u t i n a n o t h e r b r e a t h . Then c o u n t t o y o u r s e l f , "one onethousand, two o n e - t h o u s a n d , t h r e e o n e - t h o u s a n d , f o u r one- t h o u s a n d " , t a k e a b r e a t h and b l o w i n on " f i v e one-thousand". T u r n y o u r head. Look, 1 i s t e n and f e e l f o r t h e e x h a l a t i o n . Rel e a s e y o u r f i n g e r s on t h e nose so t h e a i r c a n come o u t . S t a r t c o u n t i n g a g a i n as soon as t h e b r e a t h i s i n and p r e p a r e t o b l o w i n t h e n e x t b r e a t h on " f i v e o n e - t h o u s a n d " . Keep t h i s a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n going u n t i l t h e person revives, u n t i l someone r e l i e v e s y o u o r u n t i l y o u have t o s t o p . T h i s i s t h e r a t e of b r e a t h i n g f o r an a d u l t - one b r e a t h e v e r y f i v e seconds.

If t h e v i c t i m i s a c h i l d , t h e r a t e s h o u l d be p u t t i n g t h e b r e a t h i n on " f o u r o n e - t h o u s a n d " and u s i n g a f o u r second c o u n t . F o r an i n f a n t p u t t h e b r e a t h i n on " t h r e e o n e - t h o u s a n d " and u s e a t h r e e second c o u n t .

Now p r a c t i c e a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n w i t h a p a r t n e r c a r d i o p u l m o n a r y r e s u s c i t a t i o n (CPR) m a n i k i n . Remember t o be b o t h t i 1 t i n g t h e head and b l o w i n g i n t h e b r e a t h s . Take ALL tcbacco, and candy o u t o f y o u r mouth b e f o r e g i v i n g r e s p i r a t i o n t o anyone. or with a gentle with gum, chew, artificial

I f y o u h i t r e s i s t a n c e and t h e a i r w i l l n o t go i n t o t h e p e r s o n ' s l u n g s , y o u must recheck t h e Airway. Retilt If this t h e head and t r y a b r e a t h . does n o t w o r k , r o l l t h e p e r s o n t o w a r d y o u b y p l a c i n g t h e n e a r arm up above h i s head and g r a b t h e f a r s h o u l d e r . P u l l t h e person u n t i l h i s c h e s t i s on your thighs. Give four, firm o p e n - f i s t e d b l o w s r i g h t between h i s s h o u l d e r b l a d e s . Check f o r any o b j e c t s t h a t may have been f o r c e d l o o s e Sweep them t o t h e s i d e o f t h e cheek and o u t o f t h e mouth. Roll t h p e r s o n o n t o h i s back, open h i s A i r w a y and t r y t o v e n t i l a t e .
I f t h i s does n o t w o r k , s t r a d d l e t h e p e r s o n . P l a c e y o u r hands on t o p o f each o t h e r j u s t above h i s n a v e l . .Use f o u r f i r m t h r u s t s i n t o w a r d t h e abdomen.

Check t h e mouth f o r o b j e c t s and sweep any t o t h e s i d e o f t h e cheek If and o u t o f t h e mouth. Open t h e A i r w a y and t r y a g a i n t o v e n t i l a t e . t h i s does n o t w o r k , r e p e a t t h e e n t i r e p r o c e d u r e . I f t h e p e r s o n does t a k e t h e a i r , chances a r e t h a t he w i l l soon t a k e h i s own b r e a t h i f e v e r y t h i n g e l s e i s o k a y . Through y o u r A p t i t u d e and B e h a v i o r , o p e n i n g t h e A i r w a y and B r e a t h i n g f o r him, t h e p e r s o n may l i v e . Now a n o t h e r p r o b l e m . What i f i t i s y o u ? You a r e e a t i n g a meal and choke on a p i e c e o f f o o d . You have b l o c k e d y o u r A i r w a y . How much t i m e do y o u have u n t i l y o u go u n c o n s c i o u s ? You need t o c l e a r y o u r A i r w a y and g e t h e l p . W i t h yctir- A i r w a y b l o c k e d y o u c a n n o t y e l l o u t .
I f y o u know t h e r e i s h e l p o r p e o p l e n e a r b y , p u t y o u r e n e r g y and t i m e i n t c m a k i n g them know y o u have a p r o b l e m . Make N o i s e ! Turn a t e l e v i s i o n o r s t e r e o up, b r e a k a window, p u l l a f i r e a l a r m , bang on a n e i g h b o r ' s d o o r . L e t someone know y o u h a v e a p r o b l e m .
If y o u know t h e r e i s no h e l p anywhere n e a r b y and y o u a r e on y o u r own, use y o u r t i n e t o f i n d a c h a i r , u p r i g h t s l e d , g r u b box o r t a b l e edge. Drop y o u r s e l f on t h e edge so i t h i t s t h e a r e a a b o u t y o u r n a v e l . Keep d o i n g t h i s u n t i l t h e A i r w a y c l e a r s o r y o u pass o u t . D o n ' t g i v e up hope y e t . Many t i m e s once a p e r s o n goes u n c o n s c i o u s t h e muscles o f t h e t h r o a t and abdomen r e l a x t h e o b j e c t f a l l s o u t . W i t h w e i g h t on t h e abaomen, a i r w i l l h e l p f o r c e o u t t h e o b j e c t as w e l l as e m p t y i n g t h e

lungs of carbon dioxide. This may be enough t o cause you t o take a breath and regain consciousness. Breathing has a l s o gotten people i n t o very t i g h t binds. If you f a l l i n t o a crevasse on a g l a c i e r o r on the i c e pack and get wedged in and breathe heavily, two things will happen. You will become more e x c i t e d and you will lose much more h e a t , possibly even becoming hypothermic and develop f r o s t b i t e . Also, the deeper you i n h a l e , the more you will exhale causing you t o be wedged in t i g h t e r and t i g h t e r u n t i l you cannot breathe a t a l l . Now you have an Airway problem. If you relax and t r y t o breathe l e s s f r a n t i c a l l y , you may survive u n t i l help a r r i v e s . In many cases relaxation has kept people a l i v e . Your body will s t a y warmer i f you a r e relaxed. Most people handle problems and think b e t t e r when they a r e relaxed. People a r e c r e a t i v e when they a r e relaxed. In an emergency s i t u a t i o n in the Arctic i t i s helpful t o be thinking warm and c r e a t i v e thoughts, t h e r e f o r e , i t i s helpful t o learn how t o r e l a x . One of the best ways t o relax i s t o pay a t t e n t i o n t o your Breathing. A few deep breaths can be helpful t o begin with, unless you a r e caught in a crevasse. Close your eyes and count your breaths going in and out. Once you have s e t t l e d i n t o a rhythm, gradually slow t h a t pace. Pay a t t e n t i o n t o your body and t r y t o have i t relax. Feel the muscles unwind. Let the warm blood flow t o every part of your body. Let your breaths t h a t have now slowed, become more shallow. Your body i s so relaxed by t i i s time t h a t you need l i t t l e oxygen and l i t t l e fuel t o keep i t functioning. This process of relaxation t o handle the cold i s being researched and e a r l y r e s u l t s a r e good. The Inupiat have used t h i s technique f o r centuries. I t works. W e would 1 ike t o know more about why o r how i t works so others can be taught o r t r a i n e d in t h i s method f o r adaption t o the Arctic. The Inupiat were aware t h a t the energy within a person i s part of the energy of Nature. Learning the balance of these energies was included in t r a d i t i o n a l Inupiaq s t o r i e s . This has not been included in the s t o r i e s of the Western European c u l t u r e . To survive, t o l i v e in balance with a l l the world, was always part of the Elders' s t o r i e s . Today reading, w r i t i n g , a r i t h m e t i c , physical education, a r t , h i s t o r y and computer, sciences a r e taught in school. Religion i s taught in church7 ~ h a t : k l u e s a r e being taught a t home? Where do you learn about l i f e ? What do you want t o know? G o ask someone who i s e l d e r l y , someohe you care f o r , what i s a lesson they have learned about l i f e ? I t i s / u p t o you t o find out. You a r e learning about how t o s t a y a1 ive. , [ I
I 1

, ,

H o w would you have reacted i f you had been Hugh Glass or Harry Houdini?

Lonsciousness - Concerns

S t i l l here? Good f o r you. W e now go t o the next l e v e l . W e have p u t in the foundations of s u r v i v a l . W e need t o expand t h a t narrow view of continued survival t o Consciorrsness, Concerns a n d Circulation.

Consciousness

l ,. i l i d .; .,.... P . ,
/

.a-c

On w h a t level of Consciousness do you operate? What o you think about between c l a s s e s , a t night before you go t o sleep o r a+eh-u-rch? On w h a t level of consciousness did the Inupiat Elders l i v e ? What about the shamans? What about the teachers or missionaries?
In an issue of Outside Magazine, Paula S c h i l l e r wrote an a r t i c l e about "what the Eskimos know about surviving mind-numbing cold . . . could save your l i f e " . She s t a t e d , "Native customs f o s t e r mental Gloomy, unstable people a r e t r a d i t i o n a l l y agi 1 i ty and cheerfulness. shunned in the Far North, a n d the stereotype of the "happy" Eskimo has some basis. Case s t u d i e s support the Eskimos' i n s t i n c t s , showing t h a t optimists make b e t t e r survivors, while pessimism can be l e t h a l . Eskimos a r e a l s o habitual problem s o l v e r s , and problem solving i s pleasurable, says Michael Graf, a c l i n i c a l psychologist in Fairbanks. I t brings a sense of mastery, confidence and self-esteem - prime ingredients f o r survival . " Consciousness i s an awareness of o n e ' s s e l f . Not only f o r the moment a n d a place, b u t a n understanding of one's place in a l l the world, in a l l time. Most people are aware of themselves today in t h e i r community. Many people a r e aware of themselves f o r years in t h e i r country and perhaps on the globe. Some a r e aware of themselves f o r times l a r g e r than t h e i r l i f e t i m e a n d over the e n t i r e globe. A very small number a r e aware of themselves and others f o r a l l times, in d i f f e r e n t dimensions, in a l l of t h i s world and other i worlds. , In the ,--" w c.: *i-.P G { LG r e , s j 12,* Arct jc, these a r e the shamans. p ' The b e t t e r you understand yourself and a r e aware of your surroundings the b e t t e r chance you will have of surviving a n emergency. Seems simple a f t e r a l l t h a t s t u f f in the preceding paragraph. Are you aware of the animals when you t r a v e l by snowmachine? Can you communicate t o a s e a 1 , M a cacibou? Have you ever t r i e d ?

/a

2 '

0 '

Lx

'c-

#:a

vi,

There a r e t r u e s t o r i e s of hunters, who in times of great need, have spoken Inupiaq t o the animals. A hunter who had not found food f o r his family f o r many days was out a l l day hunting s e a l s . I t was l a t e and he

was a b o u t t o head home when he l e a n e d o v e r and spoke t o t h e s p i r i t o f t h e s e a l s . Soon a s e a l appeared and t h e h u n t e r s h o t i t and t o o k i t home t o his family. He n e v e r misused t h i s s k i l l , b u t he knew, ,he b e l i e v e d t h a t when he r e a c h e d a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f h u n g e r t h a t he c o u l d t h e n speak t o the animals. A n o t h e r h u n t e r , who a f t e r a s u c c e s s f u l h u n t , was h e a d i n g back t o h i s f a m i l y and camp when he became e n g u l f e d i n f o g . He became d i s o r i e n t e d and d e s p e r a t e l y wanted t o f i n d h i s way home. I n h i s s o r r o w , he spoke t o t h e w a t e r . A k i l l e r w h a l e appeared. The h u n t e r t o l d t h e k i l l e r whale he meant i t no harm, and t h a t he, j u s t l i k e t h e whale, was h u n t i n g , b u t he had become l o s t . He needed t o r e t u r n t o h i s f a m i l y as he had f o o d f o r them. The whale c i r c l e d a r o u n d t h e s m a l l kayak and t h e n s l o w l y swam away. The h u n t e r c o u l d e a s i l y p a d d l e b e h i n d t h e whale. A f t e r much p a d d l i n g t h e whale s t o p p e d and i n t h e d i s t a n c e t h e h u n t e r c o u l d see h i s f a m i l y ' s t e n t on t h e s h o r e . He t h a n k e d t h e w h a l e and p a d d l e d t o s h o r e .
/
,dl,.-

-.-.

G .

--.., I"r

Bowhead wha1e;;;have t r a d i t i o n a l l y been g i v e n f r e s h w a t e r t o d r i n k a f t e r t h e y have been p u l l e d o n t o t h e i c e o r s h o r e f o r d i v i s i o n . It i s a B e l i e f and an awareness A t t i t u d e t h a t i f t h e s p i r i t o f t h e whale i s t r e a t e d k i n d l y and g i v e n f r e s h w a t e r , i t w i l l be r e l e a s e d f r o m t h e body and r e t u r n e d t o t h e o t h e r whales t o t e l l them how k i n d l y i t had been t r e a t e d . By u s i n g t h e e n t i r e w h a l e t h e p e o p l e showed t h e i r r e s p e c t and need f o r t h e g r e a t a n i m a l s . T h i s awareness o f a n i m a l s and o f N a t u r e has k e p t t h e I n u p i a t a l i v e . Speaking t o t h e a n i m a l s i s n o t done b y u s i n g t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e I n u p i a t , b u t b y u s i n g t h e B e l i e f s and Consciousness o f t h e I n u p i a t . The a n i m a l s u n d e r s t a n d n o t t h e words, b u t t h e " h e a r t " . Go ask an E l d e r a b o u t a s t o r y when h e was h u n t i n g . L e a r n f r o m t h e I n u p i a t E l d e r s a b o u t t h e a n i m a l s p i r i t s and how t h e y s h o u l d be t r e a t e d . How do y o u r e l a t e t o the animals o r Nature?

Concerns
P a r t o f k n o w i n g how t o s u r v i v e i s t o i d e n t i f y s p e c i f i c Concerns o r problems. N i n e t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f a l l s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n s l a s t 7 2 h o u r s o r l e s s . Some emergencies l a s t j u s t seconds u n t i l an A i r w a y i s c l e a r e d o r a f i r e i s put out. Some s u r v i v a l o r d e a l s have gone on f o r months w h i l e l o s t a t sea o r s t r a n d e d i n t h e A r c t i c . B a s i c Concerns anywhere i n t h e w o r l d , e v e r y d a y , f o r e v e r y o n e a r e Food, C l o t h i n g and S h e l t e r . T h i n k a b o u t what e l s e y o u r e a l l y need. Now combine t h e a v e r a g e 7 2 - h o u r s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n w i t h t h e B a s i c Concerns, m i x w i t h y o u r own e x p e r i e n c e s i n t h e A r c t i c and what do y o u come up with?

In t h i s exercise you will make four l i s t s . F i r s t , make a l i s t of the items you would take with you IF f o r the next t h r e e days you were going t o be placed a t Point ~ a r r o w 7 ad e s o l a t e , gravel s p i t 330 miles north of t h e Arctic Circle. Second, make a l i s t of the items you would take IF you had t o carry these items t o Point Barrow from 10 miles away. Third, the building you a r e now s i t t i n g in has j u s t exploded and i s The smoke i s g e t t i n g t h i c k . You crawl t o the nearest e x i t (where i s i t ? ) and get out of the building. The building burns t o the ground. You a r e the only survivor and he1 p i s 10 miles away. Now, 1 i s t your Concerns.

on f i r e .

Fourth, l i s t everything you have on you r i g h t now as you read t h i s sentence, i . e . , s h i r t , pants, b e l t , socks, pocket k n i f e , watch, e t c . You should have these four l i s t s : 1 ) Items t o be a t Point Barrow f o r a three-day survival s t a y . 2 ) Items you would carry 10 miles f o r a three-day survival s t a y a t Point Barrow. 3 ) Your Concerns about your s i t u a t i o n knowing t h a t help i s 10 miles away.. 4 ) What you have on you r i g h t now. Compare these 1 i s t s . Are the l i s t s i d e n t i c a l ? Are they s i m i l a r ? Are any items on' a l l four l i s t s ? Now t h a t you have completed t h i s inventory, would you carry anything e l s e on you? Would you take items off your l i s t ? What did your partner have on h i s l i s t t h a t you did not? What did you have t h a t your partner did not? Once again, i t comes back t o you and what your Concerns are.

Circulation
The flow of blood carrying oxygen and n u t r i e n t s t o the c e l l s and carbon dioxide and wastes from the c e l l s i s called Circulation. Without t h i s l i f e supporting process the body will d i e . If you have handled Airway and Breathing, you should next check f o r Circulation. This i s done by checking f o r a pulse. A pulse i s a wave of p r e s s u r e t h a t i s produced by the pumping action of the heart, t h a t tb@i t r a v e l s through your e a r t o your p a r t n e r ' s chest. You You can hear a can hear the h e a r t e a r i s d i r e c t l y a g a i n s t the skin. This i s not always convenient, e s p e c i a l l y i f outside in the Arctic. Listening i s not always possible. If t h e r e i s a f i r e o r people a r e hurt and y e l l i n g , you may not be a b l e , t o hear the heartbeat because of the .in--'' I. -3 n c k*r * , other noise. A second way t o check f o r pulse i s t o look f o r i t . Many times you can see the big a r t e r y in t h e neck bounce as the heart beats. Look a l s o a t the person's c o l o r . I f the skin i s blue or grey, l i p s purplish, fingernail beds blue,, he i s not Circulating oxygen. I f he i s healthy looking, l i p s and f i n g e r n a i l beds pink, then he probably i s c i r c u l a t i n g ,
'&I/

/.,-

b u t check by f e e l .

Look a t your partner's arm.

Is he circulating?

Feeling f o r pulse i s an excellent method and i s used by most emergency medical providers. There are a number of places t o feel f o r a pulse. Here you will be given only two, the wrist a n d neck. They are b o t h strong pulses and r e l a t i v e l y easy t o find. In the Arctic these areas are also the most accessible.
-

Always use the f l a t s of your fingers and n o t your t h u m b t o check a pulse. Your t h u m b has i t s own pulse so you could end u p feeling your own heartbeat. The f l a t s are also more sensitive t o pressure t h a n the t i p s of your fingers. The pulse i s found by placing the hand palm u p . The pulse i s on the thumb-side of the wrist. About two inches u p the arm from where the wrist bends, you should be able t o feel a bundle of cords in the center of the wrist. Slide the f l a t s of your fingers from the bundle of cords into the grove on the thumb-side of the wrist. Apply gentle pressure. You should be able t o feel the pulse. Try t h i s on yourself f i r s t . Use each hand on each wrist. Now take your p a r t n e r ' s 7 6 5 3jr7,45 . ;s.A 1 s , d /k pulseok p , c h , In real cold weather getting between a glove and a sleeve may be d i f f i c u l t . Also i f the person i s cold, the pulse may be hard t o find as the warm blood i s pulled back t o the body's core. The brain receives p r i o r i t y when the body i s having problems, so blood flow i s usually good going t o the brain. Even i f the person's condition i s very serious, the one pulse that you can usually find i s the one on the neck. The pulse a t the neck i s found on e i t h e r side. Place the f l a t s of your fingers on your Adam's Apple, that lump on your throat directly below your chin. If you cannot find i t , keep your fingers on your throat and swallow. The lump going u p and down i s your Adam's Apple or larynx. Now t h a t you have found i t , s l i d e your fingers off t o the side into the grove between your throat and your neck muscles. Again, as on the w r i s t , use l i g h t pressure t o feel f o r the pulse. Practice finding your pulse. Use b o t h hands. Try i t on your partner, Try i t on everyone Z q , in your c l a s s . & e
I

Taking a pulse i s very important and you should practice i t and become very good a t i t .

If the person has a pulse and i s Breathing b u t i s unconscious, you need t o look f o r other problems. If there i s no pulse, most l i k e l y he will not be Breathing. You will have t o make a big decision. If you have been through a C P R c l a s s , you can s t a r t C P R . However, i f you have not been through a C P R c l a s s you can, a t l e a s t c a l l f o r help. What i f you have no help? Your plane has crashed. You a r e okay. Two people a r e hurt a n d y e l l i n g . Another person i s not breathing a n d has no pulse. N o w what a r e you going t o do? Circulation of bad blood i s as bad as no Circulation. Bad blood i s blood t h a t e i t h e r has no oxygen o r n u t r i e n t s , o r i s carrying toxins. The most common problem in the Arctic i s carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide i s p a r t of the exhaust of burning f u e l . I t i s a t a s t e l e s s , c o l o r l e s s a n d odorless gas. I t can c o l l e c t in the body and can k i l l . In every s h e l t e r you s t a y i n , make sure t h a t there i s a vent and some a i r Circulation. If you see your own fingernail beds o r skin turning red, o r o t h e r ' s faces and l i p s turning cherry red, t h e r e i s carbon monoxide poisoning. Ventilate and get i n t o fresh a i r immediately! Circulation f a i l u r e can be due t o the loss of blood. People lose blood i n t e r n a l l y and e x t e r n a l l y . External bleeding i s e a s i e r see and needs t o be stopped. If you have checked the pulse a n d t h e r e i s one, your next s t e p i s t o look over the person's e n t i r e body and sweep over i t with your hands. Pay p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n t o the undersides of l e g s , arms and back. Always use the same pattern: That way you a r e l e s s 1 ikely t o forget an arm o r leg. W h i l ~sweeping be g e n t l e , there may be o not move the person, j u s t s l i d e yoGr hands over and under injuries. D his e n t i r e body. Feel f o r wetness and heavyness/in winter clothing and I look f o r blood-stains. 70 dJ -*I?
fl

D o a body sweep of your partner. You a r e a t his head as you have checked Airway, Breathing a n d Circulation. Sweep over the head t o the arm nearest your s i d e . G o down the s i d e nearest you, over the leg and t o the f e e t . Move around t o the o t h e r s i d e , go u p the leg a n d s i d e , over the arm and back t o the head. Always do i t the same way. Practice i t any time you do your A , B , C . I t i s part of C . If you find bleeding during your sweep, remember the location. Complete the sweep as there may be worse bleeding in another location. There a r e two kinds of bleeding, a r t e r i a l and venous. Arterial bleeding i s blood fresh from the heart. I t s q u i r t s out in time with the If you see s q u i r t i n g blood, skip taking a pulse a n d i s bright red. pulse by f e e l . You can see i t ! This needs t o be stopped immediately. Venous bleeding i s a slow seeping bleeding a n d the blood i s darker brown-red c o l o r . I t needs t o be stopped a l s o , b u t i t i s not as urgent as a r t e r i a l bleeding. To stop bleeding follow these s t e p s . Find the wound and g e t t o i t . This may require c u t t i n g off clothing. D o i t and do not waste time. P u t d i r e c t pressure on the wound. I f you have a cloth hanky o r f i r s t aid dressing in your hand, g r e a t . If not, d o n ' t waste time looking f o r one. P u t your t h u m b or heel of your hand d i r e c t l y on the wound. If possible elevate the injury a t the same time. With the wound above the h e a r t , there i s l e s s pressure t o force out the blood. Hold t h i s position until you can apply a pressure bandage, a piece of s h i r t o r cloth held on with a wide b e l t o r swath t i e d t o i t s e l f . Keep the wound elevated.

With your partner choose a wound s i t e . Apply pressure and elevate. P u t on a pressure dressing with what you have on you r i g h t now. I t i s not f a i r t o go get supplies a t t h i s point.

Internal bleeding i s a d i f f i c u l t problem. Sometimes when a bone breaks i t will cut an a r t e r y o r vein. The blood will flow into the muscles. An i n j u r y t o t h e body core may cause bleeding i n t o the abdominal cavity. Either of these can be deadly due t o the onset of shock. If the pulse i s weak, t h e person pale, h i s abdomen rock-hard o r there i s a large swelling a t a possible break s i t e , you must t r e a t f o r shock. Keep the person warm. I f t h e r e i s no head i n j u r y , elevate the f e e t s l i g h t l y . If t h e r e i s a l s o a head i n j u r y , keep the person lying f l a t a n d warm. A common form of bleeding i s a nose bleed. Traditionally the Inupiat would pinch t h e nose u n t i l the bleeding stopped. The l a t e s t recommendation f o r t r e a t i n g a nose bleed i s t o pinch the n o s t r i l s u n t i l the bleeding stops. I s n ' t t h a t a coincidence! Other t r a d i t i o n a l Inupiat s k i l l s may come in handy. P u t a cold object on a cut. The pressure and cold will help stop the bleeding. Take note t o watch the c u t a f t e r your remove the object. A s the cut warms i t may s t a r t t o bleed again. Flush wounds with fresh urine. I t i s warm and s t e r i l e . This i s recommended f o r cleaning c u t s . The Inupiat a l s o would heat a needle and sew u p l a r g e c u t s with human h a i r . I t works, b u t should only be used i f other means cannot close the wound. Dressings f o r cuts were made from f r e s h animal ski_ar with the membrane s i d e placed on the wound and secured by tying. c /c, , /,I,' , / , ,/ , ,' ,
,.d
I . C , ' W ~ : , Q

A , B y C . Simple and s h o r t . Everything mentioned in t h i s manual so f a r will happen very quickly. I f you a r e by y o u r s e l f , i t will happen in the length of time you can hold your breath. If you a r e helping someone, you should be able t o check the A , B , Cs in l e s s than one minute. A r t i f i c a l r e s p i r a t i o n , t r e a t i n g bleeding o r shock could go on f o r hours.

The question s i t u a t i o n today?

is:
-.-

Are you

ready

"IF" you

have

an

emergency

Desire Design Degrees Dressings

Since everything in t h i s manual u p t o t h i s point can happen within the f i r s t few minutes of any survival experience, w e must now s t a r t The next looking a t how t o keep going beyond the i n i t i a l period. sections will deal with the time frame from the immediate through recovery.

Desire
The will t o l i v e . E a r l i e r s t o r i e s were r e l a t e d t o Attitude, Belief a n d Consciousness. Desire i s made u p of a1 1 of these s p i r i t u a l components of 1 i f e . Many times w h a t has been told t o us over a n d over again as children will form the A , B , C , D , Es. In the Inupiaq c u l t u r e the s t o r i e s were ones of positiveness and acceptance. There i s a story of the ptarmigan t h a t i s caught in a bad storm. I t dives i n t o a snow bank a n d makes i t s e l f a l i t t l e snow house. I t then pecks a hole t o see out. After a couple of days the ptarmigan sees i t i s s t i l l storming. The ptarmigan i s hungry so i t sings a song asking f o r the weather t o become c l e a r a n d sunny. Then the ptarmigan f a l l s asleep. When i t awakes, the day i s c l e a r a n d i t goes off t o feed. If you heard t h a t story time a n d time again as a c h i l d , w h a t would you do i f you were caught in a storm? You would dig a snow cave with a vent and wait. In a day o r two when you were r e a l l y hungry you would ask f o r help in a song, perhaps sing t h e ptarmigan song and go t o sleep. Once the storm cleared you would go on your way. The Inupiaq c u l t u r e i s f u l l of s t o r i e s t h a t support the Attitudes, Beliefs and Consciousness needed t o survive in the Arctic. I n t r i n s i c in the s p i r i t of the people of the North i s a Desire t o l i v e , a will t o l i v e . The Inupiat do n o t believe i t i s t h e i r r i g h t t o have a f u l l l i f e . I t i s a sign t h a t you have been a wise person t o l i v e a long l i f e . This perhaps i s one reason why Elders a r e held in high regard as they have "survived more winters". Being aware t h a t each individual i s b u t a very small p a r t of a l l of l i f e , and t h a t w e must follow the laws of Nature i s a wise idea. A s a f e and practical l i f e s t y l e as lived by the Elders shows t h i s understanding. If i t requires asking f o r help from the animals o r weather o r God, then i t i s p a r t of the "understanding".

Design
Design i s t he ' t e c h n i c a l ap p l i c a t i o n o f p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e o r Hl e l ge L a r s e n , a D a n i s h a n t h r o p o l o g i s t , w o r k i n g iith what y o u have. w r o t e an e x c e l l e n t p a p e r on t h e a d a p t a b i l i t y o f t h e I n u p i a t i n w h i c h he remarked on t h e i r i n g e n u i t y and t o o l - m a k i n g a b i l i t i e s . Necessity i s t h e mother o f i n v e n t i o n . H e r e i n t h e A r c t i c where t h e c o n d i t i o n s a r e t h e h a r d e s t on man and t h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s e x t r e m e l y l i m i t e d , p r o d u c i n g t h e n e c e s s i t i e s 1ead t o an e x t r e m e l y c r e a t i v e , ingenuous c u l t u r e and p e o p l e . I n a survival situation i s , t o make s o m e t h i n g t h a t i m p r o v i s e y o u must D e s i g n o r a h e l p f u l t o o l a t t h i s time. t h e name o f t h e game i s IMPROVISE. T h a t w i l l do t h e j o b o f s o m e t h i n g e l s e . To make what y o u need. The word STOP can be Stop, Think, Observe, Plan.

What I F y o u a r e t r a v e l i n g b y snowmachine and y o u r s k i b r e a k s when y o u h i t a t u s s o c k o r m a n i k . S t o p . Take a f e w m i n u t e s t o l o o k a t y o u r s i t u a t i o n . How f a r away a r e y o u f r o m h e l p ? Can t h e s k i be used? What can y o u do? T h i n k . What a r e y o u r o p t i o n s ? Can y o u w a l k b a c k ? S h o u l d y o u s t a y w h e r e y o u a r e ? Does anyone know y o u a r e on y o u r way? Can y o u r e p l a c e t h e s k i and c o n t i n u e on? Observe. How i s t h e s k i a t t a c h e d ? What i s r e a l l y needed? How c o u l d s o m e t h i n g e l s e do t h e same j o b ? Do y o u have s o m e t h i n g e l s e as s t r o n g , as l i g h t , t h e r i g h t s i z e , t h e r i g h t shape? C o u l d y o u make one? P l a n . How w i l l y o u remove t h e s k i ? How w i l l y o u make a r e p l a c e m e n t ? r o w w i l l y o u a t t a c h t h e new one? Once y o u have gone t h r o u g h t h i s p r o c e s s y o u c o u l d t a k e o u t y o u r s h o v e l , c u t o f f t h e h a n d l e , w i r e i t t o t h e b r o k e n s k i and r e t u r n back home. Some p e o p l e have used a s h o v e l t h a t t h e y had a t t h e t i m e t o r e p a i r a broken- s k i Thinking, O b s e r v i n g and .Planning work! r*pp4 To i m p r o v i s e y o u must l e t y o u r m i n d go f r e e . Yes, a s h o v e l i s made t o d i g , b u t i t i s m e t a l and i t i s c u r v e d . Do n o t s i t w i t h o u t a s t o v e o r f i r e and f r e e z e a l o n g s i d e o f y o u r snowmachine j u s t because y o u have r u n o u t o f gas. P u l l o f f a m e t a l p l a t e , p u t o i l i n i t , use a r a g f o r a w i c k and make a lamp. You must u s e y o u r head and t h i n k , i m p r o v i s e and Design.

.-,

Signals
L e t ' s l o o k a t a m a j o r p r o b l e m i n a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n t h a t needs t o be a d d r e s s e d e a r l y . S i g n a l D e s i g n . I f y o u become l o s t o r c a n n o t make i t t o y o u r d e s t i n a t i o n , y o u m u s t make y o u r s e l f known t o t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d . As was s t a t e d i n A i r w a y , i f y o u c a n n o t b r e a t h e , s i g n a l f o r h e l p . One w i n t e r a g r o u p o f y o u n g p e o p l e were o u t i n a t r u c k and had d r i v e n a good d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e v i l l a g e . The t r u c k s t o p p e d and w o u l d not start. They had a snowmachine i n t h e t r u c k . Two o f t h e y o u t h s headed back t o t h e v i l l a g e on t h e snowmachine. Rather than f o l l o w t h e road, t h e y took a " s t r a i g h t s h o t " o v e r t h e tundra. Suddenly t h e y f l e w o v e r a c l i f f and d r o p p e d down 150 f e e t t o t h e f r o z e n r i v e r . The boy had a b r o k e n femur, t h i g h bone. The g i r l was n o t s e r i o u s l y h u r t . She headed back t o t h e v i l l a g e on f o o t . She was d r e s s e d i n w h i t e i n an a l l w h i t e world.

The y o u t h s a t t h e t r u c k were p i c k e d up and r e t u r n e d t o t h e village. They r e p o r t e d t h e o t h e r two l o s t . The Search and Rescue h e l i c o p t e r f l e w o v e r t h e g i r l t w i c e b u t co,uld n o t see h e r . Th,e boy was f o u n d , and a t e n t p u t up a r o u n d h i m u n t i l he c o u l d be p r o p e r l y moved. Meanwhile, t h e g i r l had c u r l e d up t o g e t some r e s t . She had f o u n d a s m a l l d e p r e s s i o n and w e n t t o s l e e p . When she awoke she was b e i n g watched b y a pack o f w o l v e s . She g o t on h e r hands and knees and c r a w l e d a good d i s t a n c e b e f o r e she s t o o d up and c o n t i n u e d w a l k i n g . She was found close t o t h e v i l l a g e , m i l d l y hypothermic b u t a l l r i g h t .
R

Signals are very important. Pick o u t the p o l a r b e a r , A r c t i c f o x , w h i t e b o a t and t e n t , and h u n t e r d r e s s e d i n w h i t e i n t h i s p i c t u r e t a k e n a t a w h a l e camp on t h e A r c t i c i c e .

improvise i n every

ir

Now p i c k o u t t h e b l a c k b e a r , b l a c k f o x , r a v e n , b l a c k snowmachine and t h e sportsman d r e s s e d i n a b l a c k - g r e e n snowmachine s u i t .

I n any s i t u a t i o n t h e b e s t s i g n a l i s one t h a t c r e a t e s t h e most c o n t r a s t and c a t c h e s t h e s e a r c h e r s ' a t t e n t i o n : b l a c k on w h i t e , l i g h t on d a r k p a t t e r n s i n t h e w i l d e r n e s s , n o i s e i n q u i e t , movement i n s t i l l n e s s . Here a r e some s u g g e s t i o n s situation. for signals, but

L i g h t f l a r e s i n t h e dark. Smoke f l a r e s i n t h e day1 i g h t . (Snowmachine be1 t s t i r e s make b l a c k smoke. ) B l o o d o r o i l i n snow o u t 1 i n e s . Sod c l e a r e d b y r e m o v i n g snow. Shadows made b y snow b l o c k s , sod b l o c k s . L e t t e r s stamped o r dug i n snow. B r i g h t tapes o r f l a g s . L i g h t s f r o m any v e h i c l e . ( P u l l t h e s t a r t i n g c o r d and snowmachine l i g h t s w i l l go on. The r e d l i g h t shows up w e l l . P u t a r o p e on t h e g e n e r a t o r o f an e n g i n e t o make t h e l i g h t s work. ) Bang on m e t a l . Make a w h i s t l e f r o m a p i p e , s t i c k , p l a s t i c , hands o r j u s t whistle. S e t up a f l a g waver, n o i ' s e maker b y u s i n g t h e w i n d f o r power.

tracks,

12.

Go f l y a - k i t . I f y o u have t h e m a t e r i a l s and can make a k i t e , do so. K i t e s can be seen f o r m i l e s . Use b r i g h t c o l o r s o r silver. P u t u p a space b l a n k e t t o b e p i c k e d b y b y r a d a r . Spread e q u i p m e n t o u t i n t h e shape o f an X .

13. 14.

The most s u c c e s s f u l r e s c u e s i g n a l has been a h a n d - h e l d m i r r o r . Use i t t o scan t h e h o r i z o n whenever y o u can. Use i t whenever y o u h e a r an a i r p l a n e . I t can be used n i g h t o r day. D u r i n g t h e day use t h e sun as a l i g h t source. On c l o u d y days o r a t n i g h t use a f i r e o r l i g h t as a source. Everyone s h o u l d c a r r y a s m a l l m i r r o r i n h i s camping g e a r o r first aid kit. Most s i g n a l m i r r o r s have a sia11 h o l e i n t h e c e n t e r t o l o o k through. By h o l d i n g t h e m i r r o r t o y o u r e y e and l o o k i n g t h r o u g h t h e h o l e y o u c a n see t h e t a r g e t . To a l i g n t h e l i g h t beam, h o l d one arm out w i t h your f i n g e r s forked. Move t h e one arm u n t i l y o u can see t h e l i g h t on y o u r f i n g e r s . Now y o u have t h e s i g n a l s i t e d . Aim t h e signal a t the t a r g e t by looking through t h e hole, through y o u r f o r k e d f i n g e r s and t o t h e t a r g e t .

-/--

--

Target practice. G e t a smal-1 m i r r o r f o r t h i s e x e r c i s e . S e l e c t a . t a r g e t , l i k e t h e c l o c k i n t h e room. P u t o u t t h e l i g h t s e x c e p t f o r one b u l b . Now r e f l e c t t h e l i g h t f r o m t h a t one s o u r c e o n t o t h e t a r g e t u s i n g your mirror. I t i s n o t easy t o be a c c u r a t e . S e t up games. Forget e l e c t r o n i c games; go f o r S u r v i v a l S k i l l s . S e t u p many t a r g e t s and teams. T h i s i s an i m p o r t a n t s k i l l t o l e a r n . P e o p l e have been g e t t i n g l o s t o r i n t r o u b l e s i n c e t i m e began. I l ~ e c e n t l iyt has been d e c i d e d t o s e t up a s e r i e s o f codes. T h i s c o u r s e e x p e c t s - Y O U t o l e a r n t h r e e codes f o r s - i g n a l i n g . S i m p l e as 1, 2, 3, b u t t h e s e t h r e e c o u l d save y o u r l i f e .

L J
2.

1.

Three o f a n y t h i n g i s a s i g n a l of d i s t r e s s . Three f i r e s , t h r e e s h o t s , t h r e e w h i s t 1 es , t h r e e bangs, t h r e e f 1ags , t h r e e shadows. Remember t h r e e , t h r e e , t h r e e ! ! ! S.O.S. i s t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l code f o r h e l p . T h i s can be p u t o u t i n Morse Code t h a t i s t h r e e d o t s , t h r e e dashes, t h r e e d o t s .

...

- - S

...

I t can b e stamped i n t h e snow a n d i s even r e a d a b l e ups i d e down.

s o s
S

3.

X i s i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y accepted as a signal t h a t medical help i s needed. " X marks t h e s p o t " i s an old saying. I f a person l i e s down with legs and arms spread, he forms an X. Two long s t r i p s of colored tape o r c l o t h w i l l make a n X .

1 .

A square t a r p can be made i n t o an X by f o l d i n g i n t h e f o u r corners. The t a r p should be of c o n t r a s t i n g c o l o r t o the ground and t o t h e opposite side. ways of signaling. You cannot have enough

Combine d i f f e r e n t signals. Use clean of the r e a r a smooth

your v e h i c l e . Keep a i r p l a n e wings o r bright colored vehicles snow. Use t i r e s , p l a s t i c and foam t o make black smoke. Use view mirror o r a piece of shiny metal a s a s i g n a l . Rub o i l on piece of metal t o make a mirror.

B a t t e r i e s and generators can be made t o run radios and make 1 ights f l a s h . A rope pulled, t u r n i n g a g e n e r a t o r , will make the l i g h t s b u r n in a f l a s h i n g p a t t e r n . A cold f l a s h l i g h t may not work,. but i f warmed i t may. Any equipment t h a t runs on b a t t e r i e s will not l a s t long in cold weather. Do n o t plan t o r e l y on b a t t e r y power in t h e A r c t i c . Dial the a i r p l a n e radio t o t h e emergency channels of 7700 and 121.5. Airplanes a l s o c a r r y a n emergency l o c a t o r beacon. The next time before you t a k e - o f f , ask your p i l o t where t h i s beacon i s l o c a t e d , how t o remove i t and how t o t u r n i t on. The beacon's location v a r i e s with type of a i r c r a f t . Keep t h e beacon radio i n s i d e your c l o t h i n g so t h e b a t t e r i e s s t a y warm and t h e r e f o r e l a s t longer. There i s a f o u r - s a t e l l i t e i n t e r n a t i o n a l search and rescue system, SARSAT. I t i s a b l e t o l o c a t e any ernerqency l o c a t o r beacon within two hours and pinpoint the l o c a t i o n t o wqthin a twenty-mile c i r c l e .
I f you hear a n a i r p l a n e , g e t out and s i g n a l . Keep a lookout posted i f you a r e in a group. Sound does not t r a v e l well through snow o r i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l , so you may not hear the a i r p l a n e from i n s i d e your shel t e r .

Have your s i g n a l s ready a t a1 1 times, c l o s e t o your shel t e r b u t a t s a f e d i s t a n c e i f t h e s i g n a l s a r e f i r e s . Keep a signal f l a g out a l l of the time. Tie i t on a pole o r wire and s p i t on t h e knot t o f r e e z e i t fast.

D o not t r y t o f l a g down an a i r p l a n e by waving your arms. This has cost a t l e a s t one person h i s l i f e . The signal f o r everything being okay i s t o wave your arms. If you hear an a i r p l a n e and can get t h e i r 3 t t e n t i o n with the mirror o r o t h e r s i g n a l s , then lay down and make yourself i n t o an X . This i s the signal f o r help. Design, IMPROVISE, S T 0 P , use your head. I f you had t o make a signal r i g h t now, what-wou'rd-you do? How would you get t h e next a i r p l a n e t o n o t i c e y o u ? Is i t l i g h t o u t s i d e ? D o y o u h a v e a m i r r o r o r

f l a r e s ? Could y o u make a dark mark i n t h e snow l a r g e enough t o be seen by an a i r p l a n e ?

Degrees
A person burned o v e r 30 p e r c e n t o f h i s body w i l l d i e o f shock w i t h i n a few hours. A naked human body exposed t o -40" F and winds o f 30 m.p.h. would d i e i n about 15 m i n u t e s . These weather c o n d i t i o n s a r e A naked human exposed t o ocean water a t 35" F common i n t h e A r c t i c . w i l l d i e i n about one h o u r i f he i s w e a r i n g f l o a t a t i o n gear. If he must swim o r move t o s t a y a f l o a t , he has c o n s i d e r a b l y c u t t h i s time.

Burns
Burns a r e an i s s u e under Degrees. S i n c e i t i s c o l d i n t h e A r c t i c everyone makes h e a t t o s t a y warm. Heaters can blow-up o r l e a k f u e l ; people use gas i n t h e i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; people do smoke i n t h e i r t e n t s around f u e l , down and n y l o n . People g e t burned. B a s i c t r e a t m e n t f o r any b u r n i s t o c o o l i t , c l e a n i t , cover i t , keep t h e person warm and feed him f l u i d s . Once t h e b u r n occurs, cool Snow can be a h a r d shock t o t h e t h e area w i t h w a t e r i f a v a i l a b l e . system, b u t c o o l t h e burned area. Snow was t r a d i t i o n a l l y used by t h e Inupiat. Clean away any burned m a t e r i a l . Cover t h e b u r n w i t h t h e c l e a n e s t m a t e r i a l you have. Once covered, keep i t covered. Have t h e person r e s t , s t a y warm and d r i n k p l e n t y o f f l u i d s .

Hypothermia
Hypo means low. Thermic means temperature. Hypothermic means l o w temperature. Man "grew up" i n t h e t r o p i c s . W e a r e what many people c l a s s i f y as a "naked ape". W e l o s t our f u r along with our t a i l . Therefore, wherever we l i v e we must t a k e w i t h us o u r t r o p i c a l environment, even i n t o space. The I n u p i a t have known how t o s t a y warm f o r c e n t u r i e s i n t h i s environment. They have s e t t h e standard f o r c l o t h i n g and housing by y e a r s o f t r i a l s and w a t c h i n g and u s i n g t h e animal s.

I f t h e h e a t went o u t r i g h t now and y o u heard t h e r e w i l l be no h e a t f o r t h e n e x t week u n t i l r e p a i r s c o u l d be made, what would you do? How would y o u s t a y warm? How would you d r e s s ? What would you e a t ? What if t h i s happened a t camp? Now what would y o u do?
The body of man i s l i k e t h a t of any animal. He keeps h i s temperature a t 98.6" F o r w i t h i n a f e w degrees. I f t h e body temperature I f t h e body temperature drops reaches 105" F, b r a i n damage may occur. t o 93" F, i t b e g i n s t o d r a m a t i c a l l y s l o w down t o t h e p o i n t of d e a t h i f t h e c o o l i n g continues.

M a n produces heat by converting the food he e a t s into energy. Different foods produce d i f f e r e n t units of heat. When Michael Jeffery was i n s t a l l e d as the Superior Court Judge in Barrow, he told of how he had been a vegetarian when he moved t o Barrow. After living in the Arctic he realized t h a t he should be living l i k e the people of the area rather than bringing his old patterns with him. H e changed his d i e t and suddenly he f e l t a marked difference in his warmth. By eating meats and o i l s he could produce more heat and stay warmer. During the days of the Trans-A1 aska Pipe1 ine construction, the workers were fed d i e t s of u p t o 5,000 calories per day so t h a t they could work in the cold. Many people comment t h a t eating seal oil will I t i s a polyunsaturated f a t t h a t can be keep you warm in the cold. converted almost e n t i r e l y into energy. P u t high octane in your car and i t will run b e t t e r . P u t elcheapo gas in a n d the car may not run a t a l l . Food i s important. H o w we1 1 have you eaten l a t e l y ? A .chocolate bar or a can of pop will give you quick energy b u t will be gone in a n hour. What i f i t did turn extremely cold? Have you eaten good protein? When did you l a s t e a t seal o i l ? Are you eating a d i e t t h a t will keep you going in the Arctic or j u s t from tropical building t o tropical building in an Arctic area?

Heat Loss
Man loses heat in a number of ways. So as he i s making heat through chemical reactions, he i s a l s o losing i t through physical actions .

e had a good meal before he l e f t home Consider the snowmachiner. H e i s exercising a n d working of seal o i l and q u a q (frozen raw meat). H

w h i l e d r i v i n g t h e snowmachine. He s h i v e r s o c c a s i o n a l l y w h i c h p r o d u c e s a b o u t t h r e e t i m e s as much h e a t a s r e g u l a r a c t i v i t y .

ah
-.

So f a r so good. H i s body t e m p e r a t u r e i s 98.6" F. The a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i s -10" F and he i s d r i v i n g i n t o a 10 m.p.h. w i n d a t 1.5 m.p.h. Check t h e w i n d c h i l l c h a r t on page D-10 f o r what he i s experiencing. P r e t t y c o l d , huh? N o t o n l y t h a t , b u t w i t h e v e r y b r e a t h e t a k e s he warms t h e a i r f r o m -10" F t o 98.6" F. He t h e n b l o w s o u t h e a t e d a i r and w a t e r - v a p o r - r e s p i r a t i o n . He i s w o r k i n g so h a r d t h a t h i s f e e t a r e s w e a t i n g and h i s socks have become w e t - e v a p o r a t i o n . He sm p se ir ta t it u n rg a sea an t du hc atsi o n been s i moves d e f o rt h rs xg hmonths ti e e on i s -10" Ft - t h co . Aso uhte oiu t h e a iand r , h ietas t

i s b e i n g t a k e n f r o m h i s f a c e and head - c o n v e c t i o n . By j u s t b e i n g a warm body i n a c o l d e n v i r o n m e n t h e i s r a d i a t i n g h e a t from e v e r y w h e r e . Over a l l h e i s l o s i n g h e a t and w i l l need t o g e t warm b e f o r e t o o l o n g . As h i s body c o o l s he w i l l f i r s t f e e l i t i n h i s hands and f e e t . Man has s u r v i v e d f o r c e n t u r i e s because o f h i s b r a i n ( b e l i e v e i t o r n o t ) . As a m a t t e r o f f a c t , h e ha?dbeen u s i n g h i s b r a i n f o r s o l o n g t h a t if h i s body i s threatened;fehe b r a i n w i l l r e c e i v e p r i o r i t y on t h e blood. So as t h e body c o o l s , b l o o d i s squeezed f r o m t h e hands, f e e t If t h i s l o w body and t r u n k , and t h e head r e c e i v e s t h e warmth. t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d i t i o n c o n t i n u e s , t h e b r a i n w i l l be a f f e c t e d and w i l l stop functioning. F i r s t c o o r d i n a t i o n w i l l be reduced, t h e n speech and t h o u g h t p r o c e s s e s , and f i n a l l y , t h e b r e a t h i n g and h e a r t w i l l s t o p .

The body w i l l s h i v e r t o p r o d u c e h e a t , b u t once t h e s h i v e r i n g has become u n c o n t r o l l a b l e t h e body has become h y p o t h e r m i c . The body t h e n needs e x t e r n a l h e a t . Even s e a l o i l w i l l n o t he1 p as t h e body w i l l be t o o c o l d t o d i g e s t i t . The body needs h e a t ! A b l a n k e t does n o t add heat, j u s t i n s u l a t i o n . RESPIRATION. We1 1 y o u c a n ' t r e d u c e t h a t t o o much, b u t y o u c a n do some t h i n g s . ) How a p e r s o n wears h i s c l o t h e s i s as i m p o r t a n t as what he wears. ( o u r - s n o w m a c h i n e r has a n i c e p a r k a w i t h a r u f f . ) The Inu,p4at d e s i g n e d t h e i r c l o t h e s t h e way t h e y d i d f o r a v e r y good r e a s o n , t o s t a y warm. The hood i s a g r e a t way t o keep t h e head warm because t h e warm a i r f r o m t h e body r i s e s up t h r o u g h t h e hood. However, t h e hood m u s t be worn up t o work. The r u f f on t h e p a r k a i s n o t t h e r e t o b e p r e t t y ( o r show t h a t t h e p e r s o n i s a hunter,) b u t t o p r o t e c t t h e f a c e . R u f f s a r e d e s i g n e d t o be This f o l d e d f o r w a r d , f o r m i n g w h a t i s known as a s n o r k e l hood. b r e a t h i n g t u b e does s e v e r a l t h i n g s . It h o l d s t h e h e a t of t h e body and head i n t h e hood. I t p r o t e c t s t h e f a c e and head f r o m c o n v e c t i o n h e a t loss. I t a c t s as a h e a t exchange f o r a l l a i r b e i p g b r e a t h e d . A i r a t -10" F may be a t 40" F b y t h e t i m e i t r e a c h e s , y o u r ' nose. As a i r i s e x h a l e d , i t c o o l s as i t goes o u t o f t h e hood and f r e e z e s on t h e f u r . W o l v e r i n e i s a f a v o r i t e f u r as t h e i c e s l i d e s o f f e a s i l y when b r u s h e d . T h i s i s p u r e w a t e r and can be used l a t e r as one b e c o m e s t h i r s t y . A s c a r f o v e r t h e f a c e does many o f t h e same t h i n g s , b u t i t a l s o h o l d s m o i s t u r e a g a i n s t t h e f a c e t h a t can l e a d t o o t h e r p r o b l e m s .
I f t h e r e a r e two o r more p e o p l e , c o m p a t i b l e b r e a t h i n g can save b o t h h e a t and w a t e r . F a c i n g hood t o hood o r hood o v e r hood, b r e a t h e i n f r e s h a i r and t h e n s h a r e t h e e x h a l e d a i r . I n an emergency s i t u a t i o n , t h e r e s c u e r s h o u l d t a k e i n t h e c o l d d r y a i r and exha'qe t h e warm m o i s t a i r f o r t h e v i c t i m t o breathe.

EVAPORATION. Many times t h e I n u p i a t a r e s a i d t o be lazy and slow workers. These statements most often come from people who have never worked outside i n t h e Arctic winter. In t h e care of your) clothing and i n c o n s e r v i n g ( y o u r - o w n l b o d y h e a t , remember t h i s point. D o n o t g e t wet! This includes not f a l l i n g i n t o water, b u t i s r e a l l y addressed t o not sweating nor l e t t i n g your c l o t h i n g get iced o r f r o s t e d on the i n s i d e . People work slow in the Arctic t o avoid sweating. If you,: overheat-'and sweat,,' !your c l o t h e s ,will remove the moisture and your body will cool. , A s t h i s happens iybu"f- c l o t h e s f i l l with moisture t h a t mats the .. i n s u l a t i o n . More t o l d then moves in and i c e c r y s t a l s form, f u rther ," ' . reducing the i n s u l a t i o n and body becomes c o l d e r . 4 s ! ~ (.,+.? .' r -. . :--.+ , , .
i

, .-: All c l o t h i n g should be brushed very thoroughly before e n t e r i n g a .

,A'

l,.~..,,.

L >

V I .

s h e l t e r . The c l o t h i n g should be d r i e d overnight. T r a d i t i o n a l l y the Inypyat s l e p t in t h e nude, an extended family together on a raised sleeping platform. Boots, gloves and skin socks were d r i e d and turned Inner c l o t h i n g was dried and kept c l o s e a t i n s i d e o u t i f possible. hand. Outer c l o t h i n g was brushed f r e e of f r o s t and l e f t i n the cold entryway of the house. The human body will lose u p t o one q u a r t of water overnight, s o in t h e morning t h e skin blankets were a i r e d , brushed clean of any f r o s t and p u t away. I t i s wise t o t r y t o dry c l o t h i n g d a i l y . This can be done without a f i r e by taking o f f one piece a t a time, l e t t i n g i t f r e e z e , beating the i c e a n d f r o s t out and p u t t i n g i t back on. I f you have a heat source t h i s idea i s much more p a l a t a b l e .
'

CONDUCTION. P u t your hand near a block of i c e and you can " f e e l " the cold. P u t your hand on t h e block of i c e and your f i n g e r s become numb. Contact between two bodies, one hot and one c o l d , will s e t u p i conduction of heat from t h e hot t o t h e c o l d . This will continue u n t i l both bodies a r e t h e same temperature. So i f you lay on a block of i c e , heat will go from your body t o t h e i c e . I f you had enough h e a t , you would end u p i n a puddle of 98.6" F water. You d o n ' t . I t i s much more l i k e l y t h a t your frozen body would be found s l i g h t l y melted i n t o t h e block of i c e .
'

Conduction can work very quickly. ~?n:t,. grab a cold r i f l e barrel o r snowmachine s k i with fygiir bare hand. You' may f r e e z e t o the o b j e c t is,. 1 ike glue. Stone and wood a r e not good conductors, but metal,, ,-8117 sri+

'7

One very common conduction problem i s in the-handling of gas. can of gas has s a t on t h e s l e d a1 1 night and you' s p i l ~ s o m e f * o your, n The while r e f i l l i n g t h e snowmachine,1 you now have a p r o b l 7 ~ ~ '-..,/hand . ;,( id will remove heat by conduction. The warmth of (youg hand 1 iqu People make t h e gas evaporate, thereby removing more heat. rece ived i n s t a n t f r o s t b i t e from a c a r e l e s s s p i l l .

If a bare cold will have

o w blow CONVECTION. ( p u t your h a n d near t h a t block of ice again. N over the ice onto your h a n d . I t i s c o o l e r . ) Temperature combined with movement will lead to, convection. This can' happen in a i r or in water. In water koul c ~ b i n e 2 c o n d u c t i o n and c o n ~ e c t i o < ~ ? t have o a heat loss t h a t protection in water i s related to your movement. To survive in cold water, Dr. John Hayward, a leading authority in t h i s a r e a , recommends the H . E . L . P . o r Huddle method. Most people when thrown i n t o the water a r e not wearing an ocean survival s u i t . They should be wearing a PFD. If the PFD keeps t h e i r heads above water, the Heat Elimination Lessening Posturewi 11 reauce heat loss a n d people can survive u p t o one hour i n ~ r c t i cwaters. If there i s more than one person in the water, huddling together and interlocking l e s s will save even more heat. ) Wind c h i l l i s the term used f o r convecti8f heat loss in the a i r . Wind c h i l l charts show what the body " f e e l s " . ( I f our snowmachining friend i s out a t 10' F a n d i s driving 1 5 m.p.h. i n t o a 10 m.p.h. wind, his real a i r speed i s 25 m . p . h .

"

W I N D C H I L L CHART ACTUAL THERMOMETER READING OF. Estimated Wind Speec MPH

EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE OF. Calm 5 10

l5
20 25 30 35 40

-1

Wind speeds greater than 4OMPH have little additional effect

LITTLE DANGER FOR PROPERLY CLOTHED PERSON

II

INCREASING

DANGER DANGER FROM FREEZING O F EXPOSED FLESH

I1

GREAT DANGER

T o use the chart, 11nd the est~matedor actual wlnd speed In the l e f t hand column and the actual temperature o n degrees F on the too rowo The equwalent IemPeralure 8 % found where these t w o onlersecl For example, with a wand w e e d o f 10 m p h and a temperature o f -10 F . the mulvalent temperature tr - 3 3 ' F T h ~ s her w l t h l n the zone o f lncreartng danger o f Irortbnle and protcc!we measures should be taken I t rr e p p h a r u c d that the w8nd.chlll chart 8s Of value ~n p r e d ~ c t m g froslb!le anlv to expored flesh Outdoorsmen can eartlv be caughr o u t on 3 0 temPe.alure Wtnds 01 3 0 m p h wlll produce a n equwaienl wlnd-chlll Temperature o f 2 b e l o w zero

Wind Chill Chart: US. Department of Commerce.

o wonder he he i s experiencinq a c h i l l f a c t o r of -59". N i s getting cold. Wind 'chill ha< i t s e f f e c t on t i s s u e o r material t h a t has moisture in i t . His snowmachine i s only -10" F because t h a t i s the

herefo fore

s u r r o u n d i n g a i r t e m p e r a t u r e . But h i s s k i n i s r e a c t i n g t h e same way as if i t were -59" F w i t h no wind.) C o n v e c t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t t o how c l o t h i n g i s worn. B e f o r e i t was said that $ h e ; f r o m t h e body o f t h e p a r k a r i s e s t o t h e hood. Basic p h y s i c s ( t e l ? s 69 t h a t warm a i r i s l i g h t e r and goes up. Cold a i r i s h e a v i e r a n d , goes down. The Inu,piat knew t h i s . (Look a t , j e t h e i r home d e s i g n usi>g a c o l d t r a p . They s l e p t where i t was warm - up h i g h . Too bad o u r new houses do n o t use t h i s idea.)

. .

The p a r k a i s l o n g and can be t i e d a t t h e w a i s t . However, t h i s i s n o t a l w a y s done. The chimney e f f e c t : i s used t o keep t h e body warm, b u t n o t overheated. W i t h body movement and h e a t i n g , c o o l a i r f r o m t h e b o t t o m s l o w l y r i s e s up t o t h e hood and t h e n o u t t h e s n o r k e l . Parkas a r e made so t h a t t h e p e r s o n can b r i n g h i s arms i n t o t h e body o f t h e parka I f t h e parka i s t i e d a t t h e and r e l i e v e t h e h e a t l o s s o f t h e s l e e v e s . w a i s t , t h e c o o l a i r s t o p s f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e c l o t h i n g and i t becomes a much warmer garment, So (if y o u g e t i n t o a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n , y o u want) t o reduce y o u r You must) r e g u l a t e ' y o u r h e a t l o s s , c o n s e r y , ~ ~ , y o u re ; n e r g y and n o t sweat. c l o t h i n g t o m a t c h , y o u 7 s i t u a t i o n . T h i s comes' o n l y t h r o u g h e x p e r i e n c e . (You must g e t o u t t h e r e and see how y o u s t a y warm, how y o u r c l o t h i n g works f o r you!
A
i
,

.-

A l l c l o t h i n g s h o u l d be l a y e r e d i n t h e A r c t i c . Each l a y e r p r o v i d e s i n s u l a t i o n and p r o t e c t i o n . Ifone l a y e r becomes w e t o r t o r n , t h e o t h e r l a y e r may be okay. The t r a d i t i o n a l I n u p i a q w i n t e r h u n t i n g s u i t was two s u i t s , one worn o v e r t h e o t h e r . The i n s i d e one was worn f u r i n and t h e o u t s i d e one was worn f u r o u t . The I n u p i a t even had l a r g e capes t h e y ".>? /T would wear as a t h i r d l a y e r . . ,\L,' IJ L j
l , .

A1 1 c l o t h i n g s h o u l d be k e p t d r y ,,and i n goodc, r e p a i r . One v e r y - bad, h a b i t i s b r e a t h i n g i n t o c l o t h i n g . Oou should,,:! i o t b r e a t h e i n t o y o u r g l o v e s t o warm t k q n . :You are,,' b l o w i n g i n m o i s t u r e t h a t w i l l f r e e z e and B r e a t h i n g i n t o y o u r parka e v a p o r a t e r e m o v & ~ ~g r e a t amounts o f h e a t . w i l l make i t w e t i n s i d e , redupe i t s i n s u l a t i o n and i n c r e a s e y o u r h e a t !., m . 2 - C . l o s s . L i k e w i s e , b r e a t h i j g .on y o u r hands j,s ,n@ good as t h e y w i 11 become .-C, i n g e r s 3 r S c o l d , p @ ) ; t h e m togetheg,.!n t h e palm wet and c o l d. {If y o u.r-:. f o f t h e g l o v e o r p u l l . y o u r whole arm i n t o i ' ~ o u r ! p a r k a . P u t $our: c o l d hand i n t o , y o u r . a r m p i t . Do n o t b r e a t h e i n t o y o u r c l o t h i n g o r s l e e p i n g b a g s
-*

., .

<

->

!
I

C l o t h i n g can be made warmer b y p u t t i n g i n i n s u l a t i o n . Use crumpled , /maps o r newspapers, d r y g r a s s , f u r s t r i p s and f e a t h e r s t o s t u f f i n s i d e I f there Be c a r e f u l n o t t o r e s t r i c t y o u r C i r c u l a t i o n . your clothing. I a r e o t h e r c l o t h e s , p u t them on i n l a y e r s . Make a cape o r l a y e r s o f capes. Boots s h o u l d be l o s e b u t t s l o p p y and have good, t h i c k , d r y i n e r s o f f e l t , mouton o r foam. People t e n d t o buy a s e t o f l i n e r s t o a s t t h e 1 i f e o f t h e b o o t s . NO) L i n e r s s h o u l d be r o t a t e d , k e p t d r y and when worn t h i n , t h r o w n o u t . The Inupi'at would p u t shredded b a l e e n , d r i e d g r a s s o r moss i n f i r s t as i n s o l e s . C a r i b o u socks i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h caribou boots ( t u t u l u k s ) are s t i l l the best according t o the h u n t e r s who l i v e i n t h e A r c t i c .

' >

10

A v e t e r i n a r i a n was v i s i t i n g Barrow. He r e a l i z e d t h e r e would be much t o a d j u s t t o as he had n e v e r s p e n t a w i n t e r where t h e r e was snow.

\ /

By t h e t i m e October was o v e r he f e l t v e r y c o m f o r t a b l e g e t t i n g around i town i n h i s w h i t e m i l i t a r y Bunny b o o t s ( v a p o r b a r r i e r b o o t s ) . In November he went o u t h u n t i n g f o r a weekend. H i s f e e t had been warm i n t h e Bunny b o o t s g o i n g f r o m b u i l d i n g t o b u i l d i n g , so he decided t o wear 1 them h u n t i n g , b u t he p u t on a second p a i r o f socks. H i s f e e t g o t c o l d . The f i r s t n i g h t o u t he s l e p t w i t h h i s wet socks on and h i s f e e t became ( c o l d e r . The n e x t morning he p u t on a n o t h e r p a i r o f socks o v e r t h e wet socks and s t u f f e d h i s f e e t back i n t o t h e b o o t s . Needless t o say, he \ r e c e i v e d m i n o r f r o s t b i t e on h i s t o e s . He had c u t o f f t h e C i r c u l a t i o n , b y p u t t i n g on t o o many socks. He d i d n o t know and had n e v e r r e a l l y \ e x p e r i e n c e d a day i n t h e c o l d . H i s " c i t y b o o t s " d i d n ' t make t h e grade ' o u t hunting.

1'

\ ,

I I

II
I
I

Gloves s h o u l d be roomy and l a y e r e d . A c t u a l l y , g l o v e l i n e r s worn i n s i d e o f wool m i t t e n s i n s i d e o f mouton m i t t e n s t h a t a r e worn t o t h e I t i s w i s e t o have t h e o u t s i d e g l o v e s t i e d i t o you! e l bow L---G-, are the best. so :if you t a k e n them) o f f i n a g u s t i n g w i n d t o work t h e y do n o t blow away. The Inupi'at have t r a d i t i o n a l l y used m i t t e n s i n s i d e of m i t t e n s . When (Now, w i t h snowmachines ,) good hand p r o t e c t i o n i s i m p e r a t i v e . removing g l o v e s t r y t o keep t h e f i n g e r s p o i n t i n g up so t h e g l o v e s h o l d i n t h e heat. RADIATION. O b j e c t s , i n c l u d i n g people, 1ose h e a t . The more s u r f a c e I n 1971 and 1972 a t t h e area you have, t h e more h e a t y o u w i l l l o s e . Naval A r c t i c Research L a b o r a t o r y (NARL) , wolves were observed e v e r y morning o v e r t h e summer and w i n t e r as t o t h e i r p o s i t i o n . On days t h a t were r e l a t i v e l y "warm" f o r each season, t h e wolves would be spread o u t w i t h l e g s and t a i l s extended. On days t h a t were r e l a t i v e l y " c o l d " f o r each season, t h e wolves would be i n a b a l l w i t h t h e i r noses covered by t h e i r t a i l s ( h e a t exchange f r o m r e s p i r a t i o n ) and w i t h g r e a t l y reduced s u r f a c e area f o r t h e same amount o f w o l f . On e x t r e m e l y c o l d days, t h e wolves would a c t u a l l y i n t e r l o c k l e g s and f o r m a l a r g e b a l l . Now t h e s u r f a c e area was even more reduced and a common a r e a was shared. I n t h e human body t h e g r o i n , f l a n k s o f t h e c h e s t , neck and head l o s e o r r a d i a t e t h e most h e a t . These areas must be p r o t e c t e d if h e a t l o s s i s t o be lessened. U s u a l l y i t i s t h e head t h a t i s l e f t u n p r o t e c t e d o r p o o r l y p r o t e c t e d . A t t e m p e r a t u r e s below 0" F, up t o 90 p e r c e n t o f a l l body h e a t l o s s comes f r o m t h e head. A hood i s t h e i d e a l Design t o keep a head warm, . b u t i t must be worn up, n o t down, i n o r d e r t o work.
D r Hayward suggested t h e H.E.L.P. i n water. I t w i l l a l s o work on l a n d . S h a r i n g s l e e p i n g bags and s t a y i n g c l o s e t o g e t h e r w i l l h e l p . So w i l l c o m p a t i b l e b r e a t h i n g o r b r e a t h i n g c l o s e t o each o t h e r so t h a t t h e a i r i s n o t heated and wasted b u t can be used w h i l e s t i l l warm. Build s m a l l s h e l t e r s and t h i n k "round" t o save h e a t .

I n o r d e r t o conserve y o u r h e a t a v o i d c i g a r e t t e s , a l c o h o l , c o f f e e and t e a as t h e s e w i l l cause i n c r e a s e d C i r c u l a t i o n and f l u i d l o s s .

Severe C o o l i n g
Taking hypothermia and the various forms of heat l o s s t o t h e i r extreme will r e s u l t in f r o s t b i t e and/or death. This cooling process can be very gradual a s mountaineers spend weeks making t h e i r way t o a mountain peak, o r i t can be rapid with cold water immersion o r contact with supercooled l i q u i d s l i k e gasoline a t -40" F. As a person becomes cold and h i s temperature f a l l s from 98.6" F , he will "feel cold". A t about 97" F the body will automatically increase heat production through the muscular a c t i v i t y called shivering. The colder he becomes, the more manual d e x t e r i t y and muscle coordination he will l o s e . Mentally, h i s cooling brain will not function as well. H e will become confused, speech will be s l u r r e d and he will lose f u r t h e r coordination. The shivering will s t o p when h i s body gets t o about 90" F. I t i s a major sign t h a t the person i s no longer able t o rewarm himself. He needs heat from another source. If unaided, he will go unconscious a t about 85" F and l i f e functions s t o p a s the body cools past 80" F . Cold bodies have been revived and l i f e r e s t o r e d , so remember, "No body i s dead u n t i l i t i s warm and dead". The way to prevent hypothermia and cold exposure i s t o lessen heat l o s s by s h e l t e r , insulation and drying, and t o add heat from a v a r i e t y of sources. Heat can be gotten from the a i r , surface contact o r from radiation. The S t a t e of Alaska has s e t u p protocols f o r dealing with hypothermia and cold water near-drowning victims. The protocols a r e included in the back of t h i s manual. Please review them a t t h i s time. F r o s t b i t e i s another area of severe cooling. Living t i s s u e t h a t becomes so cold t h a t t h e water in the c e l l s f r e e z e s , i s considered f r o s t b i t t e n . The damage occurs when i c e c r y s t a l s form and l a t e r me1 t . Each of these t r a n s i t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y the second, provide the opportunity t o t e a r the c e l l wall. A bucket of water will f r e e z e and push out the sides and bottom. As the i c e melts, i t will s p l i t open the bucket. One good reason t o always t r a v e l with a partner and t o s t o p frequently i s so t h a t you can check each o t h e r ' s face f o r signs of f r o s t b i t e . Usually the nose, cheeks, e a r s , f i n g e r t i p s and toes will become cold, s t i n g , burn and then you will f e e l a nip o r b i t e . After the " b i t e " there i s usually no o t h e r f e e l i n g . The t i s s u e will look pale and waxy. I t will be hard, cold and have no f e e l i n g . I t i s frozen tissue. The best thing t o do f o r f r o s t b i t e i s t o prevent i t . When you a r e cold and you " s t i n g o r t i n g l e " , s t o p and get warm. If you feel a " b i t e " , take care of i t r i g h t away before i t becomes deeper. The Inupiat have serveral ways t o handle a " b i t e " . If i t i s on the cheek, they pull out a warm hand and place i t on the spot. Very s h o r t l y the spot i s thawed. The area i s exercised, not massaged, t o r e s t o r e heat through Circulation. Another method i f the cheek f r e e z e s again i s t o warm i t with the hand and then cover i t with mucus from the nose. This dried layer a c t s w '

as protection. The contact with the warm fingers and mucus puts warmth into the t i s s u e . The dried mucus layer a c t s as a wind break and insulator t o reduce f u r t h e r heat loss. Frostbitten fingers have traditional ly been dealt with by placing them in the m o u t h . The warm moist environment of the m o u t h i s ideal for thawing small surface f r o s t b i t e . However, the emerging wet t i s s u e will lose heat very f a s t . I t should be dried quickly and protected from any further cool ing. If a larger area i s f r o s t b i t t e n or the f r o s t b i t e i s deep, you have a much more serious and d i f f i c u l t problem. The main reasons f o r most t i s s u e loss due t o f r o s t b i t e are refreezing the t i s s u e and infection. Ice has a1 ready hurt each frozen c e l l . The t i s s u e needs great care a t t h i s time.
I t i s n o t advised t o t r y t o thaw a f r o s t b i t t e n area in the f i e l d . If i t refreezes l a t e r there will be much greater t i s s u e damage. Peter Freuchen f r o s t b i t his foot when his ship sank off the coast of North Greenland. H e walked and lived with a frozen foot f o r weeks. A t night he would sleep with his foot stuck outside his t e n t t o keep the foot frozen. Eventually he l o s t his leg t o his knee. Had he thawed his foot in the f i e l d , he would have died before ever reaching safety.

Frostbite as i t thaws will usually turn purplish and large b l i s t e r s will appear over the area. Do n o t break these b l i s t e r s or remove any tissue. S t e r i l e or clean c l o t h should be placed between each toe or finger in the area. Keep the f r o s t b i t t e n area warm and keep i t open, unbound and protected.

Do n o t rub or massage a f r o s t b i t t e n area. This will damage more tissue. Do n o t p u t any ointments on the area. Avoid alcohol, smoking a n d any additional injury. Do n o t thaw f r o s t b i t e using an open f i r e , engine exhaust, oven or any heat source over 105" F. Do n o t rub with snow.

If you can rewarm and can ensure t h a t the area will n o t refreeze, i t then should be done quickly in a warm water bath a t 105O F (warm t o the w r i s t ) . Mix the water f i r s t , check the temperature then submerge the f r o s t b i t t e n area, f o r example the hand. A s the water cools, remove the hand a n d then add h o t water, mix, check the temperature then resubmerge the h a n d . Do n o t go over 105" F.

Dry rewarming can be done by placing the f r o s t b i t t e n area against someone's warm skin. However, t h i s takes time a n d i s more likely t o lead t o t i s s u e damage a n d infection. Frostbite and hypothermi a defeated Nap01eon, and the German armies in b o t h World wars. They almost cost the United States i t s Revolutionary War a n d hurt the United States in the Korean War. Severe cooling i s your number one enemy in any Arctic survival situation.

Adaptation
A r e s e a r c h e r p l a n n i n g t o work a t NARL knew t h a t he w o u l d have barehanded t a s k s t h a t he w o u l d have t o do o u t s i d e . A t t h e t i m e he was going t o school i n Pennsylvania. He was t o a r r i v e i n B a r r o w d u r i n g January. As t h e f a l l i n Pennsylvania turned cold, he s t a r t e d conditioning himself. He wore o n l y s w e a t e r s t o c l a s s as t h e t e m p e r a t u r e dropped t o z e r o . Once t h e r e was snow on t h e ground, he w o u l d p i c k up s n o w b a l l s a n d c a r r y them i n h i s barehands between classes. He w o u l d go o u t s i d e i n h i s s h i r t s l e e v e s and s t a n d as a conditioning exercise. T h i s r e s e a r c h e r was new t o t h e A r c t i c w i n t e r , b u t he had v i s i t e d B a r r o w i n t h e summer. A t t h i s t i m e he had met P e t e S o v a l i k who was t h e a n i m a l c a r e t a k e r a t t h e NARL f a c i l i t y . Pete t o l d the researcher t h a t t h e I n u p i a t p e o p l e c o u l d t h a w l o c k s w i t h t h e i r hands i n w i n t e r and t h a t t h e i r hands were use t o t h e c o l d . They l i v e i n t h e A r c t i c . The message was c l e a r . I f an o u t s i d e r wanted t o be a b l e t o work i n t h e A r c t i c , he had t o p r e p a r e h i s body. A r c t i c s u r v i v a l i s t h a t way. I f y o u want t o s u r v i v e i n t h e A r c t i c , y o u must l e a r n t o l i v e i n t h e A r c t i c . T h a t does n o t mean l i v i n g i n Barrow, Nome o r Anchorage. I t means g e t t i n g o u t i n c o l d w e a t h e r . Camping i n P e n n s y l v a n i a d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r and c a r r y i n g s n o w b a l l s worked f o r one p e r s o n . R u t j u s t l i v i n g i n B a r r o w w i l l n o t do i t . Go camping. Get o u t o f s i g h t o f c i v i l i z a t i o n and l e a r n y o u r own l i m i t s . L e a r n how t o l i v e i n the cold.

Shelters
To r e d u c e h e a t l o s s a f t e r y o u have good c l o t h i n g , y o u need s h e l t e r . If y o u d o n ' t have good c l o t h i n g , s h e l t e r i s i m p e r a t i v e . I f you get s t u c k i n a t r u c k and go o u t i n t o a c h i l l f a c t o r o f -40" F w i t h o u t g l o v e s y o u r hands w i l l be u s e l e s s i n m i n u t e s . They w i l l become so c o l d t h a t y o u w i l l n o t f e e l t h i n g s as y o u s h o u l d and t h e muscles w i l l n o t work p r o p e r l y . Your hands need s h e l t e r so p u t them i n y o u r p o c k e t s o r p u l l them i n s i d e y o u r p a r k a and g e t back i n t o t h e t r u c k . To see how y o u r hands r e a c t t o c o l d , t r y t h i s e x p e r i m e n t . Get a bowl o f i c e w a t e r ( 3 2 " F ) a n d p u t i n y o u r hand. How l o n g can y o u keep i t i n t h e w a t e r ? Now, d r o p some c o i n s i n t o t h e w a t e r and t r y t o p i c k up the coins.

If y o u must w a i t i n t h e t r u c k , y o u have a problem. Any v e h i c l e : a i r p l a n e , t r u c k , c a r o r t a n k w i l l assume t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e environment. I n t h i s case -20" F. Vehicles are n o t insulated. Cold comes i n from a l l d i r e c t i o n s .

If y o u have f u e l y o u can r u n t h e e n g i n e and p u t on t h e h e a t e r . Be s u r e t o open a window f o r . v e n t i l a t i o n . When y o u do n o t have f u e l , y o u must make a d e c i s i o n . S h o u l d y o u t r y t o s t a y i n t h e t r u c k and make a n e s t t h e r e , o r s h o u l d y o u make some o t h e r s h e l t e r ?

The v e h i c l e w i l l become c o l d . M e t a l l e t s h e a t pass v e r y q u i c k l y , I f t h e r e i s snow and so y o u w i l l n o t have l o n g t o make up y o u r mind. add i n s u l a t i o n . You w i l l t h e v e h i c l e i s d r i f t i n g o v e r , t h e snow w i l l need t o do t h r e e t h i n g s .

1.

Keep a n open Airway. Get out a s i g n a l : open the hood.

2.
3.

a red f l a g on the antenna o r jack handle,

Build yourself a n e s t . Use the s e a t s , f l o o r rags o r the blanket you keep in t h e trunk f o r emergencies. Pull out the c e i l i n g l i n e r . Collect some snow o r i c e in a can o r h u b cap and bring i t inside t o melt so you will have water t o drink a s you get t h i r s t y . When you feel cold move about t o warm u p , b u t do not overheat y o u r s e l f . Then r e s t .

B u t you say you a r e in a stripped-down pickup and the snow i s blowing r i g h t under the 4 x 4 with no chance of d r i f t i n g over the e n t i r e truck. You a r e becoming cold. You would be b e t t e r off in some other Take a few minutes. Think about what you need. s h e l t e r . S.T.O.P. Observe what you have around you. Plan your a c t i o n s . Write down your plan of action f o r t h i s s i t u a t i o n . D o t h i s now.
Okay, how many of you planned t o give u p ? So much f o r A t t i t u d e , B e l i e f , Consciousness and Desire. H o w many of you d i d n ' t r e a l l y know what t o do? T h a t ' s why y o u ' r e reading t h i s manual, r i g h t ? How many of you planned t o build an igloo? Chances a r e t h a t f i r s t , you c o u l d n ' t because you have never b u i l t one in good weather with the c o r r e c t t o o l s . Secondly, you wouldn't be able t o find the r i g h t kind of snow in which t o build an igloo. Many people think t h a t in t h e Arctic o r in snow you j u s t have t o build an igloo. The igloo, a round snow block house, was used almost exclusively by the I n u i t of North Central Canada where the snow blows and packs very hard and f a i r l y t h i c k . Over Alaska's North Slope, you can see grass s t i c k i n g through t h e snow most of the winter, i . e . , the snow does not get deep enough in most places or hard enough. Even i f you had the r i g h t snow, building a dome i s d i f f i c u l t and time consuming. For a l l you budding mathematicians a n d masters of physics, the I n u i t igloo i s a parabolic shell and not a t r u e hemisphere. N o w try to build one with your s l i d e rule o r c a l c u l a t o r . Careful, your c a l c u l a t o r b a t t e r i e s will go very quickly when they a r e cold. In the back of t h i s manual i s a section from the Canadian Air I t has an excellent Force, "Down B u t Not Out" survival book. description of how t o build an igloo. I t i s recommended reading and a recommended a c t i v i t y t o t r y some sunny, pleasant day when you want t o learn about building with snow blocks, b u t d o n ' t r e a l l y need an emergency s h e l t e r . If you do manage t o build one, spend t h e night in i t f o r fun. So, back t o the problem a t hand. I t i s g e t t i n g cold in t h a t pickup. Other than not g e t t i n g yourself in t h i s s i t u a t i o n in the f i r s t place, what i s another option?. You need s h e l t e r . You say the truck doesn't have h u b caps? There i s no emergency gear? Balling u p will conserve heat, b u t how long will i t be u n t i l help a r r i v e s ? I s i t a well traveled road? You must weigh the heat l o s s of staying f o r an unknown amount of time in the truck versus t h e heat l o s s of building a s h e l t e r from limited raw materials and then waiting f o r help.

-40" F, w i t h o u t g l o v e s , w i t h o u t emergency s u p p l i e s , w i t h o u t snow f o r b l o c k s and w i t h o u t p l a n n i n g , t h i s man decided t o walk t h e two m i l e s back t o town. He was w e a r i n g a 1 i g h t parka and l e a t h e r l o a f e r s . He s u r v i v e d , b u t l o s t a l l of h i s t o e s t o f r o s t b i t e . The Scout m o t t o s h o u l d be t h e m o t t o o f a l l A r c t i c t r a v e l e r s , "Be Prepared!" L e t us n o t be t o o down about t h i s s i t u a t i o n . He d i d have o p t i o n s . He c o u l d have w a i t e d . By b a l l i n g up t o save h e a t , moving when he f e l t c o l d , r e s t i n g i n between, he may have l a s t e d a day o r more i n t h e small t r u c k cab. He c o u l d have p u l l e d t h e s e a t a p a r t and made some gloves. He c o u l d have used t h e r u b b e r mats f r o m t h e f l o o r , o r t h e c l o t h c e i l i n g l i n e r t o make o v e r b o o t s and i n s u l a t e d them w i t h t h e padding of t h e s e a t . U s i n g t h e door of t h e g l o v e compartment he c o u l d have made a s m a l l o i l lamp. O r .

..

U s i n g t h a t g l o v e compartment door and w o r k i n g on t h e downwind s i d e o f t h e s t u c k t r u c k , he c o u l d have made a p i l e of snow. T h i s would have t a k e n some t i m e b u t as he worked i n h i s new g l o v e s and boots, he would have k e p t warm, making s u r e n o t t o o v e r h e a t o r sweat. Once he had a p i l e o f snow t h a t was 10 f e e t around and f i v e f e e t h i g h , he c o u l d c l i m b back i n t o t h e t r u c k and warm h i m s e l f w i t h h i s o i l lamp. I n about an h o u r t h e shoveled snow had repacked and was f i r m enough f o r d i g g i n g . S t a r t i n g from t h e downwind s i d e so t h e wind was n o t b l o w i n g i n t o t h e snow cave, he c o u l d d i g t o t h e ground. T h i s i s i m p o r t a n t as t h e ground i s always warm, i n a r e l a t i v e sense. The ground s t a y s a t t h e y e a r - r o u n d average temperature. I n Barrow t h a t i s 10" F. I c e c e l l a r s i n t u r n r u n about 10" t o 20" F. T h i s i s 50" t o 60" warmer t h a n t h e -40" F. He would work s l o w l y so as n o t t o o v e r h e a t . Once t h e powder pack cave was dug, he would s e t up an o i l lamp, p u l l i n t h e s e a t o f t h e t r u c k and s i t on i t t o keep h i s body from g e t t i n g wet f r o m s i t t i n g on t h e ground. He would v e n t i l a t e t h e s h e l t e r w i t h a s m a l l h o l e i n t h e downwind s i d e o f t h e r o o f . He c o u l d p l a c e a small p i e c e o f snow i n f r o n t o f t h e d o o r t o reduce any drafts. I n a few m i n u t e s t h e lamp would have t h e temperature i n t h e snow cave up t o 30" t o 40" F. He s h o u l d be c a r e f u l n o t t o l e t t h e temperature go t o o h i g h as he would n o t want t o g e t wet o r m e l t h i s she1 t e r . Powder pack s h e l t e r s a r e e x c e l l e n t i n areas o f l i t t l e snow. I t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e snow has an h o u r t o " s e t u p " b e f o r e y o u s t a r t d i g g i n g . Two o t h e r s h e l t e r s t h a t can be made snow on t h e ground a r e a b l o c k / p i t house snow cave i s b u i l d on t h e same p r i n c i p l e uses n a t u r e t o b u i l d t h e p i l e and pack t h e i n t h e A r c t i c when t h e r e i s o r a r e g u l a r snow cave. The as t h e powder pack cave, b u t snow.

The b e s t areas f o r snow cave l o c a t i o n s a r e depressions o r banks D i g i n s l o w l y making a l o w door. where t h e snow has a1 ready d r i f t e d . D i g t o t h e ground f o r h e a t , y making a h e a t then d i g up. B be1 1 and c o l d t r a p , you can keep the shelter warmer passively. Put i n y o u r v e n t and g e t an o i l lamp o r candle going. Remember t h e s t o r y o f t h e ptarmigan.

The o t h e r she1 t e r i s t h e b l o c k / p i t house. T h i s i s t h e type most f r e q u e n t l y used by t h e Alaskan I n u i t . I t does n o t r e q u i r e t h e b l o c k s t o be q u i t e so s t r o n g as i n a round i g l o o , b u t t h e snow must be f i r m enough t o c u t . If snow squeaks when you walk on i t o r y o u r k n i f e goes through b u t y o u r f e e t do n o t , you have good snow. Use a l o n g k n i f e , snow k n i f e o r saw t o c u t t h e b l o c k s . U s u a l l y t h e f i r s t b l o c k breaks as you p u l l i t o u t , so make i t l o n g b u t n o t t o o wide. Save a l l t h e brdken chunks. You can use them l a t e r t o f i l l holes o r m e l t f o r water. Cut t h e b l o c k s f r o m t h e area you want t o make y o u r snow house. Cut t h e b l o c k s as t h i c k as t h e packed, h a r d snow. U s u a l l y you can p u t y o u r hand uhder t h e b l o c k t o " c u t " i t l o o s e and t h e n l i f t i t out. Once you have y o u r b l o c k s o u t , d i g o u t t h e r e s t o f t h e p i t t o t h e ground. Depending on t h e s i t e , t h i s i s u s u a l l y j u s t a couple o f f e e t . Then s t a c k t h e b l o c k s around t h e p i t . T h i s can be done i n two ways. A narrow p i t can be covered by p u t t i n g t h e b l o c k s on each o t h e r as a peaked r o o f . By a l t e r n a t i n g seams and c l o s i n g o f f t h e ends, one person i s s e t f o r t h e n i g h t o r s e v e r a l of these p i t s can be made t o g e t h e r f o r a group o f people. I f t h e r e a r e f o u r people i n t h e group, make t h e s h e l t e r s i n t h e shape o f an X so i t can be used as a s i g n a l a1 so.

A square p i t can be covered with a t a r p ' t h a t i s supported by t h e blocks o r even a double t a r p t h a t w i l l save even more heat. The blocks can be supported by t h e i r own weight and t h e t a r p closed. Basically t h i s i s a f l a t igloo t h a t i s much e a s i e r t o build.

&i

' ..... .. .. .. . . '._ . . . . . . . .. ............. .. . . , ......... ..... . . .. ..; ......... ._ : ........ .: .. ......... ...... ... ......... ' ..... . . . . .. . ., ....., .. . .,... (. . .- . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...................................... '.. ... ..".. . . . . :',.. ... .. . . .'. .. ... . . ... " . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . ;... ..: .: :. ,.. .: . . . . . . . . ' . " .: ....... ....... ,. .. :.::: ...... . ... . .. . .. ; . : . . . ...;.',:.:~.:: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

.+

The traditional Inupiaq one-man s h e l t e r i s a p i t with snow blocks. The opening i s covered w i t h a parka cover. Arms and hands a r e drawn i n s i d e t h e parka. Gloves a r e used f o r an insulated s e a t . And a g r u b sack provides i n s u l a t i o n f o r the feet.

N o w go out and build any cne of these s h e l t e r s ! If you a r e in a v e h i c l e , make use of i t s p a r t s . Airplane wings make g r e a t windbreakers o r supports f o r walls. Seats w i l l keep you off the ground and dry. I t i s amazing how much of a vehicle you can take a p a r t with a knife and jack handle when you r e a l l y need t o .

I n the summer when t h e r e i s no snow you s t i l l may need a s h e l t ~ r . I t r a i n s , i s foggy and damp, and t h e r e a r e mosquitos. The summer, when the temperature averages 35" F in Barrow, i s not t h a t warm. T r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e Inupiat moved from t h e i r damp sod houses t o t e n t s t h a t were d r i e r . You can build a sod s h e l t e r l i k e the block/pit hcuse, but i t will be damp so s t a y off t h e f l o o r . I t nay even f i l l with melted water from the permafrost.
I f you have m a t e r i a l , make a t e n t . Use a p i l e of rock o r sod/snow blocks f o r a c e n t e r support. Cover metal t e n t stakes with sod o r s o i l . I f you do not t h e sun w i l l heat t h e metal and melt the permafrost below and out come the s t a k e s ! Tarps can be anchored with j u s t lumps of rock o r sod. Build your s h e l t e r on high, dry ground. The wind will help keep the bugs away. An o i l lamp will add warmth a n d a l s o help keep t h e bugs away. Roll your sleeves down and p u t your c o l l a r u p and cover your face. Avoid g e t t i n g b i t t e n . In unclean conditions you will be very l i k e l y t o get an i n f e c t i o n . D o not s c r a t c h open b i t e s . 6e aware of where you build your s h e l t e r . D o not go f a r from your vehicle. I t i s bigger and e a s i e r t o see than a n individual. Flake your s h e l t e r close t o your s i g n a l s o r visa versa. D o not build your s h e l t e r under an overhang in an area where you may suspect snow s l i d e s , rock
I'

s l i d e s o r a v a l a n c h e s . I n w i n t e r b u i l d y o u r s h e l t e r o u t o f t h e w i n d and w i t h a protected entrance. I n summer b u i l d y o u r s h e l t e r i n t h e w i n d t o he1 p keep away t h e mosqui t o s .

Dressings
F i r s t a i d must be g i v e n as soon as p o s s i b l e . You must d e t e r m i n e what i s t h e most l i f e t h r e a t e n i n g , t h e i n j u r y n e e d i n g D r e s s i n g o r t h e Once p r o t e c t e d from cold. U n l e s s i t i s A, B o r C, i t s h o u l d be D. Degrees, D r e s s i n g s a r e n e x t . C o l d c a n be o f h e l p i n r e d u c i n g b l o o d l o s s b y r e d u c i n g b l o o d f l o w and t h e r e f o r e r e d u c i n g w e l l i n g and t i s s u e damage. Dr. W i l l i a m M i l l s t e l l s o f a c l i m b e r who u n d e r normal c i r c u m s t a n c e s w o u l d have l o s t h i s l e g , b u t because i t was so c o l d he s u f f e r e d v e r y l i t t l e damage a t a l l . Wounds s h o u l d be c l e a n e d , c l o s e d and c o v e r e d . C l e a n i n g may be a p r o b l e m as t h e r e i s 1 i t t l e o r no w a t e r a v a i l a b l e i n t h e A r c t i c , and i f i t i s c o l d , y o u d o n ' t w a n t t o u s e a1 c o h o l . A1 c o h o l g e t s v e r y c o l d . People have d i e d when t h e y " f o u n d a b o t t l e " o f booze t h a t had been l a y i n g o u t s i d e i n s u b - z e r o t e m p e r a t u r e s and d e c i d e d t o " t a k e a b e l t " . They dumped l i q u i d down t h e i r t h r o a t s t h a t was c o l d enough t o f r e e z e e v e r y t h i n g a l o n g t h e way. A wimpered gasp, no A i r w a y , and t h e n death: Be v e r y c a r e f u l o f c l e a n i n g wounds w i t h any l i q u i d i f i t i s b e l o w f r e e z i n g . C l e a n i n g may be j u s t r e m o v i n g d i r t , w i p i n g o f f ' o i l , s o o t o r r e m o v i n g c l o t h i n g . Cover w i t h t h e c l e a n e s t m a t e r i a l y o u have and wrap t h e D r e s s i n g so i t w i l l n o t move, b u t s t i l l a l l o w s f o r good If Circulation. Once a D r e s s i n g i s on a wound, do n o t t a k e i t o f f . b l o o d soaks t h r o u g h , add more m a t e r i a l on t o p . Removing t h e f i r s t D r e s s i n g may r e o p e n t h e wound and cause more b l e e d i n g . Any i m m o b i l i z a t i o n w i l l impede C i r c u l a t i o n and r e d u c e h e a t f l o w . A good way t o check C i r c u l a t i o n i s t o keep w a t c h i n g t h e f i n g e r s , t o e s and l i p s t o see t h a t t h e y do n o t p u f f , t u r n b l u i s h o r become c o l d , I f they do, l o o s e n t h e bandage. S c o u t s a l w a y s wear a k e r c h i e f . This i s i n r e a l i t y a triangle I t can be used f o r many d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s f r o m s l i n g s t o bandage. b r a c e s , f r o m bandage t o t y i n g a pack. I t i s h i g h l y , recommended t h a t , l i k e t h e S c o u t s , p e o p l e s h o u l d be p r e p a r e d t o t a k e c a r e o f t h e m s e l v e s and c a r r y a l a r g e t r i a n g l e bandage w i t h them when t r a v e l i n g . The o t h e r a r e a o f D r e s s i n g s i s s p l i n t i n g . I n any a c c i d e n t t h e r e i s a chance of b r o k e n bones. A l l b r e a k s s h o u l d be s p l i n t e d b e f o r e t h e p e r s o n i s moved. I f he i s g o i n g h y p o t h e r r n i c , he needs she1 t e r b e f o r e he needs s p l i n t s , b u t he s h o u l d be moved c a r e f u l l y , m i n i m a l l y and s p l i n t e d A.S.A.P. One r u l e i s a p p l i e d t o s p l i n t i n g . T h a t i s , i d e n t i f y where t h e b r e a k i s a n d s p l i n t so t h a t t h e bone and j o i n t s above and be ow t h e

b r e a k c a n n o t move. You can i d e n t i f y a b r e a k b y a n g l u a t i o n , r o t a t i o n , s e v e r e p a i n and s w e l l i n g , i n a b i l i t y t o move t h e l i m b on i t s own o r shortening o f the limb. Make a s p l i n t o u t o f s o m e t h i n g s t r o n g . Use a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l s t o pad i t . T h i n k a b o u t i f y o u had t o wear t h e s p l i n t y o u a r e a b o u t t o make. Would i t be t o o c o l d ? Would i t be c o m f o r t a b l e ? Where s h o u l d i t be padded? What w o u l d make i t s t a y i n p l a c e and h o l d t h e bone ends f r o m movi ng?

P i c k on y o u r p a r t n e r t i m e and a g a i n . Your p a r t n e r has a b r o k e n forearm. What do y o u need t o s p l i n t t h e f o r e a r m t o keep i t f r o m m o v i n g ? The f o r e a r m , t h e w r i s t and t h e e l b o w must be i m m o b i l i z e d . Make a s p l i n t f r o m what y o u have i n t h e room. Magazines and books make good s p l i n t s when t i e d on w i t h h a n d k e r c h i e f s . S h i r t t a i l , s h i r t s l e e v e o r a b e l t can be used f o r a s l i n g . Now p i c k some o t h e r .bone and s p l i n t i t and t h e j o i n t s above and below.

& Enlightment
m m

E motions

Energy Environment

The f i f t h s t e p . B e e t h o v e n composed a v e r y famous F i f t h Symphony. The f i r s t f o u r n o t e s a r e v e r y w e l l known a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d . So w e l l , t h a t when Morse Code was b e i n g d e v e l o p e d t h e s e f i r s t f o u r n o t e s were used f o r t h e l e t t e r V . V i s t h e f i r s t l e t t e r o f V i c t o r y and i s a l s o t h e Roman N u m e r i a l f o r f i v e . D i t - D i t - D i t - Da.
w

I n t.he c l o s i n g days o f W o r l d War 11, t h e Germans became v e r y u p s e t when t h e A l l i e d F o r c e s u s e d t h e o p e n i n g l i n e s o f B e e t h o v e n ' s F i f t h Symphony as t h e i r b a t t l e theme. Perhaps once y o u have m a s t e r e d t h e f i v e s t e p s i n t h i s manual, y o u w i l l be Victorious i n survival.

Enlightment
"What l u r e d h i m on was, o f c o u r s e , t h e g r e a t a d v e n t u r e , t h e e t e r n a l l o n g i n g o f e v e r y t r u l y c r e a t i v e man t o push on i n t o u n e x p l o r e d c o u n t r y , Heinrick t o d i s c o v e r s o m e t h i n g e n t i r e l y new. I f o n l y a b o u t ' h i m s e l f ' . " Harrer. En1 i g h t e n e d p e o p l e do n o t need t o b e p r o d d e d i n t o l e a r n i n g . They l e a r n b y w a t c h i n g and o b s e r v i n g e v e r y t h i n g a r o u n d them. The E l d e r s o f t.he community a r e g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t h e most enlightened because t h e y havc seen and e x p e r i e n c e d more. They have a b e t t e r , clearer u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f what l i f e i s a l l a b o u t . They have l e a r n e d t h e i r l e s s o n s w e l l , f o r t h a t i s how t h e y came t o be E l d e r s . Many p e o p l e f e e l t h a t l i v i n g a l i f e o f 65 t o 70 y e a r s i s now t h e i r r i g h t . I f a p e r s o n d i e s young, he was c h e a t e d o f a l l t h o s e good y e a r s . T h i s i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y so. T h e - I n u p i a t havc! a b e l i e f t h a t i s nluch more o f an E a s t e r n p h i l o s o p h y . L i f e i s h e r e . You make o f i t what y o u can. Do n o t e x p e c t t o have a " F a t h e r God" who t a k e s c a r e o f y o u l i k e a c h i l d . You a r e p a r t o f l i f e . L i f e i s good, l i f e i s bad, l i f e i s easy, l i f e i s hard, l i f e i s a l l . Qnce y o u r e a l i z e t h a t y o u a r e l i f e and t h a t no s p e c i a l power w i l l You must p l u c k y o u from t h e jaws o f d i s a s t e r , t h e power i s w i t h i n y o u . know where t o l o o k f o r h e l p . You m u s t l o o k t o y o u r s e l f , t o y o u r own hands, t o y o u r own m i n d . Look t o y c u r s e l f f o r y o u r s t r e n g t h and y o u r e v e n t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f 1i f e .

Go t a l k t o an E l d e r a b o u t how he has s u r v i v e d , what he u n d e r s t a n d s a b o u t l i f e . Where d i d he g e t t h e s t r e n g t h t o s u r v i v e a l l o f h i s y e a r s ?

Emotions
What i f y o u were i n a p l a n e c r a s h . You saw y o u r t w o b e s t f r i e n d s d i e . One was t h r o w n frorn h i s s e a t on i m p a c t and b r o k e h i s neck as he h i t t h e bulkhead. The o t h e r was b u r n e d and as he qasped h i s l a s t few - . b r e a t h s , he begged y o u t o p l e a s e h e l p h i m o u t and n o t t o l e t h i m d i e . H i s s t i l l h o t , s c o r c h e d , s m e l l y body i s i n y o u r arms. I t i s d a r k and cold. You a r e somewhere between A n a k t u v i k Pass and B e t t l e s . As t h e f i r e o f t h e p l a n e b u r n s , y o u r e a l i z e t h a t 10 m i n u t e s ago y o u were on y o u r way t o F a i r b a n k s f o r a f u n weekend. Now as y o u s i t a l o n e , b r u i s e d , wet f r o m b l o o d , y o u can see and s m e l l t h e c h a r r e d r e m a i n s o f one f r i e n d who n e v e r g o t o u t o f t h e p l a n e . You s i t h o l d i n g t h e c o o l i n g body t h a t j u s t moments ago p l e a d e d t o y o u f o r h e l p t h a t y o u c o u l d n o t o f f e r . What would y o u do? Two days pass and y o u a r e s t i i s s t i l l b l o w i n g . The dead b o d i e s w h i t e . What i s g o i n g on i n y o u r Do y o u want t o scream, ye1 1, sob t h e r e b u t you. l l a l i v e . The f i r e i s o u t . The s t o r m a r e f r o z e n and h a l f b u r i e d and d u s t e d m i n d ? What a r e y o u r Emotions d o i n g ? o r s t a r e s i l e n t l y ? There i s no one

T h r e e days l a t e r t h e r e s c u e team makes i t t o t h e p a s s . They f i n d t h e s o l e s u r v i v o r . He has s u r v i v e d t h e o r d e a l , b u t on t h e way down t h e m o u n t a i n he s t a r t s s c r e a m i n g and d i e s . You say t h i s s h o u l d n ' t happen, b u t i s does. The S p i r i t u a l and M e n t a l A, B, C , and Ds may keep a p e r s o n g o i n g as l o n g as he m u s t r e l y on h i m s e l f f o r l i f e . The E m o t i o n a l s t r e s s may l i e b o t t l e d up i n s i d e o f h i m f o r y e a r s b e f o r e i t b r e a k s l o o s e . O f t e n once a p e r s o n f e e l s s a f e , h i s body g i v e s i n o r p e r h a p s j u s t s t o p s f i g h t i n g s o h a r d t o keep g o i n g . Many p e o p l e who have made i t . t h r o u g h t h e o r d e a l w i l l d i e once r e s c u e d . S t a n Bush c a l l s i t "Rescue Shock". I t i s r e a l and i s v e r y much t i e d t o l e v e l s o f E m o t i o n a l S t r e s s . V i c t i m s o f c r a s h e s p u t a1 1 t h e i r hopes, e n e r g i e s and ~ m o t i o n s ~ i f i t o s t a y i n g a l i v e u n t i l rescued. T h a t d r i v e w i l l keep them a l i v e u n t i l t h e n , b u t n o t much l o n g e r . V i c t i m s need t o l o o k beyond t h e . a r r i v a l o f t h e r e s c u e team, t h e h e l i c o p t e r o r ambulance. They need t o l o o k t h r o u g h t o r e c o v e r y . T h a t e m o t i o n a l g o a l w i l l h e l p s u s t a i n them t h r o u g h t h e i r rescue. I n some senses, d e a t h m u s t be d e a l t w i t h i n a p r a c t i c a l manner. I f y o u a r e w i t h p e o p l e who have d i e d and t h e r e i s 1 i r n i t e d m a t e r i a l and c l o t h i n g , t a k e t h e c l o t h e s and b l a n k e t s f r o m t h e dead b o d i e s . They no l o n g e r need them. Be r e s p e c t f u l o f t h e b o d i e s and p l a c e them i n a s e p a r a t e a r e a o u t o f s i g h t , b u t do n o t l e t t h e good m a t e r i a l s go t o waste when t h e y c o u l d keep y o u a l i v e .
I t i s h a r d t o p r a c t i c e t h e Emotions s u r r o u n d i n g d e a t h and i n j u r y . Look a t y o u r s e l f . How d i d y o u r e a c t t h e l a s t t i m e y o u were r e a l l y h u r t ? Have y o u e v e r b r o k e n a bone o r had s t i t c h e s ? How d i d y o u f e e l deep i n s i d e when a r e l a t i v e o r f r i e n d d i e d ?

The Inupiat have a word f o r loving someone too much, nakuaqqun. This means loving someone so much t h a t i f he were suddenly gone it'would h u r t . This was n o t a good or practiced t r a i t . Perhaps because of the daily presence of death through s t a r v a t i o n , hunting accidents, infantcide or g e r i c i d e , people realized one could n o t r e a l l y become close c r t o t a l l y dependent on anyone. I t i s a very hard Emotion, b u t i t was a survival s k i l l . G o t a l k t o a n Elder. Ask him about how people died in the old days. What was said o r done a f t e r a death? What Emotions d o these responses express? Go o u t by y o u r s e l f . Pick a good day a n d l e t people know where you a r e going, b u t go o u t alone. Do n o t take a radio o r other noise maker. Spend the whole day alone a n d think what i t would be 1 i ke t o have t o be alone. To be h u r t , cold a n d alone. To be h u r t , Emotional and alone. In a n emergency s i t u a t i o n i t pays t o be p o s i t i v e . To have a p o s i t i v e outlook: Recognize the emoticnal s t r e s s , t h e f e a r , the anxiety, b u t d o n o t give in t o them. The Inupiat a r e positive people. Perhaps t h a t i s one reason why they a r e so ingenious a n d have survived so well where no one e l s e could. According t o t r a d i t i o n a l s t o r i e s , the Inupiat were happy where they were because of a l l the animals from the land and from t h e sea. And besides, they "knew" i t was colder a n d darker elsewhere, so why move? They were bounded by the i n t e r i o r mountains of the Brooks Range where temperatures drop t o -80" F ; a n d t o the north by the ever moving pack i c e where darkness l i n g e r s . I t made sense t o be positive about 1 iving along the coast where the temperature never dropped below -60" F . This i s practical positivism. The term "Happy Eskimo" i s common Through Darwin's natural selection process, people in the Arctic have been weeded o u t very quickly b o t h physically and emotionally. If you a r e s h o r t and s t u r d i l y b u i l t with small hands a n d f e e t , you lose l e s s heat a n d therefore d o n ' t get f r o s t b i t e t h a t gets infected and leads t o death. If you a r e happy and t o l e r a n t of o t h e r s , you keep friends a n d family. I f you are greedy a n d unforgiving, you will soon find your small house very uncomfortable. The t r a d i t i o n a l way t o deal with a grouch o r greedy person was t o shun him. Let him go his own way. Everyone in the v i l l a g e would shun t h i s person. One person will have a hard time doing everything t o stay a l i v e i n the Arctic: sewing c l o t h i n g , hunting, heating the house, mending clothes and f i x i n g equipment. So e i t h e r the grouch died, which often happened, o r he changed his ways. In a few generations you can see how "Happy Eskimos" evol ved.
a n d often t r u e .

The same i s t r u e in survival s i t u a t i o n s . The groups will separate o u t l i k e o i l and water. A small group of leaders usually will surface and take control. An,other small group of problem people and complainers will s e t t l e o u t a n d c r e a t e disturbances. The- large majority of survivors will f a l l in the middle. They will be lead by b o t h smaller groups. Hopefully the good leaders will control the problem makers. If n o t , some problem makers may be shunned t o death by the e n t i r e group.
A positive approach t o problems i s a trademark of the Inupiaq culture. One summer while a group of researchers were out a t a h i s t o r i c a l s i t e , they h a d a problem. I t was time t o return t o Barrow a n d f l y back "home", wherever t h a t might be. The t e n t s were folded a n d the b o a t packed. Shortly a f t e r the t r i p had begun, the b o a t ' s engine stopped. They paddled t o shore. A researcher was furious. Hedumped

.,

1/"

o u t o f t h e b o a t , stamped a r o u n d , y e l l e d , k i c k e d d i r t , and c o m p l a i n e d a b o u t m i s s i n g h i s f l i g h t . On,ana on he went. Never once - d i d he l o o k a t the engine. An I n u p i a q t r a v e l i n g w i t h t h e g r o u p g o t o u t t h e t o o l s and s t a r t e d w o r k i n g on t h e e n g i n e w h i l e t h e r e s e a r c h e r was s t i l l b l o w i n g o f f steam. Two d i f f e r e n t approaches t o t h e same p r o b l e m . By t h e t i m e t h e e n g i n e was r e p a i r e d t h e r e s e a r c h e r had calmed. The p o s i t i v e , r e l a x e d a c t i o n was t h e key t o s o l v i n g t h e p r o b l e m , n o t y e l l i n g a b o u t s o m e t h i n g i n t h e p a s t , p r e s e n t and f u t u r e . Emotions a r e g r e a t , b u t t h e y need t o be k e p t u n d e r c o n t r o l . T h i s Be he1 p f u l , be c o n s i d e r a t e i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e i n emergency s i t u a t i o n s . and t h i n k o f how a1 1 c f y o u can s u r v i v e . Keep y o u r Emotions p o s i t i v e and s t r o n g . A l b e r t E i n s t e i n s a i d , "The most b e a u t i f u l and most p r o f o u n d e m o t i o n we can e x p e r i e n c e i s t h e s e n s a t i o n o f t h e m y s t i c a l . I t i s t h e power o f a l l t r u e science. He t o whom t h i s e m o t i o n i s a s t r a n g e r , who can no l o n g e r wonder and s t a n d r a p t i n awe, i s as good as dead. To know t h a t what i s i m p e n e t r a b l e t o u s r e a l i y e x i s t s , m a n i f e s t i n g i t s e l f as t h e h i g h e s t wisdom and t h e most r a d i a n t b e a u t y w h i c h o u r d u l l f a c u l t i e s can comprehend o n l y i n t h e i r m o s t p r i m i t i v e f o r m s - t h i s knowledge, t h i s feeling i s a t the center o f true religiousness." "My r e l i g i o n c o n s i s t s o f a humble a d m i r a t i o n o f t h e i l l i m i t a b l e s u p e r i o r s p i r i t who r e v e a l s h i m s e l f i n t h e s l i g h t d e t a i l s we a r e t o p e r c e i v e w i t h o u r f r a i l and f e e b l e minds. T h a t d e e p l y e m o t i o n a l c o n v i c t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n c e of a s u p e r i o r r e a s o n i n g power, w h i c h i s r e v e a l e d i n t h e i n c o m p r e h e n s i b l e u n i v e r s e , forms m y i d e a o f God."

Energy
L i f e Energy. No one knows what i t i s . Survival i s keeping your own l i f e Energy g o i n g . Your body i s a machine. I t consumes f o o d , does work, makes h e a t and p r o d u c e s waste. T h i s f l o w o f Energy t h r o u g h y o u r system i s l i f e . L i f e i s a s e r i e s o f complex c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s l e a d i n g e v e n t u a l l y t o themselves. I t t a k e s Energy t o make t h e s e c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s happen. T h e r e f o r e , i n o r d e r t o s t a y a l i v e y o u need Energy. There a r e two ways t o h a n d l e E n e r g y when i n t h e A r c t i c . One i s t o i n c r e a s e y o u r c o n s u m p t i o n o f Energy. The second i s t o d e c r e a s e y o u r need o f Energy. As was s a i d b e f o r e , 1 i v i n g i n t h e A r c t i c r e q u i r e s more Energy. D i e t s of up t o 5,000 c a l o r i e s p e r day a r e used when p e o p l e spend t i m e o u t s i d e i n c h i l l f a c t o r s down t o -120" F. B u t as we a r e a l l aware w i t h r e c e n t gas and o i l s h o r t a g e s , we a l l need t o be " t h r i f t y " i n o u r use o f Energy. I n an emergency s i t u a t i o n y o u may n o t have a d d i t i o n a l Energy t o consume. T h e r e f o r e , be p r e p a r e d . When g o i n g o u t snowmachining, camping o r boating, prepare y o u r s e l f . E a t we1 1 b e f o r e y o u go. Be h e a l t h y and f i t . Do n o t p l a n t o b e on a d i e t i n t h e A r c t i c and be warm a t t h e same Ify o u e a t s a l a d s and s m a l l m e a l s , y o u w i l l r u n o u t o f h e a t r e a l time. fast.

The question came u p a t the 33rd Annual Alaska Science Conference on whether being i n ' shape or being f a m i l i a r witti the environment would be more helpful. I t was f e l t t h a t l i v i n g a n d working outside in a cold environment would be a g r e a t e r advantage in a survival s i t u a t i o n than merely being in good shape. Therefore, when a San Diego jogger and an out-of-shape Inupiaq become l o s t on the tundra, the Inupiaq will have a b e t t e r chance of s u r v i v a l , a l l e l s e being equal. B u t take the non-Native jogger who l i v e s in the Arctic a n d an out-of-shape Inupiaq and p u t them in t h e same s i t u a t i o n , the jogger will have the advantage i f they have equal camping s k i l l s . The wind was blowing and the c h i l l f a c t o r had h i t -40" F . Four people were crossing a shallow bend in the r i v e r . Suddenly one person broke through the i c e and was u p t o his knees in i c e water. Then as his friend t r i e d t o help, she broke through the i c e as well. The other two were t o l d t o move away from the weak i c e . The two wet campers crawled o u t and headed back t o t h e i r t e n t , t h a t was luckily only 100 yards away. B y the time they reached the t e n t , t h e i r clothing was frozen s o l i d from the knees down. Once in the t e n t , t h a t was s t i l l warm from dinner, they began eating a chocolate bar. I t took awhile t o chip off the i c e with a knife and s e t out of the wet boots, socks, overpants, pants and long johns and t h e n t o redress. B u t neither were cold. By consuming the additional quick energy of the chocolate, as well as t h e excitement of the f a l l , they were warm. They burned many c a l o r i e s , b u t they had the c a l o r i e s t o burn. In most survival s i t u a t i o n s you will not have thousands of c a l o r i e s You may not have any a t a l l . Then the key i s t o reduce your c a l o r i c o u t p u t and t o make the best use of your energy resources. Think about the section on Degrees and remember the ways heat i s l o s t :

t o consume.

Respiration Evaporation Conduction Convection Radiation

- breathing - wetness - contact - exposure

Reduce the way heat

wind

H o w do you spend c a l o r i e s in t h r i f t y manner? is lost!

Your head i s the primary heat loss area. Hoods use t h e same heat/cold-trap p r i n c i p l e as used in s h e l t e r s . Heat will s t a y in the hood; cold will s t a y out. Breathe through your nose. Noses were designed t o warm a i r before the a i r reaches the lungs. Now, relax and t r y t o s l e e p t o reduce Energy consumption. There a r e many old t a l e s of people freezing t o death as they s l e p t . Not q u i t e accurate. If you a r e in an emergency s h e l t e r and i t i s cold, b u t you a r e saving your c a l o r i e s , you can r e s t and s l e e p . When your body cools t o c e r t a i n point you will automatically s t a r t t o shiver. When t h i s happens you should g e t u p , move around and do l i g h t exercise until you a r e warm. D o not overheat or work u p a sweat. When you are warm, s e t t l e down and r e s t again. Vilhjalmur Stefansson r e l a t e d a s t o r y in his Arctic manual about an old Eskimo woman who got caught in a storm j u s t a short distance from her v i l l a g e . In t h e whiteout she knew i t was b e t t e r t o hold u p where
/

she was r a t h e r t h a n chancing walking in the wrong d i r e c t i o n . She b u i l t herself a small wind break and s a t on her gloves. She pulled her arms Using the move-when-cold i n t o the body of her parka, a n d r e s t e d . method, she stayed in her s h e l t e r f o r t h r e e days with no food o r f i r e in the below zero temperatures. In hunting or emergency s i t u a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y on the pack i c e , the Inupiat t r a d i t i o n a l l y did not s l e e p lying down. They s l e p t s i t t i n g u p , ready t o notice a c h i l l , a wet s p o t , the crack of i c e or a s h i f t in the wind. S i t t i n g balled u p will save Energy as opposed t o lying f l a t . Always brush a l l snow and i c e off your clothes before entering a s h e l t e r and again before s e t t l i n g down f o r a r e s t .

Fire
So you have balled u p in your snow s h e l t e r and reduced your heat l o s s . Good. What about an external heat source? Fire. Sounds l i k e a toasty idea. Soon there will be t e a . B u t what do you need f o r a f i r e ? Oxygen, heat and fuel . What do you have? Start a f i r e . G o ahead, with w h a t you have on you r i g h t now. Get an ashtray o r something in which t o build a f i r e . No, do not use t h i s manual, you are not finished with i t y e t . What do you need? Can you get i t s t a r t e d ? What will you use f o r t i n d e r ? H o w long can you keep i t burning? Would i t l a s t a1 1 night? Would i t l a s t t h r e e days? The American Indians have a saying about white men's f i r e s . Indians build small f i r e s a n d s t a y very close. White men build big f i r e s and stay warm gathering wood. L e t ' s face an important f a c t , there i s very l i t t l e wood in the Arctic. The Arctic i s above the t r e e l i n e , remember? So w h a t a r e you going t o burn? Yes, t h e r e a r e scrub t r e e s near the mountains, b u t what do you do f i f t e e n miles from Wainwright or Prudhoe Bay? Eben Hopson, former mayor of the North Slope Borough, t e s t i f i e d t o the Berger Commission in Canada about o i l development. He s t a t e d t h a t the Inupiat have used o i l f o r c e n t u r i e s t o heat t h e i r homes. During t h e i r summer t r i p s around the tundra they would find areas where the o i l h a d come t o the surface. They would c u t the oil-soaked sod i n t o blocks a n d stack them. In the f a l l a f t e r the blocks had frozen, they would bring the blocks back t o t h e i r winter camp and use them the way people use a r t i f i c i a l logs in t h e i r f i r e p l a c e s . Chances a r e you will not be faced with a survival s i t u a t i o n a t the s i t e of an o i l seep. However, chances a r e you will be in a vehicle. J u s t about every engine made uses o i l . Hubcaps o r any l i g h t metal can be made i n t o a "seal o i l " lamp. Collect some o i l . I t i s wise t o c o l l e c t engine o i l while the engine i s s t i l l warm. Once cooled the o i l may become too thick t o remove. I t s t a r t s and burns b e t t e r i f you mix a small amount of gas in i t . P u t in a wick of c l o t h , a shoe l a c e , braided dry g r a s s , rope o r braided threads pulled from a patch or s e a t cover. The Inupiat used stone lamps. These held seal o r whale o i l t h a t wased.rawn u p by moss wicks. The lamp was trimmed by pushing the moss in a n d out of the o i l t o provide a good l i g h t and an almost smokeless

flame. smoke.

When not trimmed, the lamps gave off l i t t l e l i g h t and l o t s of

Read "To Build A F i r e " , by Jack London. This short s t o r y i s an e x c e l l e n t description of dealing with c o l d , hypothermia and the need f o r f i r e . S t a r t i n g a f i r e in the Arctic IS a challenge. You say your butane l i g h t e r will not work in the cold. O h . The f l i n t i s gone. O h . Your matches got wet when you f e l l in the water. Oh. H o w a r e you going t o l i g h t your lamp? I f you hold the butane l i g h t e r in your hands o r p u t i t i n s i d e you coat t o warm i t , i t may then work. Most regular l i g h t e r s have a f l i n t case in the bottom. If you a r e out of f l i n t , s t r i k e the wheel with the back edge of your knife. If you g e t a spark, p u t i t in the r i g h t place and the f i r e should go. Once your matches dry you can t r y them. If you a r e going out, waterproof your matches before hand by dipping them in me1 ted wax o r carry matches in a small water-proof container, l i k e a 35mm filmcase. The Inupiat did not have l i g h t e r s in the past. They used two t r a d i t i o n a l methods of s t a r t i n g a f i r e , spark and f r i c t i o n . There are iron p y r i t e and f l i n t on the North Slope. People would carry two pieces of f l i n t o r iron p y r i t e . When they wanted a f i r e , they would dig down through the snow and pull u p dired moss, g r a s s , f e a t h e r s , pussy willows, nests o r cotton grass. Holding the t i n d e r with the l i t t l e f i n g e r and ring f i n g e r , they would s t r i k e and lay a spark on the t i n d e r . Blowing gently they would get a flame and then l i g h t the wick on the o i l lamp.

FLINT and STEEL will work, so you only need t o carry one f l i n t and your knife. Metal and metal will a l s o spark. If you a r e not sure i f a stone will spark, t r y i t . A t a low angle, s t r i k e against the stone with An item t h a t will produce a spark the s t e e l b u t t of your knife. everytime i s a "metal match". I t i s made of a metal a l l o y t h a t when rubbed with a knife edge will give off many good sparks. The FRICTION method used the same equipment t h a t was used f o r carving, the mouth piece and bowdrill. Rather than making a hole, two f l a t surfaces were rubbed together making heat from the f r i c t i o n u n t i l an ember came off and could be l a i d on the t i n d e r .
G U N POWDER i s another method t h a t works well i f you a r e out of matches. I f you have a g u n , take the b u l l e t a p a r t and remove the lead. Keep the lead f o r a s l i n g shot o r bola. P u t some of the powder on a small piece of cloth about two inches square. Place the wad of s o f t cloth in the b a r r e l . P u t the c a r t r i d g e back in the gun and f i r e i t s t r a i g h t u p i n t o the a i r . The cloth will come f l o a t i n g down ablaze, so have your t i n d e r ready. If you a r e s h o r t of ammunition, t h i s method should only be used as a l a s t r e s o r t t o s t a r t a f i r e . SOLAR ENERGY. Ice can be chipped i n t o a primitive lens. Lens from hunting scopes, binoculars, telescopes, instrument d i a l s , watch f a c e s ,

and even t h e new Emergency M e d i c a l Cards w i t h m i c r o f i c h e and m a g n i f i e r can be used. There a r e p r o b l e m s w i t h s o l a r e n e r g y . I n Barrow, t h e sun does n o t come up f o r 67 days. T h a t c o u l d be a l o n g o v e r d u e c u p o f t e a . I f y o u become l o s t because o f bad w e a t h e r , t h e sun was p r o b a b l y n o t o u t anyway. The sun i n t h e A r c t i c n e v e r g e t s h i g h i n t h e s k y n o r t h e r e f o r e h o t , so even i f i t i s up, i t may be t o o weak t o g e t a f i r e g o i n g . If y o u can g e t a f i r e g o i n g w i t h a s o l a r l e n s , g r e a t , b u t f o r how o f t e n i t i s o u t l i n e d i n s u r v i v a l books, i t needs t o be s t a t e d c l e a r l y t h a t t h i s does n o t work w e l l i n t h e A r c t i c . ELECTRICAL. I f y o u have a b a t t e r y t h a t s t i l l works and can p r o d u c e a s p a r k , use i t . Sparks a r e h o t and w i l l h e l p g e t t i n d e r g o i n g . I f y o u have a snowmachine, a l l y o u need i s t o t a k e t h e w i r e s f r o m t h e s p a r k p l u g and p u t them a c r o s s y o u r t i n d e r and p u l l t h e c o r d . You can g u a r a n t e e y o u r own s p a r k s . FIRE PREPARATION. W e t a l ked o f t r a d i t i o n a l t i n d e r : d r i e d g r a s s and t h e l i k e . O t h e r f o r m s o f t i n d e r a r e a r o u n d you. Ify o u check y o u r p o c k e t s y o u may f i n d l i n t , p a p e r and even wood. T i n d e r needs t o b e d r y , f u z z y o r have l o t s o f s u r f a c e a r e a and b u r n a b l e . You c a n u s e y o u r k n i f e t o w h i t t l e a f i z z s t i c k f r o m any p i e c e o f wood, even a willow tree.

Once y o u have y o u r t i n d e r , y o u s h o u l d a1 so l a y o u t y o u r f i r e a r e a s and c o l l e c t y o u r f u e l of d r i e d g r a s s , sod o r o i l - s o a k e d sod. Do n o t b u i l d a f i r e d i r e c t l y i n t h e snow. The snow w i l l me1 t and t h e f i r e w i l l go o u t . If t h e f i r e i s b u i l t i n a m e t a l pan, t h e pan w i l l m e l t i n t o t h e snow. Make s u r e y o u r a r e a i s c l e a r o f f u e l s and o t h e r equipment and s u p p l i e s . Have a good base f o r t h e f i r e and f u e l r e a d y t o feed t h e f i r e . A l s o , make a r e f l e c t o r f o r t h e f i r e u s i n g a s t o n e p i l e o r s h e e t of m e t a l . STOVES. B e f o r e we g e t t h e f i r e g o i n g , l e t ' s l o o k a t some s t o v e i d e a s . If y o u have a c a n and some sand o r g r a v e l , y o u can made a good stove. Make v e n t h o l e s i n t h e can. F i l l i t h a l f w a y w i t h sand o r gravel. Pour i n what. w o u l d be a b o u t one q u a r t e r o f t h e can w i t h gas. If y o u have a p o t , y o u can now make h o t w a t e r f o r Light carefully. t h a t cup of t e a .

O i l w i c k can s t o v e

Wire s p l i n t stove

Energy Production
Your body needs f u e l . C a r b o h y d r a t e s : c o o k i e s , cakes, b r e a d , c h o c o l a t e and candy w i l l g i v e y o u q u i c k Energy t h a t w i l l n o t l a s t l o n g .

These will get you going f o r an hour, b u t do not count on much more. Fats: seal o i l , meat f a t and b u t t e r will give you Energy, b u t they take time t o d i g e s t and metabolize. Seal o i l i s the best f o r convertible f a t t o Energy. Since f a t s take time t o be usable, your body will often tap i n t o your natural f a t s t h a t i t has stored away f o r emergencies. This works very well t o produce heat i f you add one other ingredient, water. You may have r o l l s of f a t b u t not be able t o convert i t i n t o heat energy because you lack water. This i s why you can, a t b e s t , 1 ive three days without water, b u t can l i v e f o r weeks without food. Hunger s t r i k e r s in Ireland have gone almost three months without food before they d i e d , b u t they did have water. In the A r c t i c , burn in^ l o t s of h e a t , you can l a s t over a week on water. Food gathering a c t i v i t i e s general l y consume more Energy than the food provides. Therefore in a survival s i t u a t i o n , t h a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y l a s t s from one t o 72 hours, you need water more than you need food. Rest, relax and save energy. D o not bother digging a caribou t r a p in the snow or chasing lemmings by diving i n t o wet tundra grass. Conservation of Energy i s t h e idea. Perspiration, respiration a n d urination a1 1 regulate the temperature of and chemicals in the body. All these functions use water. If your urine turns dark yellow, you need water. So, here you are stuck in the Arctic. You landed your plane on a r i v e r and now you must wait. They won't miss you f o r another three t o four hours. B y the time they c a l l Search and Rescue, the National Guard and anyone e l s e who can help with the search, i t will be two more hours. Figure a good e i g h t hours before they get t o your area. I t will be dark by then and you know your emergency l o c a t o r beacon will not l a s t long. You want t o get yourself a s h e l t e r , p u t out signals a n d wait.

B u t now you a r e t h i r s t y . You should always travel with f l u i d s t o drink. Note: avoid alcohol in a l l emergency s i t u a t i o n s . I t raises your s p i r i t s fa1 sely so you d o n ' t feel as endangered as you real l y a r e . I t depresses your mind and a b i l i t y t o think. I t a l s o d i a l a t e s your blood vessels so you l o s e heat f a s t e r and feel a r t i f i c i a l l y warm.

False Spirit Alcohol

X

Depression Artificial Warmth

A good s t e e l thermos can take a beating b u t s t i l l keep coffee, cocoa, tea o r j u s t water hot f o r u p t o 24 hours even a t -30" F. Once the 1 iquid c o o l s , remove the l i q u i d before i t freezes in the thermos. Freezing will break even the best s t e e l thermos. Keeping the thermos close t o your body will reduce i t s heat loss a n d you may even pick u p some of the escaping heat.

You d i d n ' t bring a thermos o r a canteen? S i l l y person. Well, you landed on a r i v e r . If i t i s summer, f i n d a n area where you can get t o the water without g e t t i n g wet. G o upstream from your vehicle. Look a t the water. Does i t look clean and c l e a r ? Are t h e r e f i s h or green plants in the water? Avoid algae-covered, dark, s t i l l ponds. Smell the water. Does i t smell clean and healthy? Take a mouthful a n d hold i t . Swish i t around. H o w does i t t a s t e ? If i t t a s t e s bad, s p i t i t out and go look some place e l s e . If t h e water t a s t e s good, swallow i t . Was t h e r e an a f t e r t a s t e ? You may want more, b u t wait. One mouthful will get you by f o r an hour o r so. If there i s no stomach upset and your mouth s t i l l f e e l s f r e s h , then you can drink more b u t do not over do i t . If you can, make hot water. S t a r t your stove t h a t you packed along o r build a f i r e and improvise a " t e a pot". H o w would you do t h a t ? Warm water gives your body Energy r a t h e r than your body needing t o warm t h e water, which i s an Energy d r a i n . Keep a bucket or pot of water in your s h e l t e r so you can g e t a drink without having t o go outside again. The water will warm t o "room temperature". Be careful not t o get your equipment and clothing wet. If you have c o f f e e , t e a , sugar, honey, broth o r anything t o make the water t a s t e b e t t e r , i t does help. People drink more when the water t a s t e s good. The warm drink provides heat and fuel t o the body, he1 ps keep the s p i r i t u p and g i v e s you something t o do as you wait.
O h , i t i s not summer? I t i s winter and -20" F. Not t h i s again. N o w what? All the water in the world i s s o l i d a t -20" F. Not so! Some i s l i q u i d and some i s in the a i r . In the winter you have a number of choices .

I
I

If you have a stove or f i r e , you can melt i c e or snow. Since you a r e by the r i v e r , you have i c e . I t i s much more e f f i c i e n t t o c o l l e c t i c e and melt i t r a t h e r than snow. You get more l i q u i d with i c e f o r the Energy you expend from your body and stove. If possible c o l l e c t the i c e . Be sure t o t i e the knife t o your w r i s t when c u t t i n g i c e so you do not drop and l o s e your knife under the i c e . Bring the i c e i n t o your s h e l t e r and l e t i t warm u p . W h y waste fuel g e t t i n g i t t o room temperature. Then heat i t t o boiling f o r t h r e e t o f i v e minutes. Shake the pot t o add oxygen. To d i s i n f e c t the water add halazone t a b l e t s o r iodine, nine drops per quart. Allow i t t o s e t t l e t o remove the sediments. Adding charcoal from the f i r e will remove any bad t a s t e i f the water i s allowed t o s e t f o r 12 hours. If you a r e by a warmer and e a s i e r t o diameter hole in the will percolate r i v e r o r l a k e , t r y c o l l e c t i n g l i q u i d water t h a t i s heat than i c e . Take your knife and chip a one-foot i c e . Many times i f the i c e i s not too t h i c k , the i n t o the hole.

r , w a t e r

D o not e a t snow o r suck on i c e i f you a r e cold and expect t o make heat. You will use more Energy me1 t.ing the snow o r i c e than e i t h e r will provide in Energy t o you. Ice molecules must be broken u p t o make l i q u i d water. This takes 80 c a l o r i e s per gram of water.
=

1 gram of i c e , 32" F. consumes 80 c a l o r i e s t o melt + 1 c a l o r i e t o heat

1 gram of water, 32" F. consumes 1 c a l o r i e t o heat
=

1 gram of water, 33 " F. 1 gram of water, 33" F.

D o not t r y t o suck or l i c k a piece of very cold i c e , i t will freeze t o your tongue.

The Inupiat always c a r r i e d a waterbag with them when they traveled. I t was t i e d around the neck and kept warm inside the parka. When they were t h i r s t y , they would drink and r e f i l l the bag, which was usually made out of a seal f l i p p e r , with water, snow o r i c e , c l o s e i t u p and p u t i t back inside the parka. A s they walked the excess body heat would melt the snow o r ice and heat the water. A small canteen can do the same thing. What i f you haven't g o t a canteen? I f you can find a piece of f l e x i b l e , waterproof m a t e r i a l , i t can be folded o r bent i n t o a container. Water can be heated over a flame, b u t i f your container i s inflammable, t r y putting hot items i n t o the water. Heat pieces of metal o r rocks and drop them i n t o the cold water. After several attempts, the water will begin t o b o i l . You can melt snow o r warm water on sunny days by placing the snow or water on a dark colored piece of p l a s t i c o r t a r p .

Another way t o col l e c t water i s by condensation. Water molecules a r e in the a i r even a t low temperatures. Cold objects cause t h e water molecules t o c o l l e c t and f a l l out as dew and f r o s t . Your vehicle i s a n excellent c o l l e c t o r of water. I f you a r e not by a r i v e r o r lake, you can take a windshield wiper o r scraper a n d go over the vehicle c o l l e c t i n g dew or f r o s t in a container. D e w i s l i q u i d and f r o s t will melt quickly. Both a r e pure water as they come from the a i r , although they may pick u p some d i r t from the vehicle. Rifles a n d metal harpoons have even been used t o keep people a l i v e while l o s t or stuck on the sea ice. D o not 1 ick off the dew or f r o s t . Your tongue will freeze t o the cold metal. I f there a r e sharp edges you may a l s o cut your tongue o r l i p s a n d bleed. If you a r e on ocean i c e , you have a d i f f e r e n t problem. You must s e l e c t which i c e i s fresh i c e and which i c e i s s a l t y . You will learn best by doing i t . If you l i v e near ocean i c e , go c o l l e c t d i f f e r e n t kinds of i c e , and melt a n d t a s t e them. There a r e sources of fresh water i f you a r e out on sea i c e . One was j u s t mentioned, c o l l e c t i n g f r o s t and dew from cold objects. Another method i s t o c o l l e c t the snow which has recently f a l l e n or blown onto the ice. Look on the downwind s i d e of ridges, icebergs o r cracks. Melt

t h i s snow as i f y o u were on l a n d . It may have a s l i g h t s a l t y t a s t e due t o t h e ocean s p r a y o r c o n t a c t w i t h t h e new s a l t w a t e r i c e . The t h i r d s o u r c e o f f r e s h w a t e r i s o b t a i n e d b y m e l t i n g "good" i c e . T h e r e a r e t h r e e k i n d s o f i c e t h a t q u a l i f y as "good" i c e . One i s g l a c i e r i c e . I t was f r e s h snow t h a t f r o z e , was p i c k e d u p and f e d i n t o t h e ocean It i s o f t e n t h i c k e r than t h e surrounding and d r i f t e d t o where y o u a r e . i c e and i s b l u e i n c o l o r . A n o t h e r "good" i c e i s sea i c e t h a t i s s e v e r a l y e a r s o l d . A f t e r a f e w summers t h e s a l t m i g r a t e s o u t o f t h e i c e as i t warms. The r e s u l t i s i c e t h a t i s f r e s h w a t e r . It i s u s u a l l y c l e a r o r b l u i s h i n c o l o r and i s o f t e n t h i c k e r t h e n f i r s t y e a r o r s a l t y i c e . The t h i r d s o u r c e o f "good" i c e i s i c i c l e s .

Plastic sheet

You can make f r e s h w a t e r from s a l t w a t e r b y u s i n g a s a l t w a t e r s t i l l . The trouble w i t h a s a l t water s t i l l i s t h a t i t t a k e s t i m e , equipment and s u n s h i n e .

Rock -Barrel Can

Salt

The p r o o f i s a l w a y s i n t h e t a s t i n g . C o l l e c t wha't y o u t h i n k i s p r o p e r i c e . A g a i n , do n o t t a s t e i t b y p u t t i n g y o u r t o n g u e on i t . M e l t t h e i c e and do t h e t a s t e t e s t . As w i t h t h e r i v e r w a t e r , j u s t t a k e a Salt mouthful a t f i r s t . S p i t i t o u t i f i t i s s a l t y and go t r y a g a i n . w a t e r w i l l remove w a t e r f r o m y o u r body. T h i s w i l l l e a d t o d e h y d r a t i o n , f u r t h e r h e a t l o s s and more p r o b l e m s . One l a s t s o u r c e o f f r e s h w a t e r i n t h e A r c t i c i s y o u r b r e a t h . E a r l i e r , use o f y o u r hood was d i s c u s s e d and how t o c o v e r y o u r head t o conserve heat. It was m e n t i o n e d t h a t y o u r s c a r f o r r u f f w o u l d c o l l e c t i c e . T h i s i s f r e s h w a t e r f r o m y o u r l u n g s t h a t i s f r e e z i n g as i t h i t s the outside world. Beards and mustaches a r e n o t o r i o u s f o r c o l l e c t i n g ice. D o n ' t l e t t h i s f r e s h w a t e r go t o w a s t e if y o u have no o t h e r s o u r c e . P u l l i t from y o u r r u f f o r s c a r f , p u l l i t f r o m y o u r h a i r and p u t i t i n y o u r "canteen". The k e y t o Energy i s t o c o n s e r v e . Do n o t b u i l d a s i x - r o o m snow cave. Do n o t o v e r h e a t o r sweat. Once y o u have y o u r s h e l t e r b u i l t and s i g n a l s o u t , r e s t . Sleep. Move when y o u f e e l c o l d , b u t j u s t enough t o g e t warm. Rest again. Hank I r e l a n o f t h e M i d n i g h t Sun Boy S c o u t C o u n c i l f e e l s one i t e m i n e v e r y s u r v i v a l k i t s h o u l d be a s m a l l book t h a t one would n o t m i n d r e a d i n g o v e r and o v e r . Many h o u r s o f j u s t w a i t i n g , q u i e t l y p a s s i n g t h e t i m e away i s o f t e n p a r t o f a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n . Save Energy. B e f o r e y o u r move i n t o a c t i o n , t h i n k a b o u t what y o u want t o do t o i m p r o v e y o u r s i t u a t i o n .

Orientation
Be aware when you t r a v e l . Kenneth Toovak o f t h e Barrow Search and Rescue s t a t e s t h a t when he goes o u t , he always s t o p s once he i s o u t o f town, b u t where he can s t i l l see i t . He s e t s o f f h i s snowmachine and checks t h e temperature, snow c o n d i t i o n . w i n d d i r e c t i o n . which wav t h e m a j o r o r l a r g e d r i f t s r u n and which way t h e new, s m a l l d r i f t s run. He t h e n n o t e s a t what a n g l e s he w i l l c r o s s t h e d r i f t s and remembers t h a t on h i s way back, he w i l l c r o s s them j u s t opposite. I n Barrow, t h e l a r g e d r i f t s u s u a l l y r u n N.E. t o S.W. This gives you a natural compass. What are the predominate winds i n y o u r a r e a ? T h i s i s a l s o a good t i m e t o check t o see what l i g h t you w i l l have while traveling: sun h i g h o r l o w , f u l l moon o r j u s t y o u r h e a d l i g h t . The sun can be an a i d i n knowing where you a r e . Above t h e A r c t i c C i r c l e , shadow s t i c k s and o t h e r d i r e c t i o n a l d e v i c e s d o n ' t always work. There a r e some b a s i c p o i n t s t o remember about t h e sun i n t h e A r c t i c . The sun i s i t s h i g h e s t i n t h e s o u t h , and i t s l o w e s t i n t h e n o r t h . The f a r t h e r above t h e A r c t i c C i r c l e y o u a r e , t h e more days o f 24-hour d a y l i g h t o r darkness t h e r e a r e . I n mid t o l a t e March and September, t h e sun r i s e s i n t h e e a s t and s e t s i n t h e west. Time and sun p o s i t i o n w i l l n o t h e l p y o u f i n d n o r t h u n l e s s y o u know i f i t i s a.m. o r p.m. D u r i n g s t a n d a r d time, t h e sun i s i n t h e n o r t h a t m i d n i g h t , i n t h e south a t noon, i n t h e west a t 6 p.m. and i n t h e e a s t a t 6 a.m. O t h e r c e l e s t i a l guides a r e t h e s t a r s , moon and Aurora. These a r e o n l y seen d u r i n g t h e l a t e f a l l , w f n t e r and e a r l y s p r i n g . During the b a l a n c e o f t h e y e a r , t h e sun i s up h i g h enough t o overpower t h e s e l e s s e r l i g h t s . The moon i s h i g h e s t i n t h e s o u t h and may s t a y above t h e h o r i z o n a l l day when i t i s f u l l d u r i n g m i d w i n t e r . The s t a r s a r e g r e a t p o i n t e r s . Every Alaskan s h o u l d know t h e B i g D i p p e r and t h e N o r t h S t a r . They a r e on t h e s t a t e f l a g . k and t h e s t a r s a r e o u t . Go o u t t h e v e r y n e x t t i m e i t i s d a ~ er e r the t h e B i g D i p p e r . The two s t a r s a t t h e enc o f t h e D i ~ ~ a pointers. Follow t h e i r l i n e f i v e times above t h e D i p p e r and y o u w i l l f i n d t h e N o r t h S t a r . T h i s s t a r i s always above I f you never l e a r n t h e N o r t h Pole. I t has a n o t h e r s t a r , l e a r n t h i s one. guided people and p o s s i b l y a n i m a l s f o r millenniums. Find

Environment
E i s a l s o f o r Environment. Know y o u r Environment b e f o r e y o u need t o depend on i t . People w i l l l e a r n some t h i n g s a b o u t t h e i r Environment. Where t h e a i r p o r t i s . Where t h e p o s t o f f i c e i s . Where t h e s t o r e i s . Where t h e i r home i s . What more do y o u need t o know t o g e t around y o u r community e n v i r o n m e n t ? S t r e e t names, house numbers and a map may be h e l p f u l , b u t many t i m e s t h e y d o n ' t even e x i s t f o r s m a l l communities. How do y o u l e a r n y o u r way around? Someone shows y o u o r t e l l s y o u o r y o u r 1e a r n by y o u r s e l f . The same i s t r u e f o r t h e Environment o u t s i d e o f y o u r home community. You s h o u l d l e a r n a b o u t t h e Environment i n which y o u t r a v e l . How f a r i s i t between Barrow and F a i r b a n k s ? What course does t h e p l a n e f o l l o w ? Does i t c r o s s r i v e r s , l a k e s , m o u n t a i n s , c i t i e s , v i l l a g e s o r any I n u p i a q landmarks? D e s c r i b e t h e l a n d marks f o r t r a v e l i n g by p l a n e f r o m y o u r home t o t h e n e x t l a r g e r community. Now i f y o u r p l a n e comes down one h a l f h o u r a f t e r t a k e o f f , where w o u l d y o u be? What landmarks would y o u l o o k f o r i f y o u were t r a v e l i n g b y b o a t o r snowmachine? Have y o u t r a v e l e d t o y o u r h u n t i n g o r camping a r e a b y y o u r s e l f ? Could you? There a r e many t h i n g s y o u s h o u l d know a b o u t where y o u l i v e o r work. ,The n e c e s s i t i e s o f 1 i f e depend upon y o u r i n f o r m a t i o n of y o u r Environment. Food, C l o t h i n g and S h e l t e r . Who i s g o i n g t o f e e d y o u t o n i g h t ? Where d i d t h a t f o o d come f r o m and how w i l l i t g e t t o y o u ? What k i n d o f c l o t h i n g do y o u need? What was t h e weather f o r e c a s t f o r t o d a y ? Do y o u know what i s p r e d i c t e d f o r tomorrow? How l o n g w i l l y o u be o u t s i d e ? Have y o u been o u t s i d e t h a t l o n g a t t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e ? What were y o u w e a r i n g ? Was i t warm enough o r t o o warm? Where a r e you going t o sleep t o n i g h t ? These q u e s t i o n s a r e easy t o answer a t home. Answer them now. Answer them a g a i n as i f i t were t h e l a s t t i m e y o u were o u t camping. Answer them a g a i n i f i t were t o d a y , b u t y o u were f i f t y m i l e s f r o m c i v i l i z a t i o n i n a downed a i r p l a n e . Answer them a g a i n as if i t were mid-December and y o u were h a l f w a y between Anchorage and London, England, n o t f a r f r o m t h e N o r t h P o l e when y o u r j e t goes down. Now, how w e l l do y o u know y o u r E n v i r o n m e n t ? D a n i e l Boone, an e a r l y e x p l o r e r o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , once s a i d , " I ' v e n e v e r been l o s t , though I w i l l a d m i t t o b e i n g confused f o r s e v e r a l weeks." T r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e I n u p i a t were m a s t e r s o f s p a c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . They knew, on many l e v e l s , how f a r i t was f r o m home t o camp and t o t h e good duck h u n t i n g area. Space was v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n t h e i r c u l t u r e . I t h e l d t h e same i m p o r t a n c e t h a t t i m e h o l d s i n t h e Western European c u l t u r e . A n o n - N a t i v e w i l l t a l k o f how l o n g i t t a k e s t o g e t someplace. A N a t i v e w i l l d e s c r i b e how f a r i t i s , u s u a l l y " n o t f a r f r o m " a landmark.

The Aurora seems t o move and dance about i n t h e N o r t h e r n s k i e s , b u t i t does have a p a t t e r n . U s u a l l y i t develops i n t h e e a s t and moves west as t h e n i g h t progresses. I t u s u a l l y has bands t h a t r u n p a r a l l e l across t h e sky. These bands w i l l be p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o a l i n e heading t o t h e magnetic N o r t h Pole. A compass w i l l p o i n t t o t h e magnetic N o r t h Pole, b u t n o t t h e geographic N o r t h Pole. The d i f f e r e n c e between these two p o i n t s i s c a l l e d t h e d e c l i n a t i o n . I n Barrow t h e d e c l i n a t i o n i s 27" e a s t o f n o r t h , almost 30" o f f t r u e n o r t h . Therefore, t h e Aurora most o f t e n runs from t h e E.S.E. t o t h e W.N.W. The Aurora i s r e a l l y a c i r c u l a r p a t t e r n and t h e magnetic N o r t h P o l e i s t h e c e n t e r o f t h e c i r c l e .

What i s t h e d e c l i n a t i o n i n y o u r community? How w i l l t h e Aurora r u n i n t h e sky above y o u r home? You may n o t g e t a good answer f o r t h e d e c l i n a t i o n a t y o u r home because much o f t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e A r c t i c , has n o t been mapped f o r magnetic p a t t e r n s .

Weat h e r
Another t o p i c o f importance i s weather. When can you expect good o r bad weather? Going camping on December 2 1 s t f r o m Barrow i s n o t a wise idea. F i r s t , i t i s t h e d a r k e s t day o f t h e y e a r and t h e sun w i l l n o t be up a g a i n f o r o v e r a month. I t i s a l s o c o l d , u s u a l l y about -20" t o -30" F w i t h c h i l l f a c t o r s h o l d i n g about -50" F. I n February i t i s c o l d e r and t h e c h i l l f a c t o r s a r e lower, b u t t h e sun i s back f o r h a l f o f t h e day. By May i t i s l i g h t 24 hours a day, t h e temperature i s up t o 10" F which i s g r e a t f o r h u n t i n g and g o i n g t o whale camps. By t h e end o f June t h e snow i s gone and t h e w o r l d i s wet. By l a t e J u l y t h e ocean i c e u s u a l l y has gone o u t . September b r i n g s storms and b i g waves. By October t h e ocean g e t s q u i e t and f r e e z e s , t h e l a k e s and r i v e r s have a l r e a d y f r o z e n , and i t i s a qood t i m e f o r n e t s under t h e i c e . In *November t h e sun goes down, b u t - i t i s s t i l l good f o r c a r i b o u h u n t i n g . Make an o u t l i n e o f y o u r y e a r . When i s y o u r f i r s t s n o w f a l l ? When i s break-up? When can you b o a t ? When can you use y o u r snowmachine? What does a south wind f o r e c a s t ? What does a n o r t h wind f o r e c a s t ?

Ice
What do you know about i c e ? The I n u p i a t have o v e r one hundred words f o r i c e and snow. I n t h e p a s t i t was v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o know about t h e Environment i n o r d e r t o s u r v i v e . The book, "Hunters o f t h e N o r t h e r n I c e " , i s recommended as an e x c e l l e n t r e f e r e n c e t o t h e e n t i r e area of s u r v i v a l on t h e A r c t i c Ocean i c e . Much o f t h e same i n f o r m a t i o n can be a p p l i e d t o l a k e and r i v e r i c e .

J'

Glacier Ice icebergs cloudy-blue fresh

River Ice brownish smooth f r e e of snow fresh

Winter I c e 3 - 4 ft. t h i c k small cracks f l a t o r jagged snow c o v e r e d grey o r white salty moist & sticky f o r runners

Polar I c e 30 ft. t h i c k huge c r a c k s 8-15 ft. deep weathered r e 1i e f mou 1ds exposed i c e f a c e s blue color fresh b r i t t l e spl inters slick

Always w a l k w i t h c a u t i o n o v e r u n f a m i l i a r " g r o u n d " . Traditional ly t h e I n u p i a t w o u l d a l w a y s c a r r y a l a r g e p o l e w i t h a p o i n t e d end, an unaak. T h i s p o l e w o u l d b e j a b b e d i n t o t h e i c e ahead o f t h e h u n t e r . If t h e p o i n t b r o k e t h r o u g h , t h e i c e was t o o t h i n and t h e h u n t e r went back P v t h e way he had come. I f t h e i c e was s o l i d , he w o u l d proceed. L i s t e n t o t h e unaak. A s o f t sound means t h e i c e i s weak and a c r i s p sound means t h e i c e i s I f t h e hunter f e l l through t h e ice, the strong. unaak w o u l d keep h i m f r o m f a l l i n g i n a l l o f t h e way.
4
P

r'

Be c a r e f u l a r o u n d a1 1 i c e edges. The ocean u n d e r c u t s i c e b e r g s l e a v i n g t h i n l i p s . Moving f r e s h w a t e r u n d e r c u t s r i v e r and l a k e ice, l e a v i n g t h i n l i p s and overhangs. Always s t a y two t o t h r e e f e e t back f r o m a l l i c e edges.

/ ; I

f?

B o t h ocean and f r e s h w a t e r i c e make n o i s e when moving. L i s t e n t o t h e i c e . Squeaking i c e means r a f t i n g o r d r i f t i n g . A h i s s i n g sound i s t h e s h e a r i n g o r r u b b i n g o f two p i e c e s o f i c e . Rumbling means t h e i c e i s p i l i n g up i n a p r e s s u r e r i d g e o r b r e a k i n g l o o s e . A boom - c r a c k means t h e i c e has s h i f t e d and may move a g a i n . Sea i c e moves. The i c e c a p o v e r t h e A r c t i c Ocean i s n o t one g i g a n t i c hockey r i n k . I t i s an enormous c o l l e c t i o n o f chunks o f i c e . The chunks move w i t h t h e w i n d and c u r r e n t . Some chunks a r e s e v e r a l m i l e s on a s i d e and t h i c k enough t o l a n d l a r g e s u p p l y p l a n e s . Some a r e a s a r e j u s t c o v e r e d w i t h s l u s h o r n o n - r i d g e d s a l t w a t e r i c e . As t h e s e p i e c e s push on each o t h e r t h e y b u c k l e u p and f o r m " p r e s s u r e r i d g e s " , c r a c k s and h o l e s . E x p l o r e r C h a r l e s F r a n c i s H a l l made t h e o b s e r v a t i o n i n 1871 t h a t , "The more I have seen o f t h e a c t i o n o f t h e i c e and p a r t i a l l y

open water, the d e c e i t f u l leads and pools, the more s a t i s f i e d I a m that the man who ventures off land i s in a l l probability s a c r i f i c e d . " If you find yourself on t h e Arctic Ocean i c e , t h i s i s the only time you would be advised t o move away from your vehicle. The conditions of your movement a r e important. If you a r e on a large chunk of i c e with your vehicle and supplies and the wind i s NOT blowing offshore, s t a y where you a r e . I f you a r e on broken o r piled i c e o r on a small piece, you have no equipment a n d t h e r e IS an offshore wind blowing, s t a r t moving toward land. Avoid g e t t i n g out on the sea i c e unless you a r e with people who know how t o survive on i t . As you t r a v e l , t e s t the i c e in f r o n t of you. If i t i s black or dark, i t i s new i c e and t h i n . D o not cross t h i s i c e . I f i t i s greyish o r white, t e s t i t and proceed c a r e f u l l y . Check the area in f r o n t of you f o r cracks t h a t a r e snow covered. A f a l l i n t o a crack can mean a badly sprained ankle o r knee or a broken l e g . I f you hear the ice crack, spread your weight and go back. Walk with your legs a p a r t o r p u t your pole forward t o make a t r i p o d . Use the pole t o help d i s t r i b u t e your weight. I f the i c e i s very t h i n , l a y f l a t and crawl on your belly or r o l l t o s a f e t y . Try not t o get wet, b u t remember, wetting the surface of your clothing i s b e t t e r /than a d u n k in t h e ocean.
P

W e have been working u p t o the big problem. What i f you f a l l in? N o w you have real l y done i t . Arctic Ocean water freezes a t 27" F. So there you a r e , shocked as the i c e gave away and you went a l l the way under. Some people would d i e of a heart attack due t o the cold s t r e s s and shock. B u t you are healthy and strong. What i s the f i r s t thing you do? Airway, ~ r e a t h i n g , c i r c u l a t i o n , ~eg-rees. If there i s a c u r r e n t , you could be swept under the ice. D o not l e t t h a t happen! Keep your Airway open! Hold on t o the edge of your hole. Keep your head above water. I t i s cold. Keep Breathing. You need t o get out soon! I f you have a knife, pick o r any sharp o b j e c t , p u t one in each hand. Figure out which edge of your hole i s lowest t o the water. P u t one arm u p on the i c e and sink the sharp o b j e c t in the ice. Kick with your f e e t and P u t your other arm u p and over, past your f i r s t arm. Now, p u l l yourself UP. I f the i c e breaks, s l i d e u p on i t as i t will f l o a t you hi,gher.

I f you a r e t r a v e l i n g with companions, warn them t o be careful in ng close t o the hole. All of you could end u p in t h e water.

Another way t o get out i s t o throw one l e g u p on the ice. Use t h i s leg and one arm t o l i f t yourself out and r o l l away from the ledge. This usually works i f your clothing has not soaked through and i s not y e t heavy.

Whew! What a r e l i e f , you a r e o u t of t h e water. B u t w a i t , you a r e soaking wet and i t ' s -20" F. You have no equipment. What a r e y o u - g o i n g t o do? The number one s u g g e s t i o n i s Degrees. Get warm. How wet a r e you? People sometimes go i n and o u t so q u i c k l y t h a t t h e y n e v e r g e t more t h e n t h e s u r f a c e wet. S u r f a c e w a t e r w i l l f r e e z e and i f l e f t on w i l l a c t as a wind b r e a k e r and add i n s u l a t i o n . The I n u p i a t use t o w a t e r p r o o f t h e i r boots by s p l a s h i n g w a t e r on them u n t i l t h e w a t e r f r o z e . If the i c e i s t o o heavy, j u s t h i t i t and i t w i l l break o f f . I f you You a r e slow g e t t i n g o u t , and so y o u a r e soaked through. a r e d o i n g w e l l i n r e g a r d s t o h e a t and d i e t and have some q u i c k energy food, e a t a c h o c o l a t e b a r w h i l e you s t r i p . Take y o u r c l o t h e s and r o l l them i n t h e snow. Snow a t 1 ow temperatures i s v e r y d r y . The snow w i l l b l o t up t h e w a t e r and d r y t h e c l o t h e s . Now b e a t t h e c l o t h e s o r b r u s h them h a r d and p u t them back on. Freeze d r y i n g a t work. T h i s a l s o works i f you g e t wet a l l o v e r , b u t n o t soaked. Go r o l l i n some powder snow and t h e snow w i l l d r y t h e s u r f a c e m o i s t u r e . By t h i s t i m e t h e q u i c k energy food, t h e e x c i t e m e n t and t h e a c t i v i t y s h o u l d have you warm. If n o t , i n c r e a s e y o u r a c t i v i t y and g e n e r a t e more h e a t . Your c l o t h e s w i l l need t o be d r i e d c o m p l e t e l y when you s t o p f o r s h e l t e r . Ifyou t r a v e l w i t h companions, l i f e i s much n i c e r . You c o u l d have been t i e d t o g e t h e r w i t h a r o p e t h a t would have p r e v e n t e d you f r o m b e i n g i n t h e water f o r so long. You were n o t , so t a k e o f f a l l y o u r c l o t h e s . Your companions share t h e i r d r y c l o t h e s w i t h you u n t i l y o u r wet c l o t h e s a r e d r i e d , and t h e n everyone shares t h e newly d r i e d c l o t h e s . Traditional Inupiaq c l o t h i n g i s s t i l l the best f o r t r a v e l over ice. The s k i n c l o t h i n g f l o a t s w e l l and i s l e s s absorbent t h a n most o t h e r materials. I f worn w i t h b o o t s t h a t a r e t i e d o v e r t h e pants, and t h e parka i s t i e d , v e r y l i t t l e w a t e r can p e n e t r a t e t o t h e body.

Another area o f weak i c e t h a t you w i l l need t o c r o s s i s a l o n g t h e shore where t h e shorefast i c e i s i n contact w i t h the acti v e l y moving pack i c e . T h i s area may be v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o c r o s s as t h e i c e i s moved around o f t e n and i s jumbled.

O t h e r s a f e t y p o i n t s t o remember w h i l e on any i c e a r e t o s t a y away f r o m l a r g e i c e b e r g s as t h e y o f t e n s h i f t o r t u r n ; and t o be c a r e f u l around t h e edge o f l a r g e i c e b e r g s as t h e i c e t h e r e i s o f t e n snow covered and weak. Along r i v e r s , t h e i c e i s most o f t e n weak where t h e w a t e r f l o w s the fastest. T h i s i s o v e r s t e e p grades, a l o n g t h e o u t s i d e c u r v e o f a bend and where r i v e r s j o i n each o t h e r o r t h e ocean.

The t r a d i t i o n a l I n u p i a t f e l t t h a t one should n e v e r s l e e p l a y i n g down on t h e i c e . There a r e two good reasons f o r t h i s . F i r s t , i f you l i e down you a r e exposing a l a r g e p a r t o f y o u r body t o t h e i c e which w i l l d r a i n y o u r h e a t and Energy. I f you a r e s i t t i n g , o n l y y o u r f e e t and bottom a r e i n c o n t a c t . Secondly, i c e moves. I f i n t h e m i d d l e o f y o u r s l e e p ,a crack forms r i g h t t h r o u g h t h e f l o o r o f y o u r s h e l t e r , you may have b u t a couple of seconds t o grab y o u r equipment and g e t t o s a f e t y . When i c e i s b r e a k i n g around you, do n o t immediately s t a r t r u n n i n g . Wait t o see i f you a r e threatened. I f you a r e threatened, move t o s a f e t y , b u t no f a r t h e r u n t i l i t i s s a f e r - and t h e movement has stopped. Y O U c o u l d be h u r t worse by r u n n i n g o v e r b r e a k i n g , moving i c e . Once t h e movement has stopped, move t o s t r o n g i c e away from any open water. As was s a i d b e f o r e , a v o i d g e t t i n g s t u c k on i c e .

Mountains
Mountains can cause s e v e r a l problems w h i l e t r a v e l i n g . Airplanes sometimes r u n i n t o them. They b l o c k y o u r view when y o u a r e t r y i n g t o f i n d a landmark, however, t h e y t o o a r e landmarks. They t e n d t o c o l l e c t deep snow.

I f you must be i n mountainous areas where t h e r e i s snow, be aware o f p o s s i b l e avalanches. An avalanche i s t h e sudden, r a p i d movement o f g r e a t masses o f snow down a slope.
There a r e two b a s i c k i n d s o f avalanches, l o o s e snow and s l a b snow. They b o t h occur more o f t e n a f t e r storms, i n areas o f deep snow and as winds i n c r e a s e on slopes o f 30 t o 40 degrees. Look f o r s i g n s of p r e v i o u s s l i d e s such as b e n t o r a c l e a r p a t h on t h e s i d e o f t h e mountain where t h e r e vegetation. Large areas o f v e r y smooth s l o p i n g snow Trees, rock p i l e s and small undergrowth w i l l h e l p decrease t h e chance o f an avalanche. broken t r e e s , o r i s l i t t l e o r no i s a bad s i g n . anchor snow and

I f you f i n d an area where you t h i n k t h e r e may be a chance of a s l i d e , a v o i d t h e a r e a . Go above i t o r w e l l below it.

A l o o s e snow avalanche u s u a l l y occurs a f t e r a d r y snow t h a t f a l l s a t a r a t e o f one i n c h o r more p e r hour. I t w i l l o f t e n times s t a r t off This s l i d e w i l l small b u t then f a n o u t as i t comes down t h e slope. u s u a l l y t a k e p l a c e on a shaded slope. A s l a b snow avalanche u s u a l l y occurs i n mid-day. There may be cracks o r b l o c k s o f snow t h a t move down t h e s l o p e w i t h o u t much expansion. T h i s s l i d e most o f t e n occurs on slopes f a c i n g t h e noon sun. Get o u t o f t h e So here i t comes!! toward t h e c l o s e s t edge o f t h e avalanche w i l l be caught, d i s c a r d s k i s , snowshoes, moving snow w i l l be 1 i k e an ocean wave. i n t h i s f r o z e n b r e a k e r and g e t t o t h e t r y i n g t o body s u r f a 2 0 - f o o t wave.

is card packs and move way!! area. I f you r e a l i z e t h a t you The poles and t r y t o "swim". T r y t o move y o u r arms and l e g s surface. The b e s t example i s

Snow w i l l be t h e most powdery as soon as t h e movement s t o p s . As t i m e passes i t w i l l s e t t l e , pack and g e t h a r d , j u s t as t h e powder snow s h e l t e r does. You must g e t t o t h e s u r f a c e now! Remember Airway.
I f y o u a r e b u r i e d i n m a t e r i a l t h a t y o u can push, make y o u r s e l f an a i r t u b e . Push y o u r hand, arm, s k i p o l e o r r i f l e up t o w a r d t h e s u r f a c e . Also, push an a i r p o c k e t a r o u n d y o u by moving i n any d i r e c t i o n t h e m a t e r i a l w i l l pack. You now have a l i m i t e d A i r w a y . I t i s d a r k and y o u must f i g u r e o u t which way i s up o r o u t and move t o w a r d i t . To f i n d o u t w h i c h way i s up i n an a l l b l a c k environment, use gravity. Drop something i f y o u have t h e space. D i d i t l a n d on y o u r f a c e , o n y o u r f e e t o r on t h e " c e i l i n g " ? I f y o u do n o t have space, s p i t some s a l v i a . I f i t r u n s down y o u r c h i n , up y o u r nose o r f a l l s back i n y o u r eye, y o u now know w h i c h way i s up.

Now y o u must d i g y o u r s e l f o u t . T h i s can be done by s t r i p i n g o f f t h e t o p of y o u r " p r i s o n " and p a c k i n g i t on t h e f l o o r . S l o w l y y o u w i l l move up and o u t . T h i s i s hard, e x h a u s t i n g work which must be done quickly.
S. T. 0. You a r e o u t ! You a r e c o l d , shook and f u l l o f snow. A , B, C, D, E. Get t h e snow o f f y o u and o u t o f y o u r c l o t h e s . You a s K e l T e r - p a F t i a l l y made a l r e a d y i n y o u r escape t u b e . You s h o u l d y o u r k n i f e , matches and what e l s e ? Were y o u w i t h o t h e r s ? You can f o r them, b u t remember n o t t o o v e r e x t e n d y o u r s e l f . You need t o y o u r energy.

P., have have look save

Be c a r e f u l , t h e snow w i l l be c o m p a c t i n g and s e t t l i n g f o r a t l e a s t an hour. A v o i d a v a l a n c h e a r e a s !

Animals
Animals a r e p a r t o f t h e Environment. The b i g g e s t concern i f y o u a r e on t h e A r c t i c i c e o r a l o n g t h e c o a s t i s t h e p o l a r bear. You want t o a v o i d p o l a r b e a r s and NOT a t t r a c t t h e i r a t t e n t i o n . A traditional I n u p i a q method of c h a s i n g p o l a r b e a r s away was t o b a r e t h e c h e s t , and f o r women t o a l s o shake t h e i r b r e a s t s a t t h e b e a r s . Don't laugh too P o l a r b e a r s do n o t l i k e t h e s m e l l o f p e o p l e and b y hard, i t works! b a r i n g t h e c h e s t , t h e body o d o r i s - r e l e a s e d . I n t h e mountains t h e r e a r e brown bears. Brown b e a r s w i l l a v o i d p e o p l e i f t h e y know p e o p l e a r e around. So make n o i s e , so y o u do n o t s u r p r i s e a brown bear, by w h i s t l i n g o r by p u t t i n g s t o n e s i n a t i n can and t y i n g t h e can t o y o u r be1 t. Walrus u s u a l l y a r e n o t a problem, b u t i f y o u p r o v o k e them t h e y w i l l a t t a c k y o u r b o a t and can e a s i l y f l i p i t b y ramming i t o r by l o c k i n g t h e i r t u s k s on t h e gunnel. Foxes u s u a l l y c l e a n up around camps, however, t h e y do c a r r y r a b i e s . I f y o u see a f o x and i t i s a c t i n g s l u g g i s h , seems f r i e n d l y o r a t t a c k s a n y t h i n g t h a t moves, do n o t l e t t h i s a n i m a l b i t e you. K i l l i t and b u r y t h e body. Do n o t e a t o r even t r y t o s k i n i t . Owls, j a e g e r s and hawks a l l f r e q u e n t t h e A r c t i c . I n t h e summer t h e y n e s t . T h e i r eg s a r e v e r y good t o e a t , b u t beware. These b i r d s a r e h u n t e r s . I f y o u o t h e r t h e ~ rn e s t s , t h e y w i l l a t t a c k you. Jaegers

?I

have a knack o f swooping down and p e c k i n g a t a p e r s o n ' s eyes. P r o t e c t y o u r f a c e , neck, arms and s h o u l d e r s if y o u d e c i d e t o go r a i d i n g these b i r d s ' nests

Plants
P l a n t s a r e a l s o p a r t o f t h e Environment. The I n u p i a t have used t h e p l a n t s o f A l a s k a ' s N o r t h Slope f o r c e n t u r i e s . The f a r t h e r s o u t h you t r a v e l t h e more v a r i e t y t h e r e i s . The book, " W i l d E d i b l e and Poisonous P l a n t s o f Alaska" i s a good r e s o u r c e book. Ask y o u r f a m i l y o r f r i e n d s what p l a n t s t h e y have used? Do t h e y s t i l l c o l l e c t them? Where? When? Go o u t and c o l l e c t some w i l d p l a n t s f o r a meal. W i l l o w l e a v e s a r e seven t o t e n t i m e s r i c h e r i n v i t a m i n C t h a n oranges. You can f i n d w i l l o w l e a v e s a l m o s t everywhere a c r o s s t h e tundra.

Light
How much l i g h t i s t h e r e i n t h e room where y o u a r e r e a d i n g ? I s t h e r e more o r l e s s l i g h t o u t s i d e ? The A r c t i c has d a z z l i n g l i g h t d i s p l a y s w i t h t h e Aurora, sun-dogs, moon-dogs, i c e "rainbows" made f r o m m o o n l i g h t o r s u n l i g h t and h o u r s o f t w i l i g h t each w i n t e r day.
I f y o u a r e i n a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n i n t h e w i n t e r , i n t h e dark season, y o u have a l i g h t problem. You w i l l have much l e s s l i g h t i n which t o work. M o o n l i g h t i s o f t e n e x c e l l e n t and can be so b r i g h t t h a t y o u can r e a d by i t . The s t a r s and A u r o r a a r e h e l p f u l and f r i e n d l y , b u t do n o t add much u s a b l e l i g h t when y o u a r e l o o k i n g f o r a spark p l u g i n t h e be1 l y o f y o u r snowmachine.

What l i g h t y o u can make i n a f i r e , lamp o r b u l b f r o m a g e n e r a t o r w i l l h e l p y o u t o do y o u r work and c o u l d save you. Could y o u make l i g h t t o work b y i f y o u had t o r i g h t now? Where a r e y o u r matches and c a n d l e s ? How l o n g w i l l y o u r f l a s h l i g h t l a s t when i t i s c o l d ? L i g h t i n t h e summer i n t h e A r c t i c i s u s u a l l y no problem. Being above t h e A r c t i c C i r c l e f o r t h e most p a r t , t h e r e i s u s u a l l y f u l l sun o r good t w i l i g h t a l l summer. Work can be done day round. L i g h t i n t h e f a l l and e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e s p r i n g can be a b l i n d i n g problem i n t h e A r c t i c . W h i l e t h e snow i s on t h e ground, t h e whole w o r l d i s w h i t e . D u r i n g t h e s e t i m e s o f t h e y e a r , t h e sun i s v e r y l o w on t h e h o r i z o n a l l day l o n g . These days become 24 h o u r s l o n g b y l a t e s p r i n g . W i t h t h e sun l o w and t h e w o r l d w h i t e , i t i s v e r y easy t o become snowbl i n d .

Anytime y o u a r e i n snow and sunshine, y o u s h o u l d p r o t e c t y o u r s e l f I t i s easy t o do. I f y o u do n o t , y o u may "sunburn" f r o m snowblindness. y o u r eyes. T h i s c o n d i t i o n can be temporary o r permanent, p a r t i a l o r complete b l i n d n e s s .

T r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e I n u p i a t used snowgoggles, y u q l u k t a k . Yuqluktak were made f r o m wood, bone, i v o r y o r a n t l e r and had a narrow s l i t f o r each eye. Enough l i g h t was l e t i n t o see by, b u t t h e m a j o r i t y was b l o c k e d . Snowgoggles a r e i d e a l and easy t o make. A p i e c e o f cardboard, t a p e o r p l a s t i c can be used. Long h a i r p u l l e d a c r o s s t h e eyes w i l l do i n an emergency. A good p a i r o f d a r k sunglasses w i l l u s u a l l y do t h e j o b , sometimes t h e y need s i d e p i e c e s t o b l o c k a l l o f t h e unwanted l i g h t .

but

Another t r a d i t i o n a l method was t o r u b s o o t on t h e cheek bones and around t h e eyes. T h i s reduced t h e r e f l e c t i o n s and helped p r o t e c t t h e eyes. I t i s a l s o wise t o p r o t e c t t h e I t t o o can be covered w i t h s o o t , nose f r o m b e i n g sunburned. cardboard, t a p e o r p l a s t i c .

I f y o u r eyes do g e t t o o much 1 i g h t , t h e y w i l l b u r n and e v e r y t h i n g w i l l appear d a r k e r . T h i s f e e l i n g u s u a l l y b e g i n s s e v e r a l hours a f t e r y o u a r e o u t o f t h e l i g h t . Your eyes need r e s t . A c o o l , l i g h t compress on t h e forehead and eyes, a l o n g w i t h k e e p i n g t h e eyes closed, w i l l h e l p . Once again, t h e b e s t r u l e i s t o p r e v e n t t h e problem f r o m happening.

Learn about t h e A r c t i c Environment. T h i s i n c l u d e s t h e c u l t u r e of t h e people who have l i v e d i n t h e A r c t i c f o r g e n e r a t i o n s . Learn about A r c t i c l i f e , A r c t i c i c e , astronomy, weather, topography, food, and l i f e s t y l e s . Learn a b o u t y o u and y o u r l i m i t s . How c o l d can you become b e f o r e you a r e t o o c o l d ? How f a r can y o u go f r o m town and s t i l l g e t back on y o u r own? How w e l l can you s u r v i v e ?

T h i s manual was l a i d o u t i n a s i m p l e p a t t e r n t h a t addressed t h e I t i s h i g h l y recommended t h a t i f y o u p l a n t o l i v e basics o f survival. o r work i n t h e A r c t i c , t h a t y o u do s e v e r a l t h i n g s . One. Read t h i s e n t i r e manual. The S p e c i a l S e c t i o n s were n o t added f o r the bulk. The m a t e r i a l was i n e x c e l l e n t f o r m and r a t h e r t h a n r e w r i t e i t a l l , i t was i n c l u d e d i n i t s o r i g i n a l form. Two. You s h o u l d f i n d o u t when t h e n e x t f i r s t a i d c l a s s i s t o be g i v e n i n y o u r community and t a k e i t ! Red Cross teaches d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s of c l asses. The Emergency M e d i c a l S e r v i c e s t e a c h v a r i o u s emergency m e d i c a l c l a s s e s . The H e a r t A s s o c i a t i o n and Red Cross b o t h t e a c h C.P.R. Learn how t o h e l p y o u r s e l f and o t h e r s i n a medical emergency. Three. P r a c t i c e l i v i n g i n t h e A r c t i c . T h i s may sound s t r a n g e , b u t y o u s h o u l d t e s t y o u r s e l f and y o u r equipment. Remember t h e r e s e a r c h e r who c a r r i e d s n o w b a l l s barehanded. You need t o g e t o u t d o o r s . Spend t i m e w a l k i n g , s l e d i n g , b o a t i n g and camping. Learn t h e l i t t l e h e l p f u l h i n t s o f camping i n t h e snow o r even on t h e t u n d r a . Get y o u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n e d t o t h e c o l d . L e a r n t h e d i f f e r e n c e between 0" F and -40" F. Learn how t o t e l l t h e temperature by y o u r b r e a t h o r s p i t . F i n d o u t what y o u r parka, t h a t i s r a t e d t o -25" F, r e a l l y does f o r y o u f a t -25" F. Check o u t ' y o u r b o o t s on a d a y ' s snowmachine r i d e . P a r t i c i p a t e . Ifyou do n o t p a r t i c i p a t e and i f you do n o t l e a r n a b o u t l i f e i n t h e A r c t i c , t h e n you p r o b a b l y w i l l n o t do w e l l i n an emergency s i t u a t i o n i n t h e A r c t i c . Take a l o n g l o o k a t t h i s " I F " Manual. Now, r e v i e w t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e "WHEN" Manual on t h e n e x t page. The "WHEN" Manual i s a l a m i n a t e d c a r d and s h o u l d be p u t i n t o y o u r w a l l e t . Do i t now. "When1' you a r e i n an emergency, c u t i t open w i t h y o u r k n i f e t h a t you always c a r r y . S.T.O.P. Review t h e m a t e r i a l , T h i n k , Observe what you have, P l a n y o u r a c t i v i t i e s and g e t i n t o a c t i o n r The p l a s t i c case can be u s e b a s a s c r a p e r and i f s p r e a d open, i t w i l l h o l d a s m a l l amount o f i c e as i t m e l t s . The paper can be shredded t o be used as d r y t i n d e r . The paper i s b r i g h t c o l o r e d so i t can be used as a s i g n a l . L e a r n about t h i s c a r d and how t o make i t work f o r y o u BEFORE y o u r e a l l y need i t . I f you use y o u r "When" card, p l e a s e send i t back t o t h e H e a l t h Educator, N.S.B. H e a l t h and S o c i a l S e r v i c e s Agency, P.O. Box 69, Barrow, Alaska 99723, w i t h a l e t t e r e x p l a i n i n g t h e d e t a i l s o f y o u r emergency s i t u a t i o n . W e w i l l send y o u a new c a r d and w i l l l e a r n from y o u r experience.

The concept o f , S p i r i t , Mind and Body composing t h e whole i n d i v i d u a l i s c i r c u l a r i n t h o u g h t . Any one p a r t i n f l u e n c e s t h e o t h e r two, which i n t u r n r e a c t . T h i s manual has focused on t h e p h i l o s o p h y t h a t " t h e b e s t p l a c e t o l o o k f o r a hand i s a t t h e end o f y o u r own arm." That hand has f i v e f i n g e r s t o remind y o u o f A, B, C, D, and E. F i v e s t e p s t h a t w i l l a17 s i t u a t i o n s : Circular, a i d y o u r whole b e i n g t o be a b l e t o h a n d l e Five, A l l . C i r - f i v e - a l l , s u r v i v a l . L i f e .

" I n t h e m i d s t o f w i n t e r I f i n a l l y l e a r n e d t h a t t h e r e was i n me an i n v i n c i b l e summer." A1 b e r t Camus.

"WHEN"
STOP THINK OBSERVE PLAN -

Manual
SIGNALS FIRES MARKERS, PILES FLAGS, KITES S. 0 . S.

"Don't Forget Nothin"' Major Rogers, 1781

3
I

3 SHORT 3 LONG
3 SHORT

Snow, Sod, Ditches

ANYTHING LARGE R I F L E SHOTS

S t a y CLOSE t o y o u r v e h i c l e a n d equipment. IMPROVISE! Look around.

L a y down

Improvise. Fortify. Endure. A i r w a y - T i 1 t Head. B r e a t h i n g - Mouth t o Mouth. Cuts C i r c u l a t i o n - C.P.R., Degrees - Save Heat. E n v i r o n m e n t - Make H e a t . -

llspotsyOu.'

XX

m e a n s y o u n e e d HELP. Lay Make equipment out i n X. X i n snow on a i r p l a n e . when a i r c r a f t

I
Clean Close Cover

DO NOT U A V E !

121.5 o n a i r p l a n e r a d i o = r e s c u e . 7700 on a i r p l a n e r a d i o = r a d a r .
Keep e m e r g e n c y b e a c o n o n a n d warm Use m i r r o r , m e t a l o r g l a s s f o r flashing light to aircraft or for sweeping the h o r i z o n .

S T

Convection Conduction Radiation

wind. contact. exposure.

H E A T L 0

Use " s p a c e b l a n k e t " i n roof o f tentlshel ter or hang o u t s i d e as a r a d a r reflector.

0
I

Evaporation - wetness Respiration

s
S T i e a s t r i n g i n t h e grommet and use t h i s card as a s i g n a l . O p e n t h i s " W H E V I.1anual w i t h y o u r k n i f e , read and use.

breathing

P r o t e c t EYES

Make snowgoggles f r o m t a p e , wood, c l o t h , t h i s card. C o v e r , do n o t s u n b u r n nose, cheeks, hands, lips. cheeks, ears. toes, f i n g e r s , 1i p s .

I
C )

P r o t e c t SKIN

U T

E I
Use p l a s t i c c a r d t o s c r a p e f r o s t ana dew. Use as a c o n t a i n e r t o m e l t snow o r ice
E

- Do n o t f r e e z e n o s e ,

1
I
I

"WHEN"
A p p r o a c h H e l i c o p t e r ONLY

Manual

FIRE

Scrape t h i s c a r d o r c l o t h e s with knife for tinder. Gather a l l tinder, kindling f u e l and p r e p a r e an a r e a BEFORE y o u t r y t o m a k e a fire.

C l e a r a l l landi'ng areas and p r o v i d e a wind d i r e c t i o n f l a g f o r a l l a i r craft pilots.

LAMP

Use engine o i l w i t h a small a m o u n t o f 'gas f o r f u e l i n " s e a l - o i l " lamp. Collect o i l while i t ' s s t i l l warm, d r a w o u t w i t h a rag. Use any m e t a l pan, can f o r lamp base. tray or

If possible, l i g h t landing areas with vehicle lights.

SHELTERS

Ventilate a l l shelters. Insulate a l l sides, especially the floor. Use a l l a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l s for insulation. snow i s g o o d . Bank a l l s i d e s w i t h snow t o windproof. LAMP

Use a p i e c e o f shoe l a c e , rope, braided grass, c l o t h o r s t r i n g f o r a wick U s e f l i n t , p y r i t e a'nd m e t a l t o make t h e s p a r k .

D i g u n d e r snow f o r d r y g r a s s , ground willow, o l d animal nests. Use h o t r o c k s t o h e a t w a t e r by p l a c i n g them i n c o n t a i n e r .

D i g down t o g r o u n d f o r B U I L D SHELTER

warmth.

Close t o vehicle. O u t o f w i n d f o r warm th. I n summer, i n t h e w i n d t o keep bugs away. On a d r y a r e a . Small t o save heat. Sharpen k n i f e on l e a t h e r b e l t o r smooth stone.

HINTS

1.
2. 3. 4.

"Be P r e p a r e d " and " D o n ' t F o r g e t N o t h i n ' ! " Take a good f i r s t a i d c o u r s e . Always t e l l a r e s p o n s i b l e i n d i v i d u a l o r an agency where y o u a r e g o i n g on y o u r t r i p and how l o n g y o u w i l l be gone. Always c a r r y on y o u : a s t u r d y k n i f e , a c l e a n h a n d k e r c h i e f o r a t r i a n g l e bandage, t w o b a n d a i d s and a means t o s t a r t a f i r e . Sharpen k n i f e b l a d e s on a l e a t h e r s h e a t h o r b e l t , h o n i n g s t e e l o r on a smooth r i v e r o r beach s t o n e . T r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e I n u p i a t were t o l d t o a l w a y s c a r r y a k n i f e a f t e r d a r k t o defend themselves a g a i n s t e v i l s p i r i t s . It i s a l s o an excellent survival habit. L e a r n l a s h i n g and k n o t t y i n g . Always t r a v e l w i t h o t h e r s , n e v e r a l o n e . o f f a t i g u e , h y p o t h e r m i a and f r o s t b i t e . Everyone t a k e s c a r e o f e v e r y o n e e l s e . Those who do n o t speak-up, s u f f e r most. Check each o t h e r f o r s i g n s

5.
6.

7. 8. 9. 10.

11.
12.

I f i n d o u b t , mimic t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e a n i m a l s i n t h e a r e a . P r o t e c t a l l e q u i p m e n t and s u p p l i e s . Remember, a n y i t e m can have m u l t i p l e uses. T h i n k c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e y o u t h r o w o u t a n y t h i n g . You may need i t l a t e r . I f y o u use someone e l s e ' s c a b i n , r e p l a c e what y o u use and n o t i f y t h e owner when y o u r e t u r n t o town. To a v o i d bugs i n t h e summer, s t a y t o r i d g e t o p s o r h i g h s p o t s as t h e w i n d w i l l b l o w t h e bugs away. Cover b i t e s w i t h mud and D O NOT scratch. S l e d s can be made o f a n y t h i n g l a s h e d t o g e t h e r and g i v e n an i c e covering. C a r i b o u h i d e , i c e d r u n n e r s w i t h f r o z e n f i s h as c r o s s p i e c e s have been used. Use w a t e r , s p i t o r b l o o d f o r g l u e i f i t i s b e l o w f r e e z i n g . B l o o d w i l l a l s o work i n t h e summer a s i t becomes s t i c k y as i t d r i e s . Face t h e f a c t t h a t y o u c a n n o t save everyone i n an a c c i d e n t . Be c a r e f u 1 when m o v i n g an i n j u r e d p e r s o n . He may be f r o z e n t o t h e ground o r m e t a l . I f h i s h a i r i s w e t o r b l o o d y , check t o see i f i t i s f r o z e n and i f i t i s , c u t i t f r e e . To c a r r y an u n c o n s c i o u s p e r s o n o v e r a l o n g d i s t a n c e , use t h e f i r e m a n ' s c a r r y . I f t h e d i s t a n c e i s s h o r t , d r a g t h e p e r s o n . To

13. 14.

15.

16. 17. 18.

19.

c a r r y a conscious person o v e r a l o n g d i s t a n c e , use t h e piggy-back method.

Drag

Fireman's Carry

Piggy-back

Massage was a t r a d i t i o n a l method used t o r e l i e v e p a i n . Body c o n t a c t , warm hands o r warm sand may be used as a h e a t i n g pad. S e t y o u r t e n t o r s h e l t e r doorway away f r o m t h e wind. s n o w s h i r t o r a p i e c e o f m a t e r i a l t o c o v e r t h e doorway. Mark t h e area around y o u r camp w i t h u r i n e and f e c e s . n o t i c e and a v o i d t e r r i t o r y " c l a i m e d " by you. Use a

Animals may

T r a d i t i o n a l l y i t was good l u c k when y o u l e f t y o u r s h e l t e r i n t h e morning t o t u r n r i g h t and walk c o m p l e t e l y around t h e shel t e r . Check f o r t r a c k s , w i n d d i r e c t i o n , damage, weather, b e l o n g i n g s and t h i s a l s o h e l p s t o e n s u r e t h a t one remembers e v e r y t h i n g f o r a t r i p .

A p l a s t i c garbage bag makes a good emergency s h e l t e r . You can use a s t o n e t o help t i e a tarp. You can make a r o p e f r o m a p i e c e o f l e a t h e r by c u t t i n g a 1/4" t o 1/2" s t r i p i n a c i r c u l a r fashion.

7-u"a$/s,i

T r y n o t t o use r o c k s f r o m streams o r r i v e r s i n f i r e s . m o i s t u r e i n s i d e them h e a t s , t h e y may explode. Keep y o u r c l o t h e s d r y . Never p u t c l o t h i n g c l o s e r t o a f i r e t h a n you can h o l d y o u r hand.

As t h e

Hands a r e t h e f i r s t t o go i n t h e c o l d , so i t i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o p r o t e c t them w i t h some t y p e of c o v e r i n g . I n s u l a t e UNDER y o u r f e e t , s e a t and bed. Use i n s e c t r e p e l l e n t r e p e l 1e n t 1a s t 1 onger. on y o u r c l o t h i n g as this

will

make

the

S l e e p naked w i t h o t h e r s as a means t o s h a r e b a g s / b l a n k e t s f l a t and s l e e p two, o r t h r e e p e o p l e a1 t e r n a t i n g t h e c e n t e r p e r s o n .

9

heat. Lay together by

A i r o u t t h e s l e e p i n g b a g s / b l a n k e t s i n t h e m o r n i n g as y o u l o s e one quart o f water a t night. I f y o u become c o l d , move i n t h e bag, b i c y c l e on y o u r s i d e t o warm up, b u t do n o t o v e r h e a t . Keep y o u r f a c e o u t o f t h e s l e e p i n g b a g s / b l a n k e t s . Breath puts w a t e r i n t h e bag w h i c h w i l l make i t c o l d e r b y m o r n i n g . S l e e p w i t h hood o r h a t ON. Keep c o o k i n g u t e n s i l s c l e a n w i t h snow, sand o r ashes. Make y o u r s e l f a chamber p o t l h o n e y b u c k e t . This w i l l e n e r g y of g o i n g o u t s i d e t o go t o t h e bathroom. Note t h e c o l o r o f y o u r u r i n e . d e h y d r a t i n g and need w a t e r .
I f i t becomes d a r k e r ,

save t h e you are

Use f r e s h u r i n e f o r washing. I t i s s t e r i l e , warm and t h e ammonia w i l l c u t g r e a s e and o i l 1.ike soap. Leave y o u r f i r e a r m s i n t h e c o l d . Do n o t b r i n g them i n t o y o u r she1 t e r because t h e y w i l l c o l l e c t m o i s t u r e and f r e e z e when y o u go out. Remove t h e o i l f r o m f i r e a r m s and l u b r i c a t e w i t h g r a p h i t e i n s t e a d o r use d r y .

I f y o u want t o h u n t o r f i s h w h i l e y o u w a i t :
t h r o w s t i c k s sideways f o r a b e t t e r chance o f h i t t i n g . make a s l i n g f r o m a b e l t o r use y o u r shoe t o n g u e f o r t h e p a t c h and t i e i t w i t h a r o p e . carve a f i s h safety pin. hook or use a

make a f i s h s p e a r .

make a b o l o u s i n g p e b b l e s o r lugnuts t i e d i n cloth.

g. 42.

make a knife and spear heads from g l a s s .

You can make lichen soup, b u t i t usually has a b i t t e r f l a v o r . You can smash animal bones, t h a t you f i n d on the tundra, t o powder and boil f o r soup. In the Arctic t h e r e a r e no known poisonous grasses. You can boil the seeds o r kernels f o r porridge. You can a l s o boil the grass i t s e l f f o r soup. Clany people find a survival s i t u a t i o n t o be a r e l i g i o u s experience. What i s your r e l i g i o n ? During the waiting period before you a r e rescued, keep a c t i v e and keep a routine going by making a d a i l y schedule and s t i c k i n g t o i t ! Keep a log including the day, time, cause of problem, who, what shape, weather, equipment, a c t i v i t y , food, e t c . Learn how t o navigate. D o not always be lead; lead the way.

43.

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

You can navigate by the c o l o r of t h e sky. A l i g h t sky IS over snowcovered land. A dark sky IS over open water. If you decide t o move from your accident s i t e , leave a note s t a t i n g the time you l e f t and the d i r e c t i o n you headed. Mark your t r a i l with p i l e s of snow blocks, sod o r s t o n e s , leave a urine t r a i l o r drag something. Collect the o i l from the engine while i t i s s t i l l warm. engine becomes c o l d , t h e o i l will not run. Read your snowmachine manual. repairs. When the

50. 51. 52. 53. 54.

P r a c t i c e emergency s t a r t i n g and

When you travel in the A r c t i c , always c a r r y extra food, clothing and an emergency she1 t e r . Park your snowmachine and s l e d i n t o the wind and p a r a l l e l themsel ves . When snowmachining: a.
b.

to

never t r a v e l snowmachines.

alone,

always

travel

with

at

least

two

do not remove the b e l t guards. do not wear loose pieces of c l o t h i n g . slow your speed when you come t o r i s e s . take e x t r a spark plugs, be1 t s and t o o l s .

c.
d.

e. 55.

To increase t r a c t i o n on a car/truck when i t i s stuck, use rags o r mats, sand, willow boughs, t i r e d e f l a t i o n , cable o r rope wound around the t i r e o r chains.

56.

Know a i r p l a n e c r a s h s a f e t y p o s i t i o n s . Always wear a p e r s o n a l f l o a t a t i o n d e v i c e (PFD) w h i l e b o a t i n g . Do n o t p r a c t i c e d r o w n - p r o o f i n g , y o u w i l l become h y p o t h e r m i c .

57.
58.

59.

I f y o u a r e i n a r a f t a t sea:
t o go w i t h t h e w i n d : clothes f o r a sail. make t h e r a f t h a r d , s i t high, hold

t o go a g a i n s t t h e w i n d : make t h e r a f t s o f t , s i t low, d e c r e a s e w i n d r e s i s t a n c e and p a d d l e . do n o t d r i n k s a l t w a t e r . s t a y d r y and keep t h e r a f t d r y by s p o n g i n g w i t h c l o t h , etc. t i e p e o p l e and equipment t o t h e r a f t on r o u g h seas. i n s u l a t e between t h e f l o o r and y o u . p u t u p a c o v e r t o save h e a t . rags,

EOU I PMENT

P Personal - What you should carry on y o u j l a t a l l times.

pock+

1. A good sturdy,aknife(that opener and a screw

one blade t h a t locks open, a metal can bandage,)

/'

2. A clean handkerchief o(triangle

3.
4.

Two large bandaids.

A way t o make f i r e : a 1 i g h t e r , matches pr "metal match". /I,/;

Your functioning brain f u l l of survival knowledge.

a-rl/?rvrf

r4-/

5.

Travel - What you should carry with you when you t r a v e l . 1. F i r s t Aid materials. Kit. B e sure i t contains tweezers and absorbent Be careful of packing the k i t with items t h a t freeze.

2.
3.

Small survival stove. Signaling material: flares. surveyor's tape, whistle, mirror or small

4. 5.

Survival s u i t or small s h e l t e r . Quick energy food and water in a container.

6.

A t r i p plan f i l e d with Public Safety, Search and Rescue or with a responsible friend.

Vehicle - What you should carry in your vehicle when you t r a v e l . 1. Larger signaling reflectors. material: flares, smoke and light, flag,

2. Rope, repair tools and materials, towing materials and t i r e chains.

3.

Extra clothing: socks, gloves, hats and sunglasses. Food and u t e n s i l s . Small t e n t .

4.
5.
6.

Map, compass, the knowledge t o use them and the knowledge of the area.
Sanitary a n d hygiene supplies: napkins, sealed wet towelettes. Water bucket. Shovel . t o i l e t paper, tissue, feminine

7.
8. 9.

10.

S l e e p i n g bag o r b l a n k e t s . I n a b o a t a l s o c a r r y an a n c h o r , e x t r a l i n e and o a r s .

11.

A s l e e p i n g bag can be u s e d i n a c o m f o r t a b l e o u t i n g o r i n a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n . When c o n s i d e r i n g a bag f o r t h e A r c t i c , keep i n m i n d t h a t i t s h o u l d have a p r o t e c t i v e pad t o keep y o u o f f o f t h e ground, be m u l t i p l e l a y e r e d t o p r o v i d e maximum c o m f o r t i n a v a r i e t y o f t e m p e r a t u r e s , have a hood, be c l o s a b l e a t t h e neck and b e a l u m i n i z e d t o r e f l e c t body h e a t . T e n t s a r e good i n t h e summer, b u t p r o v i d e l i t t l e h e l p i n t h e w i n t e r . Snow s h e l t e r s a r e r e a l l y warmer and p r o v i d e b e t t e r p r o t e c t i o n f r o m t h e w i n d . D u r a b i l i t y i n a t e n t i s a k e y f a c t o r . Weight i s n o t so i m p o r t a n t u n l e s s i t p r o v i d e s adequate p r o t e c t i o n . C , I ~ ~ , ~ C ! ~ ~ ~ : , S u r v i v a l s t o v e s a r e now v e r y compact. E s b i t makes a s m a l l s t o v e t h a t uses s o l i d f u e l t a b s . Many o u t d o o r e q u i p m e n t s t o r e s c a r r y t h e f u e l t a b s w i t h a m e t a l match and k n i f e , b u t w i t h o u t a pan o r f i r e s t a n d . C l o t h i n g . See what works f o r y o u . L e a t h e r c u t s t h e w i n d b e s t , b u t i s heavy. Down i s l i g h t b u t l o s e s i n s u l a t i o n i n w i n d o r when packed f l a t . Thinsulate i s n i c e b u t n o t very durable. Refrigerator s u i t s are d u r a b l e , b u t b u l k y . Wool i n s u l a t e s t h e b e s t , b u t d o e s n ' t c u t t h e wind. Gloves a l l o w f o r d e x t e r i t y , b u t l o s e h e a t . M i t t e n s a r e warmer, b u t y o u c a n n o t do d e t a i l work w h i l e w e a r i n g them. Three-finger, l i n e d gloves a r e a n i c e combination. H a t s , hoods, head bands, e a r m u f f s and face masks a r e a1 1 worn on t h e same day b y d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e . Vapor b a r r i e r b o o t s , f e l t packs, moon b o o t s , o r mouton socks i n h a r d - s o l e d p o l a r b e a r mukluks o r s o f t - s o l e d c a r i b o u t u t u l u k s . P l a s t i c bags o v e r l i g h t socks i n s i d e o f f e l t packs a c t l i k e v a p o r b a r r i e r b o o t s . A l s o , p l a s t i c bags o v e r g l o v e l i n e r s i n s i d e m i t t e n s a c t 1 i k e v a p o r b a r r i e r g l o v e s . These a r e warm b u t w i l l be w e t i n s i d e and must be d r i e d d a i l y . What do y o u need t o keep warm? A n o t h e r i t e m t h a t i s recommended i s a s u r v i v a l s u i t . These a r e no l a r g e r t h a n two sandwiches and o n l y w e i g h a b o u t an ounce. They come i n d i f f e r e n t s t y l e s and c o l o r s . The A l e r t S u i t i s aluminum i n c o l o r . The S.A.S. i s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Orange and c o v e r s t h e e n t i r e body. A s u r v i v a l s u i t s h o u l d be c a r r i e d w i t h y o u whenever y o u go t r a v e l i n g i n t h e A r c t i c : f l y i n g , b o a t i n g , d r i v i n g o r snowmachining. I f y o u do n o t need t o wear i t , i t can b e used as a s i g n a l . Remember t h e g i r l i n w h i t e on t h e t u n d r a ? I F she w o u l d have had on a s u r v i v a l s u i t , she would have been s p o t t e d b y t h e r e s c u e team. These s u i t s c o s t a b o u t t w e n t y d o l l a r s a t the present time. F o r A d d i t i o n a l I n f o r m a t i o n on Equipment: Survival S u i t Manufacturers S.A.S. P o l a r S u i t W i t r e c o AB P.O. Box 123 S-334 00 A n d e r s t o r p Sweden

ALERT Suit Suite 7 0 0 311 Cal i forni a Street San Francisco, CA 94104 Mini-Stove Esbit (made in Germany) Warm1 ite RFD 4 Box 3 9 8 Gilford, NH 03246 Sleeping Bag: Aluminized Triplebag with Internal Down-filled Air Mattress

Wa rml it e RFD 4 Box 398 Gilford, NH 03246

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Survival A i r Force Manual: Search and Rescue S u r v i v a l Department o f t h e A i r Force (Washington, D.C.,

1969).

Down B u t Not Out Royal Canadian A i r Force (Ottawa, Canada, 1975). Mawson's W i l l Lennard B i c k e l ( ~ e w York: Avon Press, 1978). One S u r v i v e d Ed F o r t i e r (Anchorage, Alaska; Alaska Northwest Publ i s h i n g Co., 1978). To B u i l d A F i r e Jack London Wild, E d i b l e and Poisonous P l a n t s o f Alaska Cooperative E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e ( F a i r b a n k s , Alaska, 1966). Philosophy and Cul t u r e A d a p t a t i o n t o F r i g i d Zones by A r c t i c Peoples He1ge Larsen (Copenhagen, Denmark: F o l k Vol

23, 1981).

Hunters o f t h e N o r t h e r n I c e Richard K. Nelson (Chicago: U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago Press, 1969). Shadow o f t h e H u n t e r R i c h a r d K. Nelson (Chicago: U n i v e r s i t y o f Chicago Press, 1980). Tao: A new Way o f T h i n k i n g Chang Chung-yuan, ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1977). The B i b l e Moses, e t a l . (Germany: Gutenberg Press, 1460). The Eskimo o f N o r t h Alaska Norman Chance ( ~ e wYork: H o l t , R i n e h a r t and Winston, 1966). The N o r t h Alaskan Eskimo Robert Spencer (New York: Dover Publ i c a t i o n s , 1976).

STATE OF ALASKA
HYPOTHERMIA AND COLD WATER NEAR D R O W N I N G PROTOCOLS HYPOTHERMIA:
GENERAL POINTS:

A. The evaluation and treatment of hypothermia whether wet or dry, on land o r water, i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same. Therefore, the following discussion does not s p e c i f i c a l l y distinguish between chronic and acute, or wet and dry hypothermia.
B. In the cold p a t i e n t , a r e c t a l temperature i s one of the v i t a l signs. In terms of the ABC's, think:

A B C D

- Airway - Breathing - Circulation

- Degrees

C. "Low Reading" thermometers a r e important in the care of the hypothermic p a t i e n t . Regular thermometers a r e useless and probably dangerous in t h i s s e t t i n g .

D. Obtaining a temperature i s important and useful f o r t r e a t i n g hypothermia. However, there i s tremendous v a r i a b i l i t y in individual physiologic responses a t s p e c i f i c temperatures. In a d d i t i o n , there will be times when a low reading thermometer i s not available. Therefore, these guidelines a r e not based on the p a t i e n t ' s measured temperature.

E.

Axiom:
1. 2. 3.

With the hypothermic p a t i e n t , THINK HEAT. N o cold I.V.'s. N o cold v e n t i l a t i o n therapy. N o cold treatments of any kind.

F. Unheated oxygen should not be used f o r the hypothermia victim because i t will add cold t o the victim. Attempt t o administer warm, moist oxygen i f possible.
G. W e must, a t l e a s t , prevent f u r t h e r heat loss a t the core. This can only be done by insulating the e n t i r e p a t i e n t , plus adding heat t o the "core areas" (head, neck, c h e s t , and g r o i n ) .

H.

Add heat gradually and gently:

(The term "add heat" i s used r a t h e r than "rewarm" because often the p a t i e n t i s n o t actually.any warmer with the addition of heat, b u t r a t h e r only a f u r t h e r decrease in core temperature i s minimized.)
1.

Apply external warm objects t o the head, neck, chest and groin. Use: a.
b.

Hotwater b o t t l e s . "Warm packs" (chemical heat packs must be used with great care so as not t o burn the p a t i e n t ' s skin, e.g. wrap i s a towel and watch c a r e f u l l y ) . Warm rocks wrapped in towels.

c.

d.

Warm bodies, e t c .

2.

Administer warm, moist a i r or oxygen.

Do n o t ever t r y t o cool the extremities or use tourniquets or I. other occlusive dressings.

J. B e wary of statements or actions while working on patients who These patients frequently remember are unconscious or requiring CPR. what i s done and said and i t can produce severe psychological problems This statement applies equally well t o warm and cold later on. patients.
K. I t i s absolutely necessary t h a t you preplan how you will handle these problems and who will be in charge; and t h a t you are familiar with the appropriate equipment.

L. A note on transport: Air travel in Alaska i s obviously favored. B u t i f a i r travel i s n o t possible, other types of transport should be u t i l i z e d , such as snowmachines, dog teams, c a r s , and especially boats in areas with water access.
M. The inside of the ambulance and any rooms where such patients are treated should be "room temperaturen--approximately 65 t o 72 degrees F. [18 t o 22 degrees C . ] .

HYPOTHERMIA:

FIRST RESPONDERIGENERAL PUBLIC

Assessment of Patient
1.

Severe Hypothermia: If the victim i s cold and has any of the following signs or symptoms, he i s considered t o have severe hypothermia: a.
b.

Depressed v i t a l signs.

A1 tered 1 eve1 of consciousness, incl uding slurred speech, staggering g a i t , decreased mental s k i l l s .
Temperature of 90 degrees F. 1 ess .
( 3 2 degrees C . )

c.
d.

or

N o shivering in s p i t e of being very cold. (Note: This sign may be altered by alcohol intoxication.) Associated s i g n i f i c a n t i l l n e s s or injury that i s present or t h a t may have permitted the hypothermia t o develop.

e.

2. Mild t o Moderate Hypothermia: If the victim i s cold and does not have any of these signs or symptoms, he i s considered t o have mild t o moderate hypothermia.
B.
Basic Treatment f o r Hypothermia 1. 2. Treat very gently. Remove wet clothing. Replace with dry clothing or dry coverings of some kind.

3.

Insulate from t h e cold.

Add heat t o the head, neck, c h e s t , and groin externally ( s e e H under "general Points" on page SS-10, S S - l l ) , o r i n t e r n a l l y , i f a system f o r breathing warm moist a i r i s a v a i l a b l e . Avoid attempts t o warm the extremities.

4.

Note: In r e a l i t y , when prehospital personnel add heat, they r a r e l y a c t u a l l y r a i s e the core temperature. Rather, they succeed in preventing a f u r t h e r decrease in core temperature. I f the core temperature in a very cold p a t i e n t were raised s i g n i f i c a n t l y , e l e c t r o l y t e , acid-base and dehydration problems could occur. D o not rub o r manipulate the extremities. D o not give coffee o r alcohol. D o not p u t p a t i e n t in a shower o r bath. Warm f l u i d s can be given only a f t e r uncontrollable shivering stops and t h e victim has a c l e a r level of consciousness, t h e a b i l i t y t o swallow, and evidence of rewarming a1 ready. I f severe hypothermia i s present, t r e a t as above and t r a n s p o r t t o a higher medical f a c i l i t y . I f there i s no way t o get t o a higher medical f a c i l i t y , rewarm the p a t i e n t slowly, cautiously and gradual l y with methods indicated i n H under "General Points" on page SS-10, SS-11.

C.

Treatment f o r Severe Hypothermia with N o Life Signs Requi red)

(CPR

Provide basic treatment as indicated in Section B above. c a r e f u l l y assess t h e presence o r absence of pulse o r r e s p i r a t i o n s f o r one t o two minutes. I f no pulse o r r e s p i r a t i o n s , s t a r t CPR. Use mouth-to-mouth r a t h e r than baglmask breathing. Obtain a r e c t a l temperature i f possible. If you a r e l e s s than 15 minutes t o a higher medical f a c i l i t y , do not bother trying t o add heat. I f you a r e g r e a t e r than 15 minutes t o a higher medical f a c i l i t y , add heat gradually and gently ( s e e Section H under "General Points" on page SS-10, 55-11).
I

Reassess the physical s t a t u s periodically. Transfer t o a higher medical f a c i l i t y in a l l cases.

D.

Treatment f o r Severe Hypothermia w i t h Signs o f L i f e ( i . e . Pulse and R e s p i r a t i o n s P r e s e n t ; CPR Not Required) 1. 2. P r o v i d e t r e a t m e n t as i n d i c a t e d i n S e c t i o n B above. If you a r e g r e a t e r t h a n 15 minutes t o a h i g h e r medical f a c i l i t y , add h e a t g r a d u a l l y and g e n t l y (see S e c t i o n H under "General P o i n t s " on page SS-10, SS-11. T r a n s f e r t o a h i g h e r medical f a c i l i t y . GENERAL POINTS

3.

COLD WATER NEAR DROWNING:

A. Anyone submerged l o n g .enough t o be unconscious and/or r e q u i r e CPR, who has been under w a t e r l e s s t h a n one hour, s h o u l d be s e n t t o t h e hospital

B. I f t h e person has been under w a t e r f o r more t h a n one hour, no a t t e m p t a t r e s u s c i t a t i o n s h o u l d be made. C. I f i t i s n o t known how l o n g t h e person has been under water, we should c o n s i d e r them t o have been under w a t e r l e s s t h a n one hour. D. There i s no d i f f e r e n c e between f r e s h and s a l t w a t e r n e a r drowning r e g a r d i n g outcome o r t r e a t m e n t . E. These p r i n c i p l e s a p p l y t o any near drowning, n o t j u s t those i n c o l d water. The d i f f e r e n c e between warm and c o l d w a t e r i s t h a t i n submersions g r e a t e r t h a n 6 m i n u t e s , t h e chance f o r s u r v i v a l i n warm w a t e r i s much l e s s t h a n i n c o l d water. The c o l d e r t h e water, t h e b e t t e r t h e chance f o r s u r v i v a l . F. Because t h e l e v e l o f c o l d n e s s i s r a r e l y profound (below 85 degrees F./30 degrees C.) i n c o l d w a t e r near drowning, t h e hypothermia aspect of t h e problem i s l e s s c r i t i c a l t h a n t h e pulmonary o r c o a g u l a t i o n aspects. Thus, rewarming i s done v e r y c a u t i o u s l y and gradual l y , w i t h o u t t h e need f o r i n v a s i v e techniques such as p e r i t o n e a l l a v a g e o r AV shunts.
G. Many near drowning v i c t i m s d i e o f disseminated i n t r a v a s c u l a r c o a g u l a t i o n , not p r o b l ems.

a p a r t i c u l a r t y p e of f r o m t h e i r pulmonary

COLD WATER NEAR DROWNING: Eva1 u a t i o n and Treatment

FIRST RESPONDER/GENERAL PUBLIC

1. I t i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o c l e a r t h e a i r w a y w i t h any o f t h e s t a n d a r d maneuvers, b u t no s p e c i f i c maneuvers a r e mandatory t o expel w a t e r from t h e l u n g s . Do n o t do t h e H e i m l i c h maneuver on these patients. 2. 3. CPR must be s t a r t e d immediately. Assess c a r e f u l l y f o r a s s o c i a t e d i n j u r i e s .

4. F o l l o w t h e f i r s t responder s e c t i o n on Hypothermia ( e x c e p t f o r t h e two m i n u t e p u l s e check) f o r a d d i t i o n a l t h e r a p y as needed. (See pages SS-11, SS-12, SS-13)

BE ALERT AND LIVE AROUND THE HELICOPTER SAFETY TIPS FOR PASSENGERS The h e l i c o p t e r i s n o r m a l l y v e r y s a f e b u t must b e approached w i t h c a u t i o n . Those a r e a s w h i c h p r e s e n t a h a z a r d s h o u l d be a v o i d e d a t a l l times.

Tail Rotor

Baggage Compartment

Skid
5

Cabin Doors Radio Antenna

ROTORS CAN KILL

H e l i p a d a r e a s s h a l l be k e p t c l e a r o f a l l p e r s o n n e l , cargo, hazardous a r t i c l e s , o r p e r s o n a l b e l o n g i n g s whi 1e t h e he1 i c o p t e r i s approaching o r l e a v i n g t h e h e l i p a d .

I/

Approach and leave t h e h e l i c o p t e r i n a crouched position and always within view of t h e p i l o t . Never towards t h e r e a r of t h e h e l i c o p t e r .

On uneven ground always approach and leave on t h e downhill s i d e . Never on t h e uphill s i d e .

All equipment such as s k i s , survey rods, t o o l s , e t c . must be c a r r i e d h o r i z o n t a l l y below waist l e v e l . Never upright o r over shoulder. Any 1oose a r t i c l e s of c l o t h i n g ( s c a r v e s , caps, hard-hats, m i t t s , goggles, e t c . ) must be properly secured before approaching or leaving t h e h e l i c o p t e r . Keep a t i g h t g r i p on loose a r t i c l e s .

Fasten s e a t b e l t and keep fastened u n t i l p i l o t s i g n a l s t h e b e l t may be undone. L i f e j a c k e t s must be worn when o p e r a t i n g over water. w i l l i n s t r u c t you on i t s proper use. Your p i l o t

Smoking i s forbidden in or near the machine when i t i s on the ground. Ask p i l o t f o r approval t o smoke in f l i g h t .

DO NOT SLAM DOORS

CARGO

Cargo should be loaded and unloaded carefully and n o t thrown, dropped, or jammed in cabin. Hazardous cargo may only be loaded in accordance with regulations. Your pilot will advise you how he wants the weight distributed. Make sure your p i l o t knows the true weight of the cargo. D o n ' t guess. Firearms must be inoperative and handed t o the p i l o t for safe keeping. Make sure load i s secure. Never leave loose a r t i c l e s or ropes on cargo racks. Never throw anything around a helicopter L A N D I N G PADS Clear area t o ground level within 15 metres of landing pad t o give main and t a i l rotor clearance. Pad should be 4 metres square and be level and firm. If s o f t ground use poles or t r e e trunks under skids. Poles must be secured so they cannot move.

When d i r e c t i n g h e l i c o p t e r t o l a n d s t a n d a t edge o f c l e a r e d a r e a w i t h back t o wind. Stay i n p i l o t s v i s i o n . Ensure s u f f i c i e n t a r e a c l e a r e d f o r main and t a i l r o t o r .

Wind Direction

'I

PRECAUTIONARY AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

I f y o u do n o t Your crew w i l l i n s t r u c t y o u on s a f e t y p r o c e d u r e s . u n d e r s t a n d a n y t h i n g do n o t h e s i t a t e t o ask y o u r crew. They w i l l show y o u where t h e Emergency equipment, r a t i o n s , and l o c a t e r beacon are. I f f o r c e d down s t a y w i t h t h e a i r c r a f t u n l e s s y o u know y o u can r e a c h h e l p b e f o r e an a i r search f i n d s you. Your p i l o t has f i l e d a f l i g h t n o t i f i c a t i o n and an a i r s e a r c h w i l l be i n i t i a t e d when t h e a i r c r a f t becomes overdue.

Be p r e p a r e d t o a t t r a c t s e a r c h a i r c r a f t u s i n g f l a r e s , smoke, s i g n a l mi r r o r s , o r o t h e r a v a i 1 a b l e means. MAKE CRASH SITE AS CONSPICUOUS AS POSSIBLE Read c a r e f u l l y t h e s u r v i v a l book i n t h e emergency k i t b e f o r e u s i n g equipment o r r a t i o n s . F o l l o w i n s t r u c t i o n s c a r e f u l l y . THINK! PANIC I S YOUR WORST ENEMY You a r e f l y i n g i n a proven h e l i c o p t e r o p e r a t e d by a competant and h i g h l y t r a i n e d crew. Make s u r e t h e p i l o t u n d e r s t a n d s c l e a r l y what y o u want h i m t o do. I t w i l l h e l p h i m t o d e c i d e t h e b e s t way t o h e l p you. I f t h e . p i l o t says NO! d o n ' t push him. He i s t h i n k i n g o f y o u r s a f e t y .

DOWN B U T N O T

OUT

SHELTERS

Royal Canadian Air Force O t t a w a , C a n a d a , 1975

Arctic Shelters
Tools. T h e combination snow saw-knife in your survival kit o r a snow knife is essential to survival north of the tree line. With it you can cut snow blocks t o build yourself a shelter.

Snow Saw-Knife

Material. T h e snow from which the snow house is built is in a firmly packed and frozen form which has several characteristics not often encountered south of the tree line. I t is solid enough that a cubic foot block will support the weight of a man, yet it can be cut, sawed, o r split with ease. Eve11 in the Arctic only a small percentage of the snow is suitable for snow house building. First look around f o r an area where snow-drifts are deep enough to permit cutting snow blocks from a vertical face. This will require a depth of nearly two feet. T h e snow should be firm enough to support your weight with only slight marking by footprints. Probe into the snow with your saw-knife o r a long quarter-inch rod. T r y to find a place where the resistance to the probe indicates a n even firm structure, f r e e of harder o r softer layers. When you find a spot, probe around to ascertain whether enough good snow is available. I t is well worth hunting f o r an hour to find proper snow as you will save the time during snow house building. If snow of sufficient depth to cut vertical blocks cannot be found it will be necessary to cut them from the flat surface o f the snow. This is time consuming and requires a much larger area of snow, and the snow house will have to be built higher, beause it cannot be dug into the drift.

The Fighter Trench

T h e first roofing snow block is out shorter than the others, in order that the succeeding blocks will overlap, each supporting the next.

If time does not permit building an igloo, the survivor should for the first night erect a fighter trench. It c a n be built easily and quickly with minimum work for the result achieved. If a large drift of snow at least three feet deep is available, the shelter can be made by cutting large vertical blocks f r o m a trench just wider than the sleeping bag and long enough to accommodate t h e one o r two builders. T h e snow blocks are stood o n each side of the trench.

Commencing the Roof T h e remainder of the roof blocks are placed in a similar manner. In a two m a n trench an entrance door is placed halfway down the trench, opening into a roofed over square pit which allows room for cooking and removing clothing before entering the sleeping bag. Be sure t o cut a ventilating hole in the roof and have a good snow block handy t o close the entrance at night. If snow depth permits, a pit o r "cold well" should be d u g o u t just inside the entrance t o provide a lower heat level. This will also ease the problem of dressing and undressing. Cutting the Snow Blocks When the trench is completed a notch is cut malong each side t o provide non-slip support for the snow block roof.

The End Block

The Trench The Finished Fighter Trench

A tri;lngular hlock is placed at one end of the trench as a support for the first snow block of the roof.

I f n o deep snow drifts can be found, a trench style shelter c a n be erected by building a wall of blocks enclosing the shelter area. This wall is then roofed over with large slabs which are hollowed slightly o n the inside, after erection, to f o r m a n arch.

When you have found a good snow-drift, lay o u t the floor plan. T h e Eskimo does this by eye, but he has had a lot of practice. Draw a circle centred o n the best snow, with the approximate diameter as follows: One m a n Two man Three man Four man Five m a n

8 feet 9 feet
10 feet 12 feet

13 feet

Now, begin t o lay in a supply of snow blocks. Cut them f r o m the face of a trench, laid o u t as shown.

Trench Style Sheller T h e fighter trench while a good emergency shelter is too cramped to permit much movement without dislodging the frost o n your clotbing and sleeping bag, and in time you will become d a m p without a good means of drying out. This is why you should begin your igloo as soon as you can. T h e Igloo T h e word "igloo" is of Eskimo origin, and in that language it is a general word f o r "house" o r "shelter". I n this manual it will be used t o mean the domed snow house, similar t o that used by some Eskimo groups particularly in the central Arctic. T h e Eskimo igloo is the ideal winter shelter in the Arctic. I t is solid, sound-proof, and wind resistant, and it is large enough for comfort. T h e r e are a few building techniques which must be mastered but n o one of these is particularly difficult. Once the method is learned, the igloo will almost invariably be the shelter used in an emergency.

Begin cutting blocks by digging out a clear vertical face at A-B, with a width o f about 46 inches and a depth of about 20 inches. Smaller blocks are no1 much easier to cut, and igloo construction is slower and more dimcult with them. With your snow saw-knife, cut a slot at each end of the block, about two inches wide and the full depth of the block.

Even at this early stage, the block might fall in, except that it i , supported by the face of the notch and the top of the previous blocks.

Carving the Spiral Bearing Surfaces of the Block

T h e block must bear only at areas A. B, and C. I t should not, bear a t D o r E or it will pivot and slip. All blocks from this point on, until the key block, are set in this manner. Continue cutting blocks from within the igloo circle, fitting them as you go. Don't use blocks less than three feet long or eighteen inches wide if you can help it. Lay small blocks aside for later use in snow bench and doorway building. The slope of the block, which of course governs the shape of the igloo, is estimated by eye. T h e block is raised into place and the joints are trimmed until the block settles into position. When the third row is under construction, the slope will enough to make careful filthg essential. Each block bears in three positions only. The remainder of the joint can gape wide, touch, but these three faces must carry the load to jam in the be great the same or almost block.

Commencing the Second Row If you are a southpaw, cut the slope the other way. Now fit the next block, leaning it inward so that its inner face is roughly tangential to the dome.

Section Inride Woo

A firm tap downward at C as shown by the arrow will drive the block into final position, seating at A, B, and C, when it need no longer be supported. Carry on building, block by block. You will find that the increasing slope of the igloo wall will of course increase the tendency for the block to fall in, but this is compensated by the increasing angle between the A-B axis of the successive blocks as the diameter of the opening decreases. Building actually becomes easier toward the finish, as the blocks will jam firmly into pl,ace. When you run out of snow block snow inside the igloo, cautiously cut a small door as far down ,the wall as you can, tunnelling underneath ro make enough space for the outside workers to push in more building blocks. T r y to keep the curve of the walls symmetrical and avoid a pointed igloo, because the high ceiling would reach the limiting warmth before the sleeping bench gets its share of heat.

Inward P r e w r e T h e tendency to rotate inward around A-B is resisted by pressure between the upper third of the faces of the new block and the previous block. This face must be radial to the igloo centre, o r the previous block may be displaced. When fitting snow blocks on the A-E-C method described, the block should be lifted into position and the joint fitted roughly, with the faces in contact and the block supported by the left hand. If the snow saw-knife is run between the new block and the previous one and the kerf pushed closed, then a slight undercut on the under face at the end nearest the previous block will leave the joint supported at A and C only.

Incorrect

Correct

Inward Pressure Bearing Surfaces

It is surprising how flat a n arch can be built, using the spiral technique. The last few blocks will be almost horizontal, but if you remember the A-B--C fit. they won't fall. When the remaining hole in the roof is small enough to permit doing so, a key block is fitted. After what you have been doing, this is easy. The edges of the hole should be bevelled a t about IS degrees from the vertical.

The Snow Wall

Fitting the Key Block

Fill
Cross-section of Sleeping Shelf T h e hole should be longer than it is wide, t o permit passing t h e key block up through, then j~rggling it into position. T h i s is tricky, b u t n o one ever seems to fail. Ry judicious use of your snow knife, cut away the block, letting it settle slowly into position. You have built your igloo!
Making the l ~ l o o Habitable

Doo r

Across the floor. about o n e third of the way back from the door, build a snow wall about 20 inches high to conserve warmth.

This will f o r m the front of your sleeping shelf, which will raise you into the warm air trapped ,above the door. Shove all the loose snow in the igloo behind the wall t o form the shelf. Break u p lumps and blocks to soften the bench and to provide better insulation. Level the bench top carefully. At each side of the door leave o r erect little benches allowing about 20 inches of leg room between the sleeping shelf a n d bench.

banking

A @ @

( (

Sleeping

Door

Bench

\-, \
, .

'\

1 2 " :

change

Igloo Cross-section Plan View of Igloo

This is the kitchen and heating .area. I t must be reasonably close t o t h e bench to permit the cook and l a m p tender to reach it without rising f r o m the sleeping bench. Chink the dome of the igloo carefully with powder snow, which wben packed firmly into the open seams will soon harden and stop loss of w a r m air from the igloo. If you plan a short stay, chink only t h e outer seams. but for a better job d o both inside and outside joints. Y o u may throw loose powdery snow o n top of the igloo t o a c t as chinking, but not s o much as to add t o the weight of the roof. Y o u may bank the bottom row of blocks t o prevent wind driven snow f r o m causing erosion.

If a high wind is blowing, the drifting snow c a n erode the wall of the igloo very rapidly. A snow wall should be erected to act a s a wind-break, and any broken hlocks can be piled against the windward wall t o protect it f r o m the cutting effect o f the drift. N o w , with the igloo chinked, the door cut in and the sleeping bench completed, all YOU need t o d o before moving in is to clear o u t all loose snow. T h e bench is first covered with caribou skins ( o r other insulation) and the sleeping bags are then unrolled and placed, heads t o the entrance, side by side.

All snow and frost must be removed from hides, bedding, and clothing before they are placed o n the sleeping bench.

A Suggested Floor Plan of the Igloo

Pots can be suspended f r o m pegs driven firmly into the walls above the fat lamp (koodlik) o r the primus stove. Drying racks made by forcing sticks into the walls above the heat sources will serve the following purposes. ( a ) Drying of clothing from which all snow, ice, and frost have first been scraped. Never melt snow o n garments-always scrape it off.

( b ) Thawing of frozen rations which d o not need cooking. This requires quite a long time.
( c ) Protection of the igloo wall and roof f r o m melting.

Persons entering the igloo for a stay of longer than an hour o r so, after removing mukluks and snow f r o m garments, should get up o n the sleeping bench, o u t of the way. T h e cook, usually a t the right-hand bench, has the primus stove, under which is a piece of cardboard f r o m a ration box t o prevent it f r o m melting into the shelf and tipping. H e m a y also have a koodlik, if f a t is available, for slow cooking. O n e m a n should be responsible f o r adequate ventilation-keeping the vent holes in the d o m e and door open enough t o avoid risk without freezing the occupants. Carbon monoxide is insidious and dangerous. During the day the door is left open. At night it is closed by a snow block which should be chinked and a ventilation hole should be bored through the upper part. T h e more fumes being generated, the larger must be the aperture. Don't wait until the lamp won't burn properly a n d you begin to feel groggy before letting in air. I t is dangerous, and it isn't necessary at all. If the roof hole does not draw properly because of wind. a snow chimney c a n be made by setting a perforated block over the hole. T h e left-hand m e n remain o n the bench, assisting in cooking and maintaining their koodlik. I f this l a m p is burning animal fat it requires only moderate attention. Lubricating oil is not s o easily used, as the flame smokes easily and the wick needs m o r e frequent attention. A little animal f a t dissolved in the lubricating oil makes a big improvement in the flame.

I f the group finds the igloo cluttered with odds and ends not needed at the moment, a miniature igloo can be built against the outside wall, and a doorway cut through to form a cache. Keep the entrance low to avoid loss of heat. N o w that you a r e in residence, the igloo will warm u p rapidly. If the inner walls start to glaze, form ice. and drip. you a r e overheating. T a k e corrective action before icing develops; cut down the heat if you must. Frying, baking, o r broiling have n o place in igloo living. Boiling a n d stewing are easier and prove very satisfactory. Canned goods m a y be heated in the can by bringing them unopened to a boil in a pot of water which completely covers them. Use the pressure cooker o r a tightly covered pot to avoid steam. Never place an unopened can over direct heat! This makes a fine b o m b o r grenade, and even a fool rarely makes this mistake twice! T w o good meals a day, breakfast and the main meal in the evening, avoid loss of the working day. A snack at noon will not bring activity t o a halt f o r more than an hour o r so. Body heat is derived f r o m food intake, s o eat all your ration and supplement with fish whenever possible. Eat fats rather than burn them if the supply is low. A diet of meat is good for you. despite some stubborn superstition to the contrary. Vilhjalmur Stefansson lived f o r a full year o n meat alone to prove this point. If you are forced to live solely o n the products of the chase, you must eat flesh, fat, liver, and every edible part to ensure that you don't suffer f r o m dietetic deficiencies.

T h e Eskimo fat burning lamp, o r koodlik, has provided heat f o r comfort and cooking f o r thousands of years, giving a quiet and pleasant light and warmth t o t h e native home. Properly tended it does not smoke o r smell, and it can be controlled to give more o r less heat on demand. I t was carved laboriously f r o m soap-stone in the form of a shallow pan of half-moon shape. T h e straight edge of the lamp was bevelled to support the wick, made of arctic cotton o r moss. Seal oil o r caribou f a t was used as fuel. T o avoid its melting into the snow shelf and to keep it w a r m enough t o render fat, it was supported o n short sticks driven into the shelf.

A snow block (Kovik) may be kept o n the floor for use as a chamber-pot after the snow block door is closed for the night. T h e user is responsible for its sanitary disposition.

Section Through Tin Can Koodlil Y o u can improvise a fat lamp o u t of any Rat pan, such as a ration can. If you have fat t o burn, all that is required is a piece o f heavy cotton, linen cloth, o r absorbent cotton for a wick and a sloping r a m p to support it. Y o u c a n burn lubricating oil in a fat lamp, but the flame will smoke more readily, and the wick will have to be trimmed more carefully to keep the flame below the smoking point. When the lcvel of the oil drops, the flame may follow it down the wick, causing furlher smoking. A simple damper, made of the tin foil from a tallow candle o r a piece of sheet metal, will prevent this, and will permit clogcr control of the flame. A few drops of aircraft fuel used with caution will aid in lighting the wick. Never try t o burn a volatile fuel in the koodlik-you would be far too successful, and you might find yourself in trouble. Don't be the first m a n to b u m down an igloo!

The Koodlik

dunked their feet very quickly so only the outermost layer got wet, then blotted the drips in dry, fluffy snow. After the ice coating was hard they were free to walk in water all day. I was lucky. That's a confession, not a boast. Eskimos have so little use for luck that they don't even have a word for it. They don't leave survival to chance. At birth, an Eskimo child knows no better than any other human how to survive extreme cold; survival tactics are acquired skills. And these skills work for anyone, as the Army found out when it started using Eskimo methods to train soldiers. Although the Eskimos learn how to live in, and like, the cold through cultural traditions-stories and legends that indirectly teach them what to do in every life-threatening situation-their daily survival is based on a few central ideas. And if you learn them, they just may save your life. The essence is a simple premise: Stay warm and avoid cold. It is a physiological fact that cooling off is easy for humans, while warming up takes work. And the thermal imperative is uncompromising: 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or else. We have only two ways of obtaining heat. We can absorb it from the environment-a fire, another body, hot rocks-or we can generate it internally through metabolism. In the Arctic, these rules boil down to three strategies for staying warm. We can move somewhere warm, south like the whales and migratory birds. We can increase metabolism by voluntary exercise or involuntary shivering, neither of which we can sustain very long. And we can increase our insulation. Most wild s p e z s will try that first. The problem with people is that we left most of our fur somewhere back in the tropics; when we try to raise our feathers, all we can produce are goose bumps; and our blubber is in all the wrong places. But the Eskimos have taken these strategies and refined them into day-to-day survival techniques: the right insulation, the right food, and the right state of mind.

of the extremities. If you neglect the core, your hands and feet (the usual order of freezing is a rhyme: fingers, toes, heels, and nose) are at risk: The core automatically sacrifices the perimeter to save itself, redistributing blood flow from the skin to feed the center. The surest way to keep your hands and feet warm, then, is to keep your core well satisfied. It doesn't work in reverse; you can pile all the insulation in the world on your hands, and if the core is cold, you'll still get frostbitten. How warm should the core be kept? The Eskimo woman knows. "If you can't sit down and fall asleep any time you're outdoors," says bush pilot Bud Helmericks, "you're not dressed right. You shouldn't have to keep moving to stay comfortable." Your outfit doesn't need to be expensive to be warm; loose layers of old wool sweaters will serve as well as an expedition parka. You lust need a warm core, a way to COO^ off so-vou won't sweat. and. i f vou're reallv wise. sewing "A needle and thread is a blessing to a perion out in the chd," Helmericks says. "That tear in your pants is pretty serious when it means your leg might freeze." There's another way to add insulation when you're caught

Insulation: Heating the Core

n Eskimo woman is caught out oil the tundra by herself in a a half-mile snowstorm, from home. she realizes she can't reach it in the whiteout, she sits down on a snowcovered hummock with her back to the wind. As she sits, the heat from her body melts the snow underneath her, and Wanzing herself" for not Iuving foreseen - .-this dan~erous condition. she removes her mittens and sits on them. She sl&s her arms out her sleeves, tucks the sleeve-ends inside her belt, and continues to sit with her arms folded across her chest inside her parka. After a while she leans forward and goes to sleep.. . .

The problem with people is that we left most of our fur somewhere back in the tropics, and when we try to raise our feathers, all we can produce are goose bumps.

1'

out in the cold for a long time, and the Eskimos learned it from Arctic animals. A cold ptarmigan flies smack-dab into loose snow and makes a roost at the end of the tunnel. Rabbits, better adapted for digging, excavate holes in the snow, hunker down, and go to sleep with just their heads poking out. Forget trying to build an igloo or following the diagrams for a snow cave when you need more insulation. You need shelter, not architecture. Just burrow into a drift, or pile up a mound of. snow and crawl in.

of

Inner Fuel: Outwitting Starvation

he Eskimo woman sits and sleeps on the tundra, wait in^ - for. the storm to blow over. she isn't cold enough to shiver, and although as an Eskimo she has a slightly higher metabolism than the rest of us, she is burning very few calories. She is hungry only for a short while at the eild of the first day. If she needs inner fuel, however, she has the best possible reserve to draw from. She has been eating high concentrations of fats and oils all her life, and the fat in her system helps her through the lean times. b

One reason that the Eskimo woman, whose story is told in Vilhjalmur Stefansson's Arctic Manual, is not worried about falling asleep is that she is dressed like a polar bear. Her fur is heaviest around her torso, thinner at the extremities, and nonexistent at the end of her nose. Her double-layered fur-in, fur-out parka keeps her core warm, and if she overheats she can loosen her belt and,'push back her hood, creating a "chimney" for cool air to circulate. That way she never perspires in her clothing, and by staying dry she stays warm. Traditional Eskimo clothing is designed with a basic rule take care in mind: If vou keep the body core warm, that h e l ~ s

"The length of life under the conditions of starvation generally depends upon the quantity of fat present in the organism at the start," writes Walter B. Cannon in The Wisdom of the Body. The colder it is, the quicker you burn fat. 1was complaining to a Fairbanks businessman who is also an Athabascan Indian that I felt cold all the time. He asked me how many salmon sticks I put in my pocket when I went out. He said his grandfather never left the house without salmon sticks in his pocket. As soon as I switched from low-cal lunches to smoked salmon, fruitcake, and peanut butter I was appreciably warmer and much happier. "You talk to people who are cold all the time," says Patty Friend, a long-distance dog musher, "you key in to what they eat, and you find they're usually watching their weight or limiting their intake of fat." It's not required that you eat fat-glucose wiU do, and you need potiin, too. he advantage of fat is that it packs more calories to the ounce and stays with you longer. You tend to "blow off" other foods, according to a climber who takes canned tuna packed in oil, powdered whole milk, and plastic bottles of honey up Mount McKinley. In The can&-i cook, an Alaskan relative of the Foxfire series to be published by Doubleday early next year, there is a story about an Eskimo woman who is feeding her sick husband the breast meat from a ptarmigan. Every day she snares a ptarmigan and gives her husband the breast while she eats the back. He eats more and grows weaker; she eats less and is strong.'Maybe there's medicine in the back, she thinks. She divides the next ptarmigan along the back, lengthwise, giving each of them some lean from the breast and fat from the back. Her husband recovers and "she finds out for herself" how to divide animals so two people can survive on one. Her husband was suffering from something called rabbit starvation. "It's still known among most people of the North," Bud Helmericks says. "It means that no matter how many rabbits you ate, you could still starve to death." Rabbit starvation applies to lean meat of any kind, Helmericks says, "because you can't digest lean meat alone. It sets up a protein imbalance that takes the fat right out of you, and as soon as the fat is gone, you die." Another phenomenon the Eskimos know all about is something called plate fright-fear of food that doesn't look like food-and overcoming it can make all the difference when you're out in the bush. A Canadian Indian man is said to have survived 13 days on flesh he cut from his thighs. Not many years ago an Eskimo family was found lying together, near starvation, after they'd eaten all but their most essential clothing. I once saw a soldier demonstrate how to survive in the bush by squeezing the guts out of a rabbit the way I might strip the last drop of water out of a wet sleeping bag. He started at the neck and worked down until the guts dribbled out the anus. He stirred around in the pile of ooze at his feet with his finger, found the heart, and popped it into his mouth. He lifted his chin so we could make sure he swallowed. The specific skill he was showing us was how to gut a rabbit without a knife, but the more important hurdle was the psychological one: overcoming plate fright.

nowing how to take in liquids in the,Arctic is at least as vital as knowing what and how to eat. Soon after I arrived in Alaska, the person I trusted and respected most said she never went out without a thermos of hot coffee, tea, or hot water, and when she made me a sled bag in whch to carry my own thermos, I took it as an article of faith. I never- went out without a thermos, but I kind of missed the point. I thought the liquid was the important part, and the warmth a luxury. On a snowy day I got lazy and left with cold cider in my thermos. At the end of the trail I had a Iong, refreshing drink. I gasped. My shoulders caved in and I h&ched over on the sled. I felt the warmth in mv chest dissolve. If anvbodv had been there they would have seen me turn blue. I had been metabolically poleaxed. It would have been a disaster if I'd been cold, exhausted, or otherwise weakened. Bud Helmericks recalls an old Indian man telling him about track soup, which is a little like the rule of having a hot thermos. "When you're really up against it, Bud," the old Indian man said, "when you don't have anything else, you just gather up the tracks of a rabbit or a ptarmigan and boil them up and drink that. That'll help you a lot." Helmericks remembers looking skeptical. "You know an animal can smell those tracks," the Indian explained, "so there's something - in them. That warm track soup will help you." The trick to track soup, of course, is the liquid and the warmth. The rule is never eat snow; melt it. Even a handpacked slush ball is better than snow. Eskimo hunters never go out in the boats without a water skin warming under their parkas, and they always carry some kind of cup when they travel inland. Bernard Assiniwi, Cree Indian author of Survival in the Bush, says you can forget the tea, you can forget the coffee, but whatever you do, don't forget the pot, unless you're an expert in making birchbark baskets. He puts the pot ahead of guns and below a copy of his book in order of usefulness. If, however, it's ever a choice between eating snow and not taking in any fluid, the doctors say eat the snow. It's a trade-off. It can take more calories than you can afford to melt the snow inside your system, but-you can't live without water.
2 ,

Psychology: Loving the Cold

he Eskimo zvoman is not cold. She sits on her hummock in the third day of the blizzard, waiting for the whiteout to clear. She is calm and has not zoasted the tiniest breath of energy. She has paid attention to the stories of her elders, remembers the rules for survival, and kilows they work as perfectly nozo as they have for the past ten thousand years. She knows, for instance, that it is safe to sleep, and that she'll wake up the m i h e she's hilled. When

hunters are caught out alone, they sleepsitting up, e z m 111 a shelter. If you lie down and become too comfortable,yorr'll sleep too long n11dfail to notice a change in the wind, a shift in the ice, or a wet place or1 your clothing. She can endlire sitting still for hours because slie has done it before in the time of sewing, when women sit for days, sewing, fdling asleep uhere they sit, waking and sewing more clothing for the spriug hunting. She has practiced silence. She is calnl and unafraid because her religioii teacl~esher thnt she is a part of nature, a small beirig in a hnrmonious riniverse that includes the cold, the wind, the sea, the plants, and the animals. Nature is often kind to humans, but it has 110 reason to favor them over the mountains or the rock;. It is willing to assist those u h o respect it.
The Eskimo woman has a good chance of surviving the blizzard because she is psychologically prepared for it, and that's the most important cold-survival skill of all. If you can keep your head-and your spirits-you'll probably come out alive. The Eskimos know that, and their native customs foster mental a@ty and cheerfulness. Gloomy, unstable people are traditionally shunned in the Far North, and the stereotype of the "happy" Eskimo has some basis. Case studies support the Eslumos' instincts, showing that optimists make better survivors, while pessimism can be lethal. Eskimos are also habitual problem solvers, and problem solving is pleasurable, says Michael Graf, a clinical psychologist in Fairbanks. It brings a sense of mastery, confidence, and self-esteem-prime ingredients for survival. f you don't have the Eskimos' background of acceptance and general optimism, being in the cold can be more difficult. Oppressive cold doesn't drive people berserkthat's a result of cabin fever. Instead, cold that distracts you from your purpose, drains your body, preys on your mind, and erodes your will is sedating. "You close down, you're not motivated to move," says Richard Possenti, a psychology professor at the University of Alaska. He says the emotional stresses of survival-isolation, fear, boredom, sensory deprivation, and fatigue-compounded by the physical impact of cold, leads to a "general withdrawal into oneself." Pretty soon, he says, you feel helpless and you give up. It's almost the same thing as brainwashing. Your resistance is worn away; you're susceptible to your own darkest thoughts and especiaIly vulnerable to the negativism of others around you. This destructive element manifests itself in a phenomenon some people call Arctic madness. "It amounts to a fear problem," says Dr. William Doolittle, one of Alaska's corps of famous frostbite doctors. Nobody has defined it to his satisfaction, but "everyone would agree that there is such a thng as stupefymg cold. Everyone who has been out in serious cold weather recognizes the effects." The effects are psychological and unrelated to a drop in core temperature or the sensation of cold, according to Doolittle. "It's a terrible, fatalistic thing that happens. There are endless anecdotes of people in cold environments who just sit down and die." A recent case involved a group of trained men who sat around in the cold and talked about death until they convinced themselves they were in a hopeless position. In fact, Doolittle says, "They were not more than ten miles from home and mother," yet they watched the fire go out and waited to be overcome. They were not misfits. Doolittle says, "They were people who all of a sudden recognized something bigger than they were, and they didn't think they could cope with it." There doesn't have to be someone there to talk you into

Arctic madness. You can do it all by yourself, and it can happen more quickly than you can imagine. There is a story about a pilot who was flying over the North Slope when his airplane suddenly quit. He did a neat job of gliding it down on a frozen lake, and there were no signs of damage. According to Air Force instructor Larry Schroeder, who uses this story in his classes on survival, rescuers could tell that "he cracked the canopy back, got out of the airplane, walked around the airplane at least one time, got back in the airplane, took out his .45, and killed himself." They found him six hours later. "When things come unglued and nothing's actually hurt except your pride, I always tell people the first thing t o d o is put up your tent and make a cup of tea," says Bud Helmericks, who wouldn't taxi down the field without his tent, stove, or tea. "As soon as you have a cup of tea made, you're functional. The whole show is won then." It doesn't have to be tea, but it's a good example. You need to put a brake on recklessness caused by adrenalin, and you need a task that's simple, constructive, and harmless. Survival practitioners say it's better to sit for a while than do the wrong things immediately. O n the other hand, they prescribe activity as an antidote to an affliction the Air Force calls passive outlook. Passive outlook is a twist on Arctic madness. Instead of doing nothing because they feel defeated and helpless, victims of passive outlook d o nothing because they've deluded themselves into thinking things are okay. They shrug off the realities and don't do their survival chores. The Eskimos sometimes counteract passive outlook by trying to outwit the "little people." According to health educator Carl Hild, of Barrow, the little people are pranksters like leprechauns. They're curious, and you have to watch out or they'll play around in your camp. You constantly have to check to make sure they haven't spilled your food or put small rips in your clothes. Hunters should always be on guard lest the little people misplace their rifles or hide their knives in the snow. You have to keep track of your things. It's a game and it isn't. In their challenging way, the little people will also help you out of trouble if you're clever enough to solve their riddles. They might come to a hunter who's lost and frustrated. He rouses himself from his snow shelter and finds a set of tracks that weren't there before, or he notices an oddly shaped drift-these are clues from the little people that put him in the frame df mind to start figuring out where he is. He remembers that a fox travels in a certain direction at night or that only a seaward wind makes that shape. Soon he's no longer disoriented. Then the little people go away, and the lost hunter finds his way home.

The Eskimo woman periodically sleeps and wakes up, sits on the hummock, gets u p and walks about to warm herself and relieue her stiffness. She continues to repeat these actions for 72 hours. Then the "three-day blow" subsides, and she walks the rest ofthe way home. She was never afraid, and she was nwer cold.

0
Paula Schiller, a free-lance writer based in the Midwest, workedfor a Fairbanks radio station while learning how not to be cold.