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Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
There are many industrial applications in which a mains failure can cause serious damage, not only to the equipment, but also to the process involved. A common case is information loss caused by the utility shutdown in PCs. Nowadays, new company buildings usually have an uninterruptible power system (UPS) that feeds the equipment of the whole building. However, in many other cases, each individual user has to connect a personal UPS to the computer in order to avoid an unexpected shutdown. There are many commercial products of this type but, in general, all of them are ac UPSstheir output voltage is an ac voltage (sinusoidal, square, trapezoidal, etc.)That substitutes the mains voltage [Fig. 1(a)]. However, the problem can be solved in other ways, i.e., by supplying the dc output voltage of the power supply directly from the battery (dc UPS). This approach is also feasible, especially if there is only one dc output. Moreover, if the nominal input voltage is similar to the battery voltage, the solution can be very simple because the same converter can be used and only some kind of switch should be implemented in order to feed the converter from the mains or from the battery. On the other hand, a power conversion should be done if the battery voltage is different from the nominal input voltage, and the usual way is to use another dcdc converter to transform the battery voltage into one similar to the nominal input voltage. Of course, the other option is to obtain the Output voltage directly from this auxiliary converter. However, if the power supply has multiple outputs (as in a PC power supply) and all of them are completely regulated, the solution is not so simple because the output voltages cannot be directly obtained from the battery unless the whole power stage is duplicated, that isto have two completely different convertersone operating from the mains and another one operating from the battery, and both of them obtaining all the output voltages. Obviously, the size and cost of System will also be duplicated

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Figure 1(a) conventional scheme: ac ups + ac/dc converter (b) Another approach: ac/dc converter with an internal dc ups

This paper deals with the design of a power supply within internal dc UPS that meets all the Advanced Technology extended (ATX) specifications in order to be used as a PC power supply. ATX power supplies have six different output voltages, and all of them should be tightly regulated as shown in Table I. It should be noted that the size specifications are also the same, so that this prototype could fit into the standard chassis of a PC [Fig. 1(b)] power supply. The goal is not to excessively increase the cost in order to offer a new feature (510 min autonomy) at a slightly higher cost than the standard PC power supply cost. It should be noted that this feature could be very interesting if the place where the PC is connected experiences frequent mains Failures. Moreover, from the industrial point of view, it could be interesting to design a modular power supply which could be used for other types of applications and not only for a PC, which is a very specific use. Many other industrial equipment need multi output power supplies but the voltage values can be very different. Therefore, the manufacturer could use the same product for different customers if the output voltages and power ratings can have some adjustment capability. The topology used in this paper is based on the idea of a multiinput converterone input being the ac mains and the other input being the battery. In previous cases, this concept was used with the fly back converter and the forward converter and each individual input had a specific control circuit with a specific pulse width-modulation (PWM) IC. The topology presented here is based
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on a half-bridge converter and the battery input is integrated with the secondary winding. Thus, there is no additional specific winding in the transformer to connect the battery. Furthermore, there is only one control circuit for both inputs and only one PWM IC is used. A simple Logic circuit sends the PWM pulses to one input or the other, depending on the voltage of the ac mains. If the mains fail, the logic circuit will send the PWM pulses to the. Battery input instead of the ac input.

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Chapter-2
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY
An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or battery/flywheel backup is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically mains power, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions, by supplying energy stored in batteries or a flywheel. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short (only a few minutes) but sufficient to start a standby power source or properly shut down the protected. A UPS is typically used to protect computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. UPS units range in size from units designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 VA rating) to large units powering entire data centers or buildings. The world's largest UPS, the 46-megawatt, Battery Electric Storage System (BESS), in Fairbanks, AK, powers the entire city and nearby rural communities during outages

2.1 Common power problems:

The primary role of any UPS is to provide short-term power when the input power source fails. However, most UPS units are also capable in varying degrees of correcting common utility power problems:

1. Voltage spike or sustained Overvoltage 2. Momentary or sustained reduction in input voltage. 3. Noise, defined as a high frequency transient or oscillation, usually injected into the line by nearby equipment. 4. Instability of the mains frequency.

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5. Harmonic distortion: defined as a departure from the ideal sinusoidal waveform expected on the line. UPS units are divided into categories based on which of the above problems they add and some manufacturers categorize their products in accordance with the number of power-related problems they address

2.1 Technologies:
The general categories of modern UPS systems are on-line, line-interactive or standby. An online UPS uses a "double conversion" method of accepting AC input, rectifying to DC for passing through the rechargeable battery (or battery strings), then inverting back to 120 V/230 V AC for powering the protected equipment. A line-interactive UPS maintains the inverter in line and redirects the battery's DC current path from the normal charging mode to supplying current when power is lost. In a standby ("off-line") system the load is powered directly by the input power and the backup power circuitry is only invoked when the utility power fails. Most UPS below 1 kVA are of the line-interactive or standby varieties which are usually less expensive. For large power units, dynamic uninterruptible power supplies are sometimes used. A synchronous motor/alternator is connected on the mains via a choke. Energy is stored in a flywheel. When the mains power fails, an Eddy-current regulation maintains the power on the load as long as the flywheel's energy is not exhausted. DUPS are sometimes combined or integrated with a diesel generator that is turned on after a brief delay, forming a diesel rotary uninterruptible power supply (DRUPS). A fuel cell UPS has been developed in recent years using hydrogen and a fuel cell as a power source, potentially providing long run times in a small space.

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Figure 2: normal mode and over voltage mode of ups

Offline / standby UPS. Typical protection time: 020 minutes. Capacity expansion: Usually not available. The offline / standby UPS (SPS) offers only the most basic features, providing surge protection and battery backup. The protected equipment is normally connected directly to incoming utility power. When the incoming voltage falls below a predetermined level the SPS turns on its internal DC-AC inverter circuitry, which is powered from an internal storage battery. The SPS then mechanically switches the connected equipment on to its DC-AC inverter output. The switchover time can be as long as 25 milliseconds depending on the amount of time it takes the standby UPS to detect the lost utility voltage. The UPS will be designed to power certain equipment, such as a personal computer, without any objectionable dip or brownout to that device.

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(a)Line-interactive

Figure3: line interactive ups

Line-interactive UPS. Typical protection time: 530 minutes. Capacity expansion: Several hours. The line-interactive UPS is similar in operation to a standby UPS, but with the addition of a multi-tap variable-voltage autotransformer. This is a special type of transformer that can add or subtract powered coils of wire, thereby increasing or decreasing the magnetic field and the output voltage of the transformer. This is also known as a Buckboost transformer. This type of UPS is able to tolerate continuous under voltage brownouts and overvoltage surges without consuming the limited reserve battery power. It instead compensates by automatically selecting different power taps on the autotransformer. Depending on the design, changing the autotransformer tap can cause a very brief output power disruption, which may cause UPS equipped with a power-loss alarm to "chirp" for a moment.

This has become popular even in the cheapest UPSs because it takes advantage of components already included. The main 50/60 Hz transformer used to convert between line voltage and battery voltage needs to provide two slightly different turns ratios: One to convert the battery output voltage (typically a multiple of 12 V) to line voltage, and a second one to convert the line voltage to a slightly higher battery charging voltage (such as a multiple of 14 V). The difference between the two voltages is because charging a battery requires a delta voltage (up to 13-14 volts for charging a 12 volt battery). Furthermore, it is easier to do the switching on the line-voltage side of the transformer because of the lower currents on that side.
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To gain the buck/boost feature, all that is required is two separate switches so that the AC input can be connected to one of the two primary taps, while the load is connected to the other, thus using the main transformer's primary windings as an autotransformer. The battery can still be charged while "bucking" an overvoltage, but while "boosting" an undervoltage, the transformer output is too low to charge the batteries. Autotransformers can be engineered to cover a wide range of varying input voltages, but this requires more taps and increases complexity, and expense of the UPS. It is common for the autotransformer to cover a range only from about 90 V to 140 V for 120 V power, and then switch to battery if the voltage goes much higher or lower than that range. In low-voltage conditions the UPS will use more current than normal so it may need a higher current circuit than a normal device. For example to power a 1000-watt device at 120 volts, the UPS will draw 8.33 amperes. If a brownout occurs and the voltage drops to 100 volts, the UPS will draw 10 amperes to compensate. This also works in reverse, so that in an overvoltage condition, the UPS will need less current.

(b) Online / double-conversion

The online UPS is ideal for environments where electrical isolation is necessary or for equipment that is very sensitive to power fluctuations. Although once previously reserved for very large installations of 10 kW or more, advances in technology have now permitted it to be available as a common consumer device, supplying 500 watts or less. The initial cost of the online UPS may be slightly higher, but its total cost of ownership is generally lower due to longer battery life. The online UPS may be necessary when the power environment is "noisy", when utility power sags, outages and other anomalies are frequent, when protection of sensitive IT equipment loads is required, or when operation from an extended-run backup generator is necessary. The basic technology of the online UPS is the same as in a standby or line-interactive UPS. However it typically costs much more, due to it having a much greater current AC-to-DC battery-charger/rectifier, and with the rectifier and inverter designed to run continuously with improved cooling systems. It is called a double-conversion UPS due to the rectifier directly driving the inverter, even when powered from normal AC current.
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In an online UPS, the batteries are always connected to the inverter, so that no power transfer switches are necessary. When power loss occurs, the rectifier simply drops out of the circuit and the batteries keep the power steady and unchanged. When power is restored, the rectifier resumes carrying most of the load and begins charging the batteries, though the charging current may be limited to prevent the high-power rectifier from overheating the batteries and boiling off the electrolyte. The main advantage to the on-line UPS is its ability to provide an electrical firewall between the incoming utility power and sensitive electronic equipment.

(c) Other designs (i)Hybrid topology / double conversion on demand

These hybrid designs do not have an official designation, although one name used by HP and Eaton is double conversion on demand. This style of UPS is targeted towards high efficiency applications while still maintaining the features and protection level offered by double conversion. A hybrid (double conversion on demand) UPS operates as an off-line/standby UPS when power conditions are within a certain preset window. This allows the UPS to achieve very high efficiency ratings. When the power conditions fluctuate outside of the predefined windows, the UPS switches to online/double conversion operation. In double conversion mode the UPS can adjust for voltage variations without having to use battery power, can filter out line noise and control frequency. Examples of this hybrid/double conversion on demand UPS design are the HP R8000, HP R12000, HP RP12000/3 and the Eaton Blade UPS.

(ii) Ferro-resonant
Ferro-resonant units operate in the same way as a standby UPS unit; however, they are online with the exception that a Ferro-resonant transformer is used to filter the output. This transformer is designed to hold energy long enough to cover the time between switching from line power to battery power and effectively eliminates the transfer time. Many Ferro-resonant UPSs are 82
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88% efficient (AC/DC-AC) and offer excellent isolation. The transformer has three windings, one for ordinary mains power, the second for rectified battery power, and the third for output AC power to the load. This once was the dominant type of UPS and is limited to around the 150 kVA range. These units are still mainly used in some industrial settings (oil and gas, petrochemical, chemical, utility, and heavy industry markets) due to the robust nature of the UPS. Many ferroresonant UPSs utilizing controlled Ferro technology may not interact with power-factorcorrecting equipment.

(iii) DC power
A UPS designed for powering DC equipment is very similar to an online UPS, except that it does not need an output inverter. Also, if the UPS's battery voltage is matched with the voltage the device needs, the device's power supply won't be needed either. Since one or more power conversion steps are eliminated, this increases efficiency and run time. Many systems used in telecommunications use 48 VDC power, because it has less restrictive safety regulations, such as being installed in conduit and junction boxes. DC has typically been the dominant power source for telecommunications, and AC has typically been the dominant source for computers and servers. There has been much experimentation with 48 VDC power for computer servers, in the hope of reducing the likelihood of failure and the cost of equipment. However, to supply the same amount of power, the current would be higher than an equivalent 115 V or 230 V circuit; greater current requires larger conductors, or more energy lost as heat. Most PCs can be powered with 325 VDC. This is because most ATX switching power supplies convert the AC input voltage to approximately 325 VDC (230 2). On units with a voltage selector switch, the 115 V setting enables a voltage doublers that puts the top half of the AC wave in one capacitor, and the bottom half in the other capacitor. This mode uses half of the bridge rectifier and runs twice as much current through it. The 230 V setting simply rectifies the AC using the full bridge rectifier, and puts the it into both capacitors. These two
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capacitors are hardwired in series. These power supplies can almost always be safely run on 280340 VDC long as the selector is in the 230 V position. They will not work at all with DC power in the 115 V position; with 162 VDC applied, nothing will happen because only one capacitor is being charged; if 325 V is applied, you will blow the fuse and a surge suppressor or capacitor. Power supplies with Active-PFC are usually Auto-ranging and have no voltage selector switch. They usually have one input capacitor, it is charged to 320-400 VDC by a boost-mode power supply that is part of the PFC circuit. It is uncertain how various Auto-ranging and Active-PFC power supplies will respond to having DC power applied when they are expecting AC 5060 Hz power. A laptop computer is a classic example of a PC with a DC UPS built in.High voltage DC (380 V) is finding use in some data center applications, and allows for small power conductors, but is subject to the more complex electrical code rules for safe containment of high voltages.

(iv) Rotary
A rotary UPS uses the inertia of a high-mass spinning flywheel (flywheel energy storage) to provide short-term ride-through in the event of power loss. The flywheel also acts as a buffer against power spikes and sags, since such short-term power events are not able to appreciably affect the rotational speed of the high-mass flywheel. It is also one of the oldest design predating vacuum tubes and integrated circuits. It can be considered to be on line since it spins continuously under normal conditions. However, unlike a battery-based UPS, flywheel-based UPS systems typically provide 10 to 20 seconds of protection before the flywheel has slowed and power output stops. It is traditionally used in conjunction with standby diesel generators, providing backup power only for the brief period of time the engine needs to start running and stabilize its output. The rotary UPS is generally reserved for applications needing more than 10,000 watts of protection, to justify the expense and benefit from the advantages rotary UPS systems bring. A larger flywheel or multiple flywheels operating in parallel will increase the reserve running time or capacity. Because the flywheels are a mechanical power source, it is not necessary to use an electric motor or generator as an intermediary between it and a diesel engine designed to provide emergency
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power. By using a transmission gearbox, the rotational inertia of the flywheel can be used to directly start up a diesel engine, and once running, the diesel engine can be used to directly spin the flywheel. Multiple flywheels can likewise be connected in parallel through mechanical countershafts, without the need for separate motors and generators for each flywheel. They are normally designed to provide very high current output compared to a purely electronic UPS, and are better able to provide inrush current for inductive loads such as motor startup or compressor loads, as well as medical MRI and cat lab equipment. It is also able to tolerate shortcircuit conditions up to 17 times larger than an electronic UPS, permitting one device to blow a fuse and fail while other devices still continue to be powered from the rotary UPS. Its life cycle is usually far greater than a purely electronic UPS, up to 30 years or more. But they do require periodic downtime for mechanical maintenance, such as ball bearing replacement. In larger systems redundancy of the system ensures the availability of processes during this maintenance. Battery-based designs do not require downtime if the batteries can be hot-swapped, which is usually the case for larger units. Newer rotary units use technologies such as magnetic bearings and air-evacuated enclosures to increase standby efficiency and reduce maintenance to very low levels. Typically, the high-mass flywheel is used in conjunction with a motor-generator system. These units can be configured as: 1. A motor driving a mechanically connected generator, 2. A combined synchronous motor and generator wound in alternating slots of a single rotor and stator, 3. A hybrid rotary UPS, designed similar to an online UPS, except that it uses the flywheel in place of batteries. The rectifier drives a motor to spin the flywheel, while a generator uses the flywheel to power the inverter. In case No. 3 the motor generator can be synchronous/synchronous or induction/synchronous. The motor side of the unit in case Nos. 2 and 3 can be driven directly by an AC power source (typically when in inverter bypass), a 6-step double-conversion motor drive, or a 6-pulse inverter. Case No. 1 uses an integrated flywheel as a short-term energy source instead of
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batteries to allow time for external, electrically coupled genets to start and be brought online. Case Nos. 2 and 3 can use batteries or a free-standing electrically coupled flywheel as the shortterm energy source.

2.3 Applications: ups has many applications of those some are given below (a)N+1
In large business environments where reliability is of great importance, a single huge UPS can also be a single point of failure that can disrupt many other systems. To provide greater reliability, multiple smaller UPS modules and batteries can be integrated together to provide redundant power protection equivalent to one very large UPS. "N+1" means that if the load can be supplied by N modules, the installation will contain N+ 1 module. In this way, failure of one module will not impact system operation.

(b)Multiple redundancies
Many computer servers offer the option of redundant power supplies, so that in the event of one power supply failing, one or more other power supplies are able to power the load. This is a critical point each power supply must be able to power the entire server by itself. Redundancy is further enhanced by plugging each power supply into a different circuit (i.e. to a different circuit breaker). Redundant protection can be extended further yet by connecting each power supply to its own UPS. This provides double protection from both a power supply failure and a UPS failure, so that continued operation is assured. This configuration is also referred to as 1+1 or 2N redundancy. If the budget does not allow for two identical UPS units then it is common practice to plug one power supply into mains power and the other into the UPS.

(c)Outdoor use
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When a UPS system is placed outdoors, it should have some specific features that guarantee that it can tolerate weather with no effect on performance. Factors such as temperature, humidity, rain, and snow among others should be considered by the manufacturer when designing an outdoor UPS system. Operating temperature ranges for outdoor UPS systems could be around 40 C to +55 C. Outdoor UPS systems can be pole, ground (pedestal), or host mounted. Outdoor environment could mean extreme cold, in which case the outdoor UPS system should include a battery heater mat, or extreme heat, in which case the outdoor UPS system should include a fan system or an air conditioning system.

(d) Internal systems:UPS systems can be designed to be placed inside a computer chassis.
There are two types of internal UPS. The first type is a miniaturized regular UPS that is made small enough to fit into a 5.25-inch CD-ROM slot bay of a regular computer chassis. The other type are re-engineered switching power supplies that utilize dual AC or DC power sources as inputs and have built-in switching control units.

2.4 Difficulties faced with generator use: generator are given below

The difficulties with the use of

(a)Frequency variations:The voltage and frequency of the power produced by a generator

depends on the rotational speed. The speed is regulated by a device called a governor. Some governors are mechanical, and some are electronic. The job of the governor is to keep the voltage and frequency constant, while the load on the generator changes. However, the governor does not respond instantaneously to load changes. This may pose a problem when, for example, the startup surge of an elevator causes the frequency of the generator to drift temporarily as the governor is adjusting to the new load, thus affecting all other devices powered by the generator. Many radio transmission sites have backup diesel generatorsin the case of amplitude modulation (AM) radio transmitters, the load presented by the transmitter changes continuously and instantaneously with the signal level. This leads to the scenario where the governor is constantly trying to correct the output voltage and frequency as the load changes.

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It is possible for a UPS unit to be incompatible with a generator or a poor mains supply; in the event that its designers had written the microprocessor code to require exactly a 50.0 Hz or 60.0 Hz supply frequency in order to operate, the UPS could remain on battery power, being unwilling to reconnect to the fluctuating input. The problem of input frequency should not be an issue on a Double Conversion / online UPS. A UPS of this topology should be able to adapt to any input frequency, using its own internal clock source to generate the required 50 or 60 Hz supply frequency.

(b)Power factor: A problem in the combination of a "double conversion" UPS and a

generator is the voltage distortion created by the UPS. The input of a double conversion UPS is essentially a big rectifier. The current drawn by the UPS is non-sinusoidal. This can cause the voltage from the AC mains or a generator to also become non-sinusoidal. The voltage distortion then can cause problems in all electrical equipment connected to that power source, including the UPS itself. It will also cause more power to be lost in the wiring supplying power to the UPS due to the spikes in current flow. This level of "noise" is measured as a percentage of "Total Harmonic Distortion of the current" (THD (i)). Classic UPS rectifiers have a THD (i) level of around 2530%. To reduce voltage distortion, this requires heavier mains wiring or generators more than twice as large as the UPS.

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Chapter-3 Fly back Converter

3.1 Description:
The fly back converter is used in both AC/DC and DC/DC conversion with galvanic isolation between the input and any outputs. More precisely, the fly back converter is a buck-boost converter with the inductor split to form a transformer, so that the voltage ratios are multiplied with an additional advantage of isolation. When driving for example a plasma lamp or a voltage multiplier the rectifying diode of the buck-boost converter is left out and the device is called a fly back transformer.

3.2 Structure and principle:

Fig. 4: Schematic of a fly back converter

The schematic of a fly back converter can be seen in figure 1. It is equivalent to that of a buck-boost converter, with the inductor split to form a transformer . Therefore the operating principle of both converters is very close:

When the switch is on (see figure 2), the primary of the transformer is directly connected to the input voltage source. This results in an increase of magnetic flux in the transformer. The voltage across the secondary winding is negative, so the diode is reverse-biased (i.e., blocked). The output capacitor supplies energy to the output load.

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When the switch is off, the energy stored in the transformer is transferred to the output of the converter.

The operation of storing energy in the transformer before transferring to the output of the converter allows the topology to easily generate multiple outputs with little additional circuitry, although the output voltages have to be able to match each other through the turns ratio. Also there is a need for a controlling rail which has to be loaded before load is applied to the uncontrolled rails, this is to allow the PWM to open up and supply enough energy to the transformer.

3.3 Operation:

Figure5: on state and off state operation of fly back converter

The two configurations of a fly back converter in operation: In the on-state, the energy is transferred from the input voltage source to the transformer (the output capacitor supplies energy to the output load). In the off-state, the energy is transferred from the transformer to the output load (and the output capacitor).

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The fly back converter is an isolated power converter, therefore the isolation of the control circuit is also needed. The two prevailing control schemes are voltage mode control and current mode control (In the majority of cases current mode control needs to be dominant for stability during operation). Both require a signal related to the output voltage. There are two common ways to generate this voltage. The first is to use an optocoupler on the secondary circuitry to send a signal to the controller. The second is to wind a separate winding on the coil and rely on the cross regulation of the design. The first technique involving an optocoupler has been used to obtain tight voltage and current regulation; whereas the alternative approach was developed for cost-sensitive applications where the output did not need to be as tightly controlled but up to 11 components including the opto coupler could be eliminated from the overall design. Also in applications where reliability is critical, opto couplers can be detrimental to the MTBF (Mean Time between Failures) calculations. Recent developments in primary-side sensing technology, where the output voltage and current are regulated by monitoring the waveforms in the auxiliary winding used to power the control IC itself, have improved the accuracy of both voltage and current .Previously a measurement was taken across the whole of the fly back waveform which led to error, but it was realized that measurements at the so-called knee point (when the secondary current is zero, see waveform trace) allow for a much more accurate measurement of what is happening on the secondary side. This topology is now replacing ringing choke converter (RCC) in applications such as mobile phone chargers.

3.4 Limitations:
Discontinuous mode has the following disadvantages, which limit the efficiency of the converter:

High RMS and peak currents in the design High flux excursions in the inductor

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Continuous mode has the following disadvantages, which complicate the control of the converter:

The voltage feedback loop requires a lower bandwidth due to a zero in the response of the converter.

The current feedback loop used in current mode control needs slope compensation in cases where the duty cycle is above 50%.

The power switches are now turning on with positive current flow.

3.5 Applications: fly back converter has certain applications as stated below

Low-power switch-mode power supplies (cell phone charger, standby power supply in PCs) Low cost multiple-output power supplies (e.g., main PC supplies <250 W) High voltage supply for the CRT in TVs and monitors (the fly back converter is often combined with the horizontal deflection drive).

High voltage generation (e.g., for xenon flash lamps, lasers, copiers, etc). Isolated gate driver.

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Chapter-4
ATX SPECIFICATIONS 4.1 Scope:
ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) is a motherboard form factor

specification developed by Intel in 1995 to improve on previous de facto standards like the AT form factor. It was the first major change in desktop computer enclosure, motherboard, and power supply design in many years, improving standardization and interchangeability of parts. The specification defines the key mechanical dimensions, mounting point, I/O panel, power and connector interfaces between a computer case, a motherboard, and a power supply. With the improvements it offered, including lower costs, ATX overtook AT completely as the default form factor for new systems within a few years. ATX addressed many of the AT form factors annoyances that had frustrated system builders. Other standards for smaller boards (including micro ATX, Flex ATX and mini-ITX) usually keep the basic rear layout but reduce the size of the board and the number of expansion slots. In 2003, Intel announced the BTX standard, intended as a replacement for ATX. As of 2009, the ATX form factor remains a standard for doit-yourselfers; BTX has however made inroads into pre-made systems. This was designed to solve the problems in BAT and LPX motherboards. The official specifications were released by Intel in 1995, and have been revised numerous times since, the most recent being version 2.3, released in 2007. A full-size ATX board is 12 in 9.6 in (305 mm 244 mm). This allows many ATX form factor chassis to accept micro ATX boards as well.

Figure6: Typical ATX Power supply

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4.2 Power supply:

The ATX specification requires the power supply to produce three main outputs, +3.3 V, +5 V and +12 V. Low-power 12 V and 5 VSB (standby) supplies are also required. A 5 V output was originally required because it was supplied on the ISA bus, but it became obsolete with the removal of the ISA bus in modern PCs and has been removed in later versions of the ATX standard. Originally, the motherboard was powered by one 20-pin connector. An ATX power supply provides a number of peripheral power connectors, and (in modern systems) two connectors for the motherboard: a 4-pin auxiliary connector providing additional power to the CPU, and a main 24-pin power supply connector, an extension of the original 20-pin version.

4.3 Physical characteristics:

ATX power supplies generally have the dimensions of 150 86 140 mm (5.9 3.4 5.5 in) and share a common mounting layout of four screws arranged on the back side of the unit. That last dimension, the 140 mm depth, is frequently varied, with depths of 160, 180, 200 and 230 mm used to accommodate higher power or modular connectors.

4.4 Recent specification changes and additions:

High-performance video card power demands dramatically increased during the 2000s, and some high-end graphics cards have power demands that exceed AGP or PCI e slot capabilities. For these cards, supplementary power was delivered through a standard 4-pin peripheral or floppy power connector. Midrange and high-end PCI e graphics cards manufactured after 2004 typically use a standard 6 or 8-pin PCI e power connector directly from the PSU.

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Chapter-5
TOPOLOGY SELECTION
The objective is to design a 200-W power supply with multiple outputs that can operate either from the ac mains or from a 12-V battery. This voltage value was selected for two main reasonscost and safety. It is obvious that, from the point of view of the topology, it would be much easier to make the power supply operate from a high voltage battery than from a low voltage one. In fact, if the battery voltage is high enough (around the peak value of the ac input voltage),we could use the same converter but fed in this case from a dc voltage. The only new element that should be added would be a controlled switch to select the input power source (Fig. Below)

Figure7: DC UPS based on high-voltage battery

However, from the safety (and the reliability) point of view, this option is highly inadvisable. Furthermore, high voltage batteries are much more expensive than low voltage batteries. Therefore, the selected voltage is 12 V, mainly due to the extremely low cost of this type of battery. On the other hand, this voltage value complicates the implementation of the UPS considerably because the power supply should operate from two very different input voltages: the mains ac voltage (190265 V rms) and the 12-V battery dc voltage. The option of using a very wide input voltage range converter has not even been considered because of the performance of these converters Another important issue in this design is the modularity of the system. Although the objective is to comply with the ATX specifications, especially as far as size is concerned, it would be very interesting if we could select the value of the output voltage sin order to use the same power supply for different applications. For this reason, the main output of the ac/dc converter is a 12-V output that can drive the total rated power (200 W).The other outputs are then post regulated
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from this main one (in our case, the main dc/dc converter is a half-bridge converter) by means of buck converters. Thus, any voltage combination can be obtained by selecting the appropriate post regulators. Bearing in mind that a PC needs quite low voltages to operate (5 and 3.3 V), the buck converter designed for this purpose was a synchronous buck converter in order to improve the efficiency as much as possible. Although the use of a synchronous MOSFET is more expensive than the use of a conventional Scotty diode, the efficiency improvement reduces the cost of the heat sink needed and enlarges the autonomy of the UPS. Moreover, as the input voltage of the buck converter is not too high (12 V), the cost of the control and drive circuit can be further reduced. A special effort was made to design a simple, cost effective, and discrete drive circuit avoiding the use of either pulse transformers or expensive commercial drivers (Fig. 8). It should be mentioned that the buck output voltage is trimmable from around 93 V. Two of these post regulators can be incorporated into the main board and, therefore, the power supply can have up to three different power railstwo of them with a selectable output voltage.

Figure8: (a) (b) Synchronous buck converter used as a post regulator. Photo graph of the prototype

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It should also be mentioned that two more outputs (12 and5 V) are also obtained from the main converter. In this case, due to their low power ratings, the 12-V output is obtained from the main transformer and regulated by means of cross regulation methods coupling both output inductors in the same core. The 5-V output is obtained from the 12-V output by means of a linear regulator connected in cascade. However, the main feature of this power supply is that the UPS should fit into the ATX chassis. As has been mentioned, there are several options to integrate the UPS into the power source. The first option is to put the battery on the primary winding [Fig. 9(a)] and to use a converter to charge the bulk capacitor directly from the battery. Thus, the main dc/dc converter will always see a similar dc input voltage. With this option, the voltage difference between the input and the output will be quite large (1014 to 300400 V), and it will be necessary to design a specific converter (control system, specific transformer, etc.,) for this purpose. It should be noted that this converter would only operate for a few minutes in case of a mains failure; therefore, its cost should be minimized, although this converter would have to drive the total rated power (200 W). In this case, the best option would probably be a fly back converter because of its simplicity, although the size of the transformer would be quite large. Another option is to put the battery on the secondary winding [Fig. 9(b)]. At first sight, it seems easier to obtain a tightly regulated 12-V output from a similar input voltage. However, this is not obvious at all because the battery voltage can change from around 1013.6 V and as a consequence, the converter needed should be able to step-up and step-down the output voltage depending on the input voltage. The solution maybe to use a buckboost converter, but this means building a whole convertersemiconductors, capacitors, one inductor, and a control circuit.

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Figure 9: (a)AC/DC Converter with the UPS placed on the primary (b)AC/DC Converter with the UPS placed on the secondary

A better option might be to make good use of the main transformer and try to drive the power from the battery to the 12-V output by means of an auxiliary winding (Triport solution).We should remember that the main converter is a half bridge; therefore, if the same transformer is used, the winding should be driven in a similar way (a fly back converter could not be connected to this winding because the transformer would saturate). In our case, the best option seems to be to place the auxiliary winding on the secondary winding. As the values of the input and output voltages are very close, the best solution is to use a pushpull converter (Fig. 5) because both switches are connected to ground and the transformer is driven symmetrically as in the case of a half-bridge converter. Moreover, the pushpull winding can be integrated in the half bridge secondary winding

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Figure 10:
(a) AC/DC Converter with a UPS placed on the secondary. The UPS is a push-pull converter that makes good use of the main half bridge transformer

The main converter input voltage range is 190265 V rms. Thus, the input dc voltage ranges from 265 *2 = 375 Vdc to 190 *2 20% = 220 Vdc (20% represents the ripple across the bulk capacitor). If the maximum duty cycle is set around 0.42 in order to have some margin for dynamic regulation purposes at low line conditions, the main transformer turns ratio should be n = 8. Thus, the maximum duty cycle is 0.43, the minimum duty cycle is 0.25, and the nominal duty cycle is around 0.32. Now, if a mains failure occurs, the pushpull converter will start operating. If this converter is designed to operate with the same duty cycle range as the halfbridge converter, the transition between both modes of operation will be very fast because the regulator will not have to accommodate its voltage levels too much. In a half-bridge converter, the relationship between the input an the output voltage is V0 = Vin1/n1D (1)

Where Vin1 is the input voltage of the converter and n1 is the transformer turns ratio between the half-bridge primary Winding and the secondary winding. In a pushpull converter, the relationship between the input an the output voltage is V0 =2 * Vin2D/n2 (2)

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Where Vin2 is the input voltage of the converter and n2 is the transformer turns ratio between the pushpull primary winding and the secondary winding. If the same output voltage is to be obtained with the same duty cycle, the following expression can be obtained from (1) and (2) Vin1/n1=2 * Vin2/n2. (3)

Let us assume that the average voltage across the bulk capacitor is 300 V in nominal conditions, the battery voltage is 12 V, and the turns ratio of the half-bridge converter is n = 8. From (3), the necessary turns ratio for the pushpull converter is n2 = 0.6and the closest feasible turns ratio is n2 = 0.5. Thus, the winding structure of the transformer will be: primary winding16 turns, each half-bridge secondary windingtwo turns, and for each pushpull primary windingone turn [Fig. 11(a)].Fig. 11(b) shows the half-bridge converter with the UPS based on a pushpull converter.

Obviously, due to the difference between both input voltage ranges (375/220 = 1.7 on the mains and 13.6/10 = 1.36 on he battery), it is not possible to optimize this feature for the whole range but just for nominal conditions. Furthermore, the small-signal transfer function of both converters is very similar because in both cases, the dynamic behavior is dominated by the output LC filter. The transfer function of the half-bridge converter is given as

Gd1(s) = v0 / d = Vin1/n1

/ s2LC + LRs + 1

(4)

And the transfer function of the pushpull converter is given as

Gd2(s) = v0/ d=2*Vin2/n2

/ s2LC + LRs + 1

(5)

Where L is the output filter inductor, C is the output filter capacitor, v0 is a small signal perturbation of the output voltage, and d is a small signal perturbation of the duty cycle. As the output filter is the same and the turns ratios of both converters have been designed in such a way that the ratio (3) is similar, both transfer functions will be practically identical. Thus, the same voltage regulator can be used if the converter is powered either by the half-bridge or by the pushpull.
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However, this structure can be rearranged in order to integrate The pushpull windings into the half-bridge secondary Windings. As we know, the voltage waveforms on the transformer are similar in a half-bridge and in a pushpull. The secondary winding of the half-bridge transformer can then be also used as a pushpull primary winding. Thus, as the battery is placed in the secondary of the power supply and no isolation IS needed, the transformer can be used as an autotransformer and share the same winding for the secondary and for the primary of the push pull converter. Instead of winding each half-bridge secondary altogether(2 turns), each turn was wound separately in order to have the middle point available on a pin of the coil former (points D and E), as shown in Fig. 11(c). Thus, in order to implement the pushpull converter, the battery only needs to be connected to the center point of the whole half-bridge secondary winding (point B) and each MOSFET to the middle point of each leg (points D and E). This way, each pushpull primary has one turn and the secondary has two turns as in the previous arrangement (the diodes of the secondary are connected to points A and B) [Fig. 6(c) and (d)]. As we can see, one turn is used both for the primary and the secondary. When the power supply is operating normally using the mains as the input voltage, S1 and S2 are driven as in a conventional half-bridge converter. On the other hand, both S3and S4 are off. Then, the converter is operating as a conventional half-bridge converter [Fig. 12(a)]. The turn ratio between the primary and the secondary is n1 = 16/2. Thus, the voltage across each one-turn winding is V1T = Vc / 2 * 2 * n1 (6) The whole half-bridge secondary will have twice this voltage cross it and, hence, (1) can be used just taking into account that the input voltage is the voltage across the bulk capacitor VC In nominal conditions, the body diodes S3 and S4 do not conduct because the battery voltage is higher than the voltage across the one-turn winding and they are reverse biased . VC/ 2 2 n1 < VBatt. (7)

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Figure 11: (a)Transformer windings and their number of turns for the basic solution. (b)Half- bridge converter with a push pull converter on the same transformer. (c)Rearrangement of the windings to eliminate the specific push-pull windings (d)Half bridge converter with a push pull integrated on the secondary windings

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Only when the input voltage is higher than 245 V and the battery voltage is near 10 V can the body diodes become forward biased. In that case, the battery will be in parallel with the secondary windings and a high current can flow through the battery and damage it. To avoid this, a diode has been placed in series with the battery [Fig 12(b)].

Fig. 12. (a) Proposed topology operating as a conventional half-bridge converter and its main waveforms. (b) Proposed topology operating as a pushpull converter using an autotransformer.

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If the mains fail, S1 and S2 are turned OFF and S3 and S4are driven as a conventional push pull converter and the energy is obtained from the battery. As we can see, the transformer is always driven symmetrically and the secondary will always have a similar voltage waveform [Fig. 7(b)]. In this case, the voltage across each one-turn winding will be the battery voltage (VBATT), and hence, the voltage across the whole secondary will be twice this value. Thus, the voltage at the input of the LC filter (VLC) is very similar in both cases [Fig. 12(a) and (b)] because, as has been mentioned, n1 and n2 have been designed in such a way that the duty cycles are more or less the same. Moreover, in this operation mode, although the primary MOSFETs are off, there is some power flow from the secondary to the primary through the body diodes of S1 and S2. As a consequence, the bulk capacitor will still be charged. The voltage across it will be
VC = VBATT * 16 * 2. (8)

As the battery voltage can change from 10 to 13.6 V, the voltage across the bulk capacitor will change from 320430v When the converter is operating in the UPS mode. A very important feature of this system is that the transition between the normal operation mode and the UPS mode can be done really fast.

Figure 13: (a) Method used to drive the gate pulses to the half bridge or the push-pull

As mentioned earlier, the small-signal transfer function of both the main half-bridge converter and the pushpull converter are quite similar. Thus, the same PWM controller and the same voltage regulator circuit can be used for both converters to drive the pulses from one converter to the other (Fig. 13). Therefore, only one PWM integrated circuit is used and no control or protection circuitry is duplicated. The only extra components are the MOSFETs of the push pull converterno additional windings and no additional circuitry are needed.

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When a mains failure occurs, the input voltage detector circuit activates a logic circuit and diverts the gate pulses from the half-bridge to the pushpull. The transition between both modes of operation can be done in one high frequency switching cycle. As a consequence, the capacitor placed at the 12-V output Should not be over dimensioned because it can no longer store any additional energy for the transition time. There will not be any switching cycle with no energy flow from the input to the output. In fact, the ripple during the transition time will be the same as in a conventional switching cycle. The transition will be very fast, even dynamically, due to the design of the transformers number of turnsas was explained before. During the half-bridge operation, the converter will have a duty cycle (D1). On the other hand, the pushpull will operate with a similar, although not equal, duty cycle (D2)(Fig. 9). However, as the difference will be small, the dynamic transition will be very fast and almost no overvoltage will be observed on the 12-V output. Furthermore, as the other outputs are post regulated, no overvoltage will be observed at all. As the input voltage generally ranges from 190 to 265 Vrms, the detection circuit must wait more than 10 ms to detect a real mains failure. If not, it just could be a small voltage change on the mains but not a real failure. Then, during that time the energy stored on the input bulk capacitor must be able to keep the output voltage perfectly regulated (Fig. 9).

Fig. 13. Transition process from the operation using the mains to the operation using the battery

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TABLE II VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RATINGS OF AN ATX POWER SUPPLY

Fig. 14. Efficiency of the synchronous buck converter. (a) Output voltage:5 V. (b) Output voltage: 3.3 V.

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Fig. 15. Efficiency of the half-bridge converter and the synchronous buck converters TABLE III AUTONOMY TIMES OF THE POWER SUPPLY WITH A 12-V/2.2-A BATTERY

However, this capacitor will have an usual value for an ac/dc converter with the conventional hold-up time specifications and it does not need to be over dimensioned. In our case, a 200 F(450 V rated) capacitor was used. With this solution, low voltage MOSFETs can be used for the pushpull, which are very optimized. Therefore, the performance of this converter will be quite good. Note that the current levels will be really high because the full 200-W output power will be obtained from the 12-V battery and then driven by the pushpull. This is important because the better the efficiency of the UPS is, the longer the autonomy will be. A part from the main power stage, the power supply has another independent ac/dc converter to obtain the +5 VSB voltage. ATX specifications define this output as a stand by voltage that may be used to power circuits that require power input during the powered-down state of the power rails. With our configuration, it is not possible to power one voltage rail and not another; as a consequence, an independent converter is needed. In our case, a very simple fly back converter was designed using a top switch and, in order to make good use of it, the auxiliary voltage for the control circuitry was also obtained from this converter.

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When there is a mains failure, the energy is obtained from the battery and hence, this one is discharged. Evidently, a battery charger should be implemented in order to recover the energy used and get the battery ready for the next failure. The battery charger implemented in the prototype is very simple. A non tightly regulated dc voltage is obtained from a winding coupled to the filter inductor. Then, a simple linear to charge the battery at constant current (220 mA). Finally, when the battery is charged, a hysteretic control strategy is used to keep the battery voltage always between 13.613.1 V.

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Chapter-6 RESULTS
A prototype has been fully developed in order to check if the powers supply with the dc UPS (including the 12-V battery) could fit into an ATX chassis. The basic specifications of the power supply are the following: 1) Input voltage: 190 265 V; 2) Different output voltages and the maximum current of Each output are shown in Table II.; 3) Integrated dc UPS: 7-min autonomy at full power; 4) Maximum Size: 145 142 80 mm; 5) Over current and overvoltage protections on all outputs, PS-ON and PW-OK signals; 6) Compliance with EN60950 In order to give some modularity to the system, the voltage value of both +5- and +3.3-V outputs can be adjusted from3 to 9 V (80 W maximum each). As mentioned earlier, these outputs are obtained from two post regulators based on synchronous buck converters. The total power of both outputs and the 12-V output is 200 W.The efficiency measured in the prototypes is shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 10(a) shows the efficiency of the 5-V output and Fig. 10(b) shows the efficiency of the 3.3-V output. As we can see, although the control and drive circuit used is very simple, the performance is quite goodaround 89% in the 5-V case, and 87% in the 3.3-V case. Fig. 11 shows the overall efficiency of the prototype when the three main outputs (12, 5, and 3.3 V) are operating together. Overall efficiency is seen to be around 83%.As far as autonomy is concerned; Table III shows the operation in minutes with no ac input. It should be noted that the characteristics of the battery used is: lead acid battery,12 V/2.2 A(138 95 30 mm).

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The power supply also implements overvoltage and over current protections on every output, as well as an input voltage detector. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter also fitted into the power supply printed circuit board (PCB) and no additional filters should be implemented. Finally, Fig. 12 shows two photographs of the prototype we and the ATX chassis while Fig. 12(b) shows the power supply within the ATX chassis, feeding the computer used for the operation test.

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CONCLUSION
In order to study a different approach to building a UPS for a multiple output power supply, a dc UPS was integrated into an ac/dc converter with all the ATX specifications. For this purpose, a pushpull converter was connected sharing the secondary windings of a half-bridge converter. Both converters drive the transformer in a similar way, and the number of turns of the windings was designed in order to have close duty cycle values on both cases (driving the energy from the half-bridge or from the pushpull). The transition between both operation modes is done through a high frequency switching cycle. Moreover, in order to give some modularity to the system, two of the outputs were post regulated and their output voltage is selectable from 3 to 9 V. The final size of the power supply fits into a standard ATX chassis. The performance achieved is very interesting, since the power supply we designed can deliver the full 200-W rated power for 7 minutes, which is with no damage or information loss. As the size is exactly the same as a standard ATX power supply, building the converter is industrially feasible, and the final cost should not be much higher than the cost of the standard model. Therefore, it could supply safety at a low cost.

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