Chapter 4 Steady State Heat Transfer

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

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Chapter Contents
Steady State Heat Transfer: A. Steady State Theory B. Geometry Types C. Thermal Elements D. Model Setup E. Steady State Example F. Multiple Step Solutions G. Workshop

Training Manual

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A. Steady State Theory

Training Manual

When the flow of heat does not vary with time, heat transfer is referred to as steady-state Since the flow of heat does not vary with time, the temperature of the system and the thermal loads on the system also do not vary with time From the First Law of Thermodynamics, the steady-state heat balance can be expressed simply as:

Energy in - Energy out = 0

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. . . Steady State Theory

Training Manual

For steady-state heat transfer, the differential equation expressing thermal equilibrium is:

T ... T T + k zz + q = 0 k xx + k yy z x x y y z

The corresponding finite element equation expressing equilibrium is:

[K ]{T} = {Q}
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B. Geometry Types
All geometry types (solid, surface and line bodies), are supported in Mechanical. The elements contain temperature degrees of freedom (DOF). Solid Geometry (2D and 3D):
Models may be full 3D or symmetry sections including 2D sections. 2D geometry can be planar or axisymmetric. For 2D:
Planar models assume a unit thickness. Axisymmetric models assume all loads and constraints are applied to the full 360 degree model.

Training Manual

Solids

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. . . Geometry Types
Surface Geometry:

Training Manual

Models representing thin sheet like members (e.g. sheet metal) where no thickness is modeled Assumes no temperature variation through the thickness, only across the surface

Exterior Surface
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Interior Surface
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. . . Geometry Types
Line Geometry:

Training Manual

Simplified geometry typical of beams, pipes, etc. where the cross section is not modeled, but assigned to each line section Assumes no temperature variation through the cross section, only along the length
Note: line body geometry may be available from several CAD sources however beam cross section definitions and orientations can only be set in DesignModeler

Lines
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C. Thermal Elements

Training Manual

Thermal solid elements use high order node configuration Element degree of freedom (DOF) is temperature Temperature distribution within elements is calculated from the element shape functions

3D Solids (SOLID90)

2D Solids (PLANE77)

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. . . Thermal Elements

Training Manual

Thermal shell elements (surface geometry) use corner node configuration Element degree of freedom (DOF) is temperature Thickness for surface models must be provided in the details for each surface part

3D Shells (SHELL57)
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. . . Thermal Elements

Training Manual

Thermal line elements are uniaxial 2 node elements Element degree of freedom (DOF) is temperature The cross section is defined and assigned to line sections in ANSYS DesignModeler

Line Element (LINK33) DesignModeler Cross Section Library.

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D. Model Setup
General Notes on Thermal Loads and Boundary Conditions

Training Manual

In Mechanical, model boundaries that have no applied loads are treated as adiabatic (perfectly insulated) Symmetry boundary conditions are imposed by letting the boundaries be adiabatic Reaction heat flow rates are available at fixed temperature DOFs, convective boundaries and radiation regions

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. . . Model Setup
Analysis Settings: Step Controls: control multiple steps as wells as auto time stepping Nonlinear Controls: specify convergence criteria and control line search solver option Output Control: controls content and frequency with which results are saved Analysis Data Management: general options controlling file management and solver units

Training Manual

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E. Steady State Example

This example presents a walk through for a steady state analysis. The model represents and electrical coil composed of an iron core surrounded by a copper coil separated by a plastic insulator. The assembly rests on a steel mounting plate. We assume the coil is in operation for sufficient time to reach a steady state. Boundary Conditions:
The iron core generates heat at 0.001 W/mm^3. The copper coil is experiencing forced convective heat loss at a rate of 0.1 W/mm^2 in a 30 C ambient environment. The mounting plate is attached on one side and assumed to be at a fixed 25 C.
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Training Manual

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. . . Steady State Example

Training Manual

After specifying a Steady State Thermal analysis type, selecting the desired geometry and adding or creating the necessary materials in Workbench, we begin the model setup in Mechanical The materials are assigned in the details of each part as shown here

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. . . Steady State Example

Training Manual

After evaluating the default mesh, several mesh controls are added to modify element size and shape
Note, the DesignModeler geometry was assembled as a multi-body part, thus the mesh is continuous across parts which means no contact is necessary

Multi-body Part Mesh Detail Showing Shared Nodes RMB and Generate Mesh to Evaluate Any Changes
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. . . Steady State Example

The boundary conditions detailed earlier are applied to the appropriate regions of the model

Training Manual

Highlighting the Steady-State Thermal (A5) branch allows all BCs to be displayed on a common plot

Since the model is steady state and linear we will leave the Analysis Settings in their default configuration and solve the model
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Steady State Heat Transfer

. . . Steady State Example

When the solution is finished its good practice to check the validity of the solution before proceeding
By inspecting the core details we can see that the cores volume is 44698 mm^3 Since the heat generation load is 0.001 W/mm^3, we can calculate the heat generation as 44.698 W The steady state assumption means that the temperature and convection boundary conditions must equal the heat input Reaction probes can be quickly configured by dragging and dropping both boundary conditions onto the Solution branch An RMB to Evaluate All Results will update the reaction probes

Training Manual

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. . . Steady State Example

By summing the probe results we find good agreement

Training Manual

Hgen - Rtemp - Rconv = 0

44.698 10.532 34.165 = 0.001
Having verified an energy balance we can proceed to postprocess other results

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. . . Steady State Example

Training Manual

Results Can Be Scoped to Individual Parts to Refine the Solution Display for Each Temperature Plot for All Bodies Gives a Good Overview of the Distribution Throughout the Assembly Directional Results, Heat Flux Here, Can Be Displayed as Vectors to Enhance the Interpretation of Heat Flow

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. . . Steady State Example

Training Manual

In addition to the default results, user defined results can be requested. These results may be combined in expressions as well.

Worksheet View for Solution Branch Shows User Results Available

User Defined Result Definitions: TEMP = temperature. TF = thermal flux. ENERGY (Potential) = thermal heat dissipation energy. VOLUME = displays the volume of all elements attached to scoped region.
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ENERGY (kinetic) = N/A . TERR = thermal error energy. HEAT = heat flow. NDIR = nodal angles (see ANSYS N command).
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F. Multiple Step Solutions

Training Manual

Multiple steady state solutions can be setup and solved sequentially from the Analysis Settings
The graph and table display solution points By changing the Current Step Number each step is configured independently Note this is not a transient analysis

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. . . Multiple Step Solutions

Loads can be varied for each solution by choosing the Current Step Number Example, temperature load
Again the graph and table display the input variation Loads will ramp from the previous step
Note: for linear analyses (single solution) there is no difference between ramped or step applied loads

Training Manual

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. . . Multiple Step Solutions

The Analysis Settings can be set up for multiple steps rather than one at a time

Training Manual

The Analysis Settings Worksheet view allows review of all settings in a single page

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Workshop 4 Solenoid

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

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