WiTricity by magnetic induction

HERNN PAZ PENAGOS1, JUAN J. TORRES2. ABSTRACT Performing two experiments for wireless transport of electrical energy (WiTricity) in the near field regions: reactive and Fresnel zone, in which the magnetic induction principle was applied and solenoids in a self resonant and coupling regime close to 1, were used, these showed be efficient in the transfer of electricity to distances up to 4 times the radius of the coil (Experiment 2, L1,2), with an efficiency of 60%. The article presents the design and results of research experience, likewise, it is discussed the practical applicability for future work. Key Word: coupling, magnetic induction, resonance, wireless power transmission. 1.INTRODUCTION Energy transference trough magnetic induction and radio waves was a problem that Tesla (18561943) faced at the very beginning of the last century. He tried to solve it using a electricity distribution system on long distance Wardenclyffe Tower-, unfortunately without success; other strategies were experimented in order to transport electrical energy trough an wireless medium went after and focused on highly directive radiation emission; thus like NASA case studies in 1975, that accomplished transmitting 34kW of power at a distance of 1,5km on microwaves band; or in the American military industry that designed and built an electronic system for lethally doses of power, trough laser ray on the battlefield [1], [2];but this solutions where
1

not

power

efficient,

they

needed

obstacle-free

view

and

meant

severe

Ph.D. on education from Universidad Pedaggica Nacional de Colombia, Magster in Teleinformathics from Universidad Distrital "Francisco Jos de Caldas" and Electrical Engineer from Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Associated teacher from the Electrical Enginering program of the Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniera JULIO GARAVITO, Bogot-Colombia. hernan.paz@escuelaing.edu.co. 2 Juan J. Torres, Electronical Engineer from Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniera JULIO GARAVITO,

juan.jose@escuelaing.edu.co.

risks for human health, therefore ended reevaluated. Not a long time ago researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), retook the issue and for its solution proposed WiTricity [3], [4]. The operational principle of this technology is founded on enhanced magnetic induction techniques, long term resonances and strong coupling. In their experiments they transferred wireless electricity to a 60W bulb (it turned on), located 2 m away and with a 40% efficiency. There are still a lot of topics for research, as an example, new solenoid geometry and pending lab practices to improve those results. In order to contribute on the resolution of the problem, the research group Ecitrnica-linea de investigacin en telecomunicaciones started the investigation that had Electricidad propaganda inalmbricamente en bajas frecuencias (Wirelessly propagated electricity in low frecuency) as a title and was developed on 2009. The general objective was designing and building two wireless electrical energy transfer systems on VLF (very low frequency) band, trough the magnetic induction principles, auto resonance, and near field radio waves coupling. 2. TEORETHICAL FRAMEWORK Between other matters, at this points are examined among others, the theoretical principles of magnetic induction and radio channel characteristics. The electrical induction is that property of a circuit of creating an electromotive force in another circuit located near the first one, starting from a variable magnetic field that is caused as well by a current variation. It is also defined as the magnetic flux per area unit in a normal section from the flux direction, in some cases it gets the name of magnetic field intensity B, because it is the real field. The force, direction and extension of B is represented usually trough magnetic field lines. The relation between the induced signal and the magnetic field flux is expressed through the Lenz law on equations 1 and 2.

Vinducced =

d dt

(Equation 1) (Equation 2)

Vinduced = E dl
Where

d is the flux differential and E is the electrical field vector. dt

Flux is understood as the amount of magnetic field that goes through a surface that encloses the closed circuit as shown on equation 3.
= B ds
s

(Equation 3)

Thus, a second conductive and closed loop, intervened in the firsts close field, could capture a portion of that oscillating magnetic flux, in order to induce an electrical current on the same. -Faraday induction law- [5]. The propagation medium is free space. For this research in particular it was a real interest to characterize it on the sub regions of the field close to the solenoid, through the one its expected to propagate the energy. In the next table some characteristics are identified and compared. Table 1. Predominant terms for each sub regin of close field. Parameter / field type Other names Regions* Power Types Reactive close field Radiate close field

Quasi static, induction or evanescence zone. Fresnel Zone.

0,62 D3 >r >0 2D2 D3 > r > 0,62

Average radiated Power Phase relation between fields

Reactive: Through half a cycle, the power is radiated from the source being stored temporarily in the close field and, during the second half cycle, the power returns from the field close to the source. Is null

There is reactive field presence and non-ionizer radiated field starts to emerge. Reactive power is approximately equal to the radioactive power. It is likely average power transportation. Out of phase and tend to be phased with each other.

The existent relation between the fields phase is unknown in the proximities of the source. They

Er and Hr**

Are determined by the source characteristics and the medium where is its propagated. Field variation 1 1 1 1 3 , H 2 2 , H 2 with distance. r r r r Interaction They dont keep any relation and are They are slightly coupled, that between the physical independent quantities. way one can make changes in the fields. other. * D is the total length of the antenna and r is the distance between the radiation point to an arbitrary measuring point. ** The angular distribution of fields (radiation diagram) is function of the distance to the antenna. Note: One regions borders to another changes gradually. From the table data we can infer that the Fresnel zone and at low frequencies the displacement currents from the dielectrics polarization are depreciable compared to conduction currents predominating on those circuits, therefore, the magnetic field magnitude is relevant in the emitter proximity and decreases from the origin, with at least, square root of the distance; that is why the effect disappears quickly when its separated from the source. In adition, with E and H variations, field impedance variations can be deduced depending on the sub region type. In the next figure, and at a logarithmic scale, that variation is shown for the field regions.

could tend to be in quadrature with each other. Field properties Are determined mostly by the source characteristics.

Figure 1. Wave impedance as a function of distance from the source in terms of

On this context and according to Yaghjian [6], wave impedance in the reactive close field sub region is determined by the source characteristics; while on the Fresnel zone, the radiation field is not substantially the flat type wave and has a complex structure; thus, relation between E and H is not constant, and is not the intrinsic impedance of air Zo=377 (or the one from the medium is propagated). 1. METHODOLOGY Research started from a theoretical revision about magnetic induction and close field wave propagation. The specific case WiTricity was examined by the MIT. Counting the results limitations shown on [3] and [4], new frequency bands where considered, circuits and materials for their construction as chances to improve thus results. Starting there, the work team selected the intermediate frequency of VLF (16KHz), as the proper one, and two resonant circuits where designed. With the theoretical results of B, as a reference, experiments where done, results where analyzed and some new data where inferred, that is presented on 4, 5 and 6. First approach: As shown on the next figure, a monolayer solenoid conformed with spins close to with each other (constant pass) was divided in a coordinated system among the axis and with the origin on 0.

Figure 2. Monolayer solenoid with air core, some parameter configuration.

Being N the spin number, R the radius and the solenoids length. Above the same geometrical axis transmission and receptor solenoids (that will have different lengths) where aligned; knowing that anyways > R in both cases. These initial conditions were considered for the first experiment. Current circulation I in the whole solenoids can be approximated to a laminated distribution of current I on the cylinder distribution in which the solenoid is built (Air core), if we start from the fact that every spin has the same radius R and its assumed that for each spin the same current value I is circulating. After, the circulating current is taken in each spin and is multiplied by spin number N, in order to obtain the laminar current value NI. With these approach, a linear density of current Ni/ is obtained. Making these approach a laminar current incremental can be taken as it where an elementary spin with thickness dx through the one a current (NI/ )dx passes. This will be continuous among the geometrical aligned axis. Developing the algebraic corresponding process from the Biot-Savart formula equation 4 is obtained and it denotes field intensity B, for every point P located above the axis solenoid (P is at a distance x p from the origin)

0 qv ur 0 B= = 4 r 2 4

Idl ur r 2 Biot-Savart Law

xp R2 + xp
2

Ni xp B= 0 + 2 2 R + ( x ) 2 p

(Equation 4)

Maximum magnetic field value of B is calculated using equation 5, in wich P is considered on the middle above the solenoid axis.
Ni B= 0 1 R 2 +1
2

(Equation 5)

Second approach: for this case a really short solenoid with small was used and with a spin perimeter (2R) small enough compared to the wave length of the operation frequency on the experiment on VLF. Under the previous restrictions and guided by the antenna theory, the solenoid was modulated as it was a short loop antenna, through the one a current almost constant was circulating (See next figure).

Figure 3. Solenoid approximation to a circular spin and magnetic field radiation. As a consequence, in order to find B, the same electromagnetic field relations where used, applied for a Hertzian short dipole.
A=
jkr sen ( I 0) e cos r 4 r

(Equation 6)

Where k =

was the propagation constant,

is the distance to the point where the A potential

is considered and the short dipole length in which the solenoid is approximated. The hard part obtaining B for each spin with any current distribution valid at any observation point, was on the complexity of developing the potential A integer. For that reason the magnetic field for the whole system was found using equations 7 and 8.
H = 1

(Equation 7)

Then
H = j k ( I 0 ) sen 4r 1 jkr 1 + jkr e

(Equation 8)

For this experiment, the observation point

was chosen between

2D 2 D3 on the > r > 0,62

Fresnel sub region; as a consequence, the associated power to that zones fields is not entirely radiated power being propagated trough medium (Dynamic fields); nor, reactive power stored in a similar way found in static fields. The solenoid power corresponds to quasi-static fields or VLF associated that depended in a quasi-stationary way of the charges distribution and solenoid currents, and its interaction was giving as a result a complex number with a real part and an imaginary part: real part or radioactive power, could be transferred to the medium and thus, was the one to use; while the reactive power was the imaginary part and could not be transferred to the medium, it just remained oscillating between fields. Radioactive and reactive power magnitude changed with distance from the origin and it was possible to predict it with the Friis modified equation [7] or taking the received power average in many points located at a distance

r from the transmissor. According to this, literature basis where confirmed about the importance
of the Fresnel zone only in big antennas compared to the wave length, as the parabolic reflectors. Continuing with designs, in the next figure a basic circuit is shown in order to build the Tesla system that uses the first approach in order to calculate B.

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the circuit of the first experiment. The functionality principle consists in an alternating electrical current circulating through an inductor L1 creating an electromagnetic alternating field around it capable of inducing an altern current in another inductor L2 located in the same core. This system is conformed by the

electrical net as the energy providing source (120Vrms and 60Hz), raising transformer T1, exploder EX, condenser C1 and two inductors: L1 and L2. The EX is built with to screws facing each other with their heads and separated at a approximated distance of 1mm (See figure 5)

Figure 5. exploder EX configuration. While de condenser C1 is assembled with aluminium paper plaques (width < 0,2mm and =0,039W/mK), separated by a dielectric with acetate sheets (r=3.9). Its function is to almacenate electrical charges (See figure 6).

Figure 6. Condensator C1 configuration. From this perspective, the magnetic field is generated and is coupled through a resonant circuit and another self-resonant circuit, designed using equations 8 and 9, and at the same frequency.
f R ( Hz ) = 1 2 L1C1

(Equation 8)

f AR ( Hz ) =

1 2 L2Cd

(Equation 9)

The first that is modulated mathematically through a resonant serial circuit, is built by an inductor L1 (L with air core on the figure 7), built with copper wire (Resistivity equal to 1,724*10 -6 cm) caliber number 8, plastic isolation and rolled in six spins of 12cm of diameter, resounds with the capacitance C1, determined by the effective area of the conductor plaques, width and material

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classification used as a dielectrical. The second circuit is self-resonant, thus is modulated as a parallel resonant circuit, is compound by L2 (L enameled of the figure 7), with 8cm diameter spins and caliber 12 copper wired enrollment around a plastic bottle with water and 20 cm length.

Figura 7. Construction of the two inductors that shapes the resonant circuit. In self-resonance the inductor resounds with its own capacitance distributed Cd; this one was calculated with equation 10, that corresponds to the Medhurst formula [8].
Cd ( pF ) = kD

(Equation 10)

Where D is the diameter and the solenoid length, data in cm. k is a coefficient of the

relation between

D according to the next table:

Tabla 2. k factors for Cd calculations on the inductor

l/D 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,8 1 2 4 6 8 10 15 20 30 K 0,096 0,06 0,05 0,05 0,046 0,05 0,072 0,092 0,112 0,132 0,186 0,236 0,34 A self resonance frequency on band VLF was required, was attempted to increase the capacitance effect distributed on the solenoid, making it big enough, without compromising the quality factor of the circuit; this implied long solenoids. According to figure 4, T1 interconects the electrical net with a resonant serial circuit through the enrollments; the configuration and relation of the number of laps in those, meets the magnetic coupling function and also in order to elevate the signal level of voltage from 120Vrms to 1300Vrms; keep in mind that the relation between spins and caliber of the wire on the primary

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and secondary enrollments of T1 will depend on the level of induced current. After, the xplosor is connected using a parallel configuration with the secondary of T1. C1 condensator is fixed to one of the heads of the primary winding L1 and the other head to one of the explosor connections. Likewise, winding L1 and L2 are interconected to the other explosers plaque. L2 is also connected to the charge that is going to be fed wirelessly. Through the secondary winding of transformer T1 alternating current is inyected to the condenser C1, generating a potencial difference between its plaques. Tension is so high that brakes air resistance releasing a spark between explosor EXs terminals; through this the volant circuit is closed [9] that allows the discharge of condenser C1 on the primary winding L1; inmediately the condenser C1 is charged again repeating the process and establishing a sintonized circuit. Due to the high current circulating for it, the close field is almost entirely magnetic. L2 inside L1 location, as shown in the next figure, allows the magnetic flux generated by each spin of L1 to have a magnetic total flux =N that is mutual with L2 because also crosses its winding, obtaining a strong magnetical coupling almost unitary. Being that the case, an electrical maximum current is induced that can be used to feed a 100W bulb, as will be shown ahead. Some common examples of magnetic induction based devices are the transformers and electrical generators.

Figure 8. Electrical physical circuit of the second experiment. Another design criteria was to approach a separation distance relation on the adjacent spins/wire diameter of 0,56, trying to maximize the resonant circuits Q. To accomplish this a No 12 wire

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was used that has a diameter of 2.05mm, as consecuence, the separation between spins was of 1,153mm. The quality factor Q for the resonant serial circuit is evaluated with the following equation.
Q= X Ls Rs

(Equation 11)

Where X Ls and Rs are inductive reactance and serial resistance of the solenoid, also called equivalent value of loss resistance. Notice that the lowest resistance of the winding related to the inductive reactance, the higher will the Q be; and the ideal the inductor will be. Likewise, it can be affirmed that in low frequency, a continuous current resistance predominates and that Q is a linear function of frequency, although it also depends on dimensions, shape and separation between spins. For the resonant parallel circuit, the equation 12 was used.
Q= Rp X Lp

(Equation 12)

Another procedure to calculate Q on the resonant parallel circuit having as desing criteria the solenoid geometry is applying the Medhursts formula:
Q =7.5 D f

(Equation 13)

Where D is the diameter of the winding in cm, f is the frequency in MHz and is the extracted coefficient from the Medhurst graphic (1947), that depends on the relations 1/D of table 2. Resuming, as shown on the next table, the next design values where obtained for monolayer solenoids. Table 3. Design data from experiment No. 1. Parameter / Circuit type Resonant Self resonant FR, FAR (KHz) L 16 L1=27H L2=67H C C1=3.7F Cd=1.5F R 8m 674 Q 340 100

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Finally, the magnetic coupling is produced when the magnetic flux on a device links the other and as a consequence, a current is induced; in this perspective, a strong coupling is accomplished on the system because proximity was kept on mind or mutual inductance M between both solenoids, this calculation was made using equation 14.
Fcoupling = M (Equation 14) L1 L2

On the next figure the schematic circuit of the second experimental assembly is shown, the one that transmitted electricity through magnetic waves at a frequency of 16KHz.

Figure 9. Schematic for the second experimental assembly. In this system two self resonant helix antennas where coupled with a straight monolayer solenoids of 50cm of radius with air core. This were built with enameled copper wire, with

conductivity

= 5.7 107 1

) . This solenoids where wired among the isolating material

base, in order to minimize loss for proximity effect. Staring with a known working frequency and using electrical circuits theory, L and Cd where designed identic for both solenoids; because the transmission helix, as the receiving one had the same geometrical specifications. In order to find the inductor value equation 15 was used that corresponds to Wheelers formula [10].
L( uH ) = 0,001 N 2 D2 + 0,45D

(Equation 15)

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Where N is the number of spins, D is the winding diameter and is the length of the same. The last two parameters in mm. On its own side, the distributed capacitance calculus kept the Medhursts formula mentioned before. Both solenoids where aligned on the same axial axis and approached until accomplishing magnetic coupling; that way, the force lines of the transmissor winding linked with the winding of the receptor for maximal energy transference through a wireless medium. The Q for both solenoids where calculated with equation 13 and depended fundamentally on its geometry, because the physical parameters ended hiding beneath geometrical ones. On the next table, design data are shown. Table 4. Experiment design No 2 data. Parameter / Circuit Type Self resonant FAR (KHz) 16 L L1,2=98H C Cd=1F R 829 Q 84

Radiation resistance for a short dipole calculated from given equations on antenna and electromagnetism literature [11], [12] for a frequency of 16KHz is approximately 9K, in a way that the loss R of the solenoid is less, 10 times. 2. ANALISIS AND RESULTS

From the first experiment: In the next figure is shown where in the first experiment, a 100W bulb is lighted with a wireless source (extern winding) logated 5cm away. This system required large currents in order to achieve coverage, for that it was mandatory to synchronize and

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magnetically couple both, transmission and receiving circuits to accomplish a current induction that gives critical charges supply; however, a good synchrony implied lower loss on the inductor in order to maximize the quality factor of the solenoids, besides granting an energetic conservation within them.

Figure 10. Tests made with the first experiment. In the specific case of this experiment, loss resistance is not only comprehended by current circulation effect through the conductor that the winding was built with, but also solenoids air core field dispersion loss was added. Besides, the resonance frequency, located on the average value of the VLF band, did not managed to couple some field lines due to lack of directivity by long wave length that the transmissor emitted. On the figure 11 many resonance quality factor curves are shown obtained on the experiment using different windings on the solenoid 1s construction. As evidence on the same figure, when the transmissor resounds and the inductor value Rs is high, the current flowing through the circuit decreases in an inverse proportional way; in that case, the quality factor Q is low and resonance curve is wide. On contraire, less the value Rs as high the I amplitude will be; and in fact, theoretically, if there were no R on the circuit, I amplitude and Q values will be infinite on the resonance point.

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Figure 11. Resonance curves for different Q values. Resuming, selectivity was acomplished about the frequency thanks to the adequate material selection and the following of some design criteria, such as: builting solenoids with conductor wire with big diameter, designing the system at an average frequency on VLF, wiring solenoids with a cilindric geometry that granted an aproximated to 2 coefficient k on table 3 and that will not imply high Rs, however, it was failed in what coverage regards for the maximum energy transference to the self-resonant circuit due to high loss rate. From the second experiment: As shown on figure 12 and reviewed before, the second investigative experience was designed and built in order to induce magnetic and electric mutual field in the Fresnel zone; the purpose was to create a traveling wave and make large coverage. However electromagnetic radiation, although has shown being efficient for modulated information signal transmission in a carrier, is not efficient for electrical energy transference because it is dispersed in many directions, loosing large quantities of the same in free space, besides suffering a power decreasing proportionally inverse to the distance. Resuming, a 90mW power LED was lighted 80cm away and with an efficiency of 60%

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Figure 12. Tests made with the second experiment. In the energy transference through close field (Fresnel sub region) some goals where achieved, as the system synchrony and electromagnetic coupling; but some barriers to pass remained there. A miscalculation was that the supplying source (generator) did not had the power enough to make anything work at a distance larger that 80cm; however, due to the self-resonance phenomena it was possible for the second current to be big enough in order to light a LED. As happened with the first experiment, the produced loss where attempted to control; those had different origins, between which winding resistance related loss are mentioned, constituted by the ohmic resistance of the rolling wire; solenoid proximity effect loss; the parasite induced currents generated on the conductor material close to the solenoid; dielectric loss on the isolating material associated to the inductor (rolling base), core loss and peculiar effect related. For the self-resonant circuits case in both experiments, and knowing that this frequency is naturally located above the resonance frequency, it was necessary to increase solenoids Cd in order to synchronize the system to the same F, it was made using a close and consecutive spin enrollment, and with enameled wire; likewise, with a proper core taking advantage of the air (that has lower dielectric constant) and thus throws higher distributed capacity; however, in the selfresonant circuits there is low stability and the resistance on the inductor as the distributed capacity interfered with the circuits Q, thus, it was convenient to consider geometrical changes, to solve this inconveniences and make systems synchrony.

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Regardless the previous data, self-resonance induction proved to be efficient enough for this kind of applications, because the wave energy that linked the second solenoid was fundamentally magnetic; that gave place to other: hysteresis, residual and parasite current or Foucault loss that improved system efficiency. The receiving solenoid was submitted to an alternating field, it lasted half cycle going away and another half cycle getting back in order to pass distinct magnetic energy states, therefore, integrating the curve in a full cycle; difference between absorbed energy and returned energy was obtained, or, it resulted on the energy sent on discovering the whole solenoid on a full cycle, as consequence, the hysteresis per cycle loss and per volume unity was proportional to the bund closing surface. Parasite currents on the other hand where shown when the receiving solenoid was submitted to the induced longitudinal magnetic field; as consequence, in that circuit, parasite currents where generated that, according to Lenz law, produced a magnetic antagonist field; in consequence, this current where directly proportional to the alternating induction Bmax and to the frequency and proportionally inverse to the volume resistivity of the receiving material; thus, the high induction and operational frequency on VLF band values caused significant loss values, for hysteresis and parasite currents, because depended proportionally of Bmax and F; this, with residual loss and skin effect related loss limited the coverage of the wireless communication through the induced magnetic field. Resuming, for the first experiment, it was necessary to preserve the energy source and the capture device really close on to the other, in order to accomplish energy transference with relatively higher magnitudes; while for the second, a decreasing coverage was accomplished for the transferred signal magnitude.

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3.

RESULTS DISCUSION

This device is planted from three perspectives: efficiency on energy transference systems through a wireless medium, the health implication of the people due to magnetic wave propagation with high intensity and the new possibilities that gets opened on this research area. Regarding the first aspect, the energy transference efficiency through magnetic induction and close field is low if the source power and the operational frequency are low, the coupling factor is lower than 1 and the quality factor of the resonant circuits winding is not higher than at least a 100 times. That implies research about new materials, operate them in their higher linearity possible points and exploring new geometries to minimize loss, in the windings as in the cores; likewise, its suggested to avoid self-resonance synchronized systems because magnetic induction through those mediums generates huge loss on the core that added to the winding loss, decreases systems efficiency. About WiTricitys systems efficiency characteristics referred by MIT research, about that all the energy on the first resonant circuit is not induced by the second, if not reabsorbed partially by the transmissor winding, in a strongly coupled resonant system; it could be inferred that is not possible to generate or capture magnetic field with an efficiency close to 1; however, its susceptible of improving the 40% managed in the previous researches made by the same institute [13], if its implied that in the bond, a field interaction, not only magnetic, because the average power transferred has a direct relation with the dependency that exists between E and H. Regarding the second aspect and according to the security normativity for different types of emissions [14], lower magnetic frequencies are recommended, characterized for being nonionized, therefore they dont affect people; now, by propagation laws its shown that at low frequencies there is a low interference and in non-radiating magnetic resonance conditions, most

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surrounding conductor materials do not interact with magnetic fields, as a consequence there are no unwished couplings; however, at low frequencies the wave lengths are big which implies isotropy that disperses energy, decoupling the system and decreasing efficiency; besides the difficulty to accomplish high resonances due to the circuits Q tending to be lower. On the other hand; effluvial, corona and arch unleashing field intensity levels that can harm human beings integrity are restricted. From this perspective some MITs Scientifics affirm that WiTricity doesnt represent any significant risk for human health [15]. As last and about the new possibilities that opens for WiTricity technology, lots of electronic devices users (Laptops, cellphones, MP3/MP4 reproducers, cameras, PDAs, tablets, smart TVs, smartphones among others) that fed through batteries that needs to be recharged many times, wish a wireless solution, simple and universal that release them from the wireless connectivity issues of the chargers and adapters, besides being ecological, because will banish hundreds of miles of feeding wires and thousands of millions of disposable batteries; in this perspective research on the WiTricity technology will continue in order to improve limitations mentioned before, that way it can become an adequate solution starting from the accomplish of applicable regulations related to maximum electromagnetic radiations allowed on a house, office, industry, among others. Moving in this direction, solar energy captured outside the atmosphere could be extended in order to retransmit it through beams redirected to residences, transportation media and industrial charges located among the earth. Off course, new issues will come as avoiding electrical energy stealing and guaranteeing efficient transferring systems in a brand or big scale from mW to KW, that gives access to any kind of user. For further works in this research field, and in order to identify proper operation frequency, frequency could be explored on the resonance lab of Schumann 7.83, 14.1,and 20.3Hz [16] or any of his harmonic frequencies that favors a strong coupling, besides minimizing loss with the

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purpose of improve the systems efficiency; at this frequencies, but fundamentally at 7.83Hz, we could get strongly coupled resonance, like the one on acoustics, electromagnetic, magnetic or nuclear, because at that frequency, the earth-ionosphere cavity resounds according to Schumann (1.952), and under this, loss are minimized; as a consequence, it would operate in a strongly coupled regimen and the energy transference could be more efficient. 4. CONCLUSIONS Experimented electrical energy transference systems in this research gives an improvement in efficiency respect to previous works; however, there is still a lot to work with about coverage and identifying better frequencies to get strongly couplings in the bonds, and transmissor devices stable receptors and easy to build. Designing and using self-resonance synchrony systems is definitively out of call because it increases loss and decreases efficiency. Works in this perspective can lead WiTricity technology to a good point, and although its at a level in which is useful in some practical applications, it could be extended to other applications and get even better improvements in efficiency as in coverage, through new resonant elements geometry and trying new materials for quality factor improvement as well. Current systems using electromagnetic radiation, as radio antennas, doesnt work for efficient energy transportation because they disperse in many directions, wasting big energy quantities on space. Besides, a radiated power attenuation in a square of the propagation distance proportion. REFERENCES [1] D.M. Pozar. Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey, 2005. 736 pgs.

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[2] W.G. Xin and Y. Wang. A method for improving the wireless power transmission efficiency of an endoscopic capsule based on electromagnetic localization and synthesis of magnetic field vector, Journal of medical robotics and computer assisted surgery, Vol. 6, pp. 113-122. 2010. [3] A. Karalis, J.D. Joannopoulos and M. Soljacic. Efficient wireless non-radiative midrange energy transfer. Annals of Physics, Vol. 323, no. 1, pp. 34-48. 2008. [4] R.E. Hamam, A. Karalis, J.D. Joannopoulos and M. Soljacic. Efficient weakly-radiative wireless energy transfer: An EIT-like approach. Annals of Physics, Vol. 324, no. 8, pp. 17831795. 2009. [5] H. Paz. Sistemas de comunicaciones digitales (1 edicin). Bogot-Colombia. Editorial: Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniera. 2009. 399 pgs. [6] A. Yaghjian. An Overview of near-field antenna measurements. IEEE transactions antennas propagation, AP-34, pp. 30-45. 1986. [7] C.A. Balanis. Antenna theory: analysis and design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey, 2005. 1047 pgs. [8] R. Medhurst. HF resistance and self capacitance of single-layer solenoids. Wireless Engineering, March 1947, p. 80. [9] W. Hayt, J. Kemmerly and S. Durbin. Engineering circuit analysis. Mc Graw Hill. BogotColombia. 2007. 856 pgs. [10] H. Wheeler. Formulas for the skin effect. Proceedings of the I.R.E. 1942. pp. 412-424. [11] J. Kraus. Antennas (Tercera Edicin), Bogot-Colombia. Mc Graw Hill. 2002. 574 pgs. [12] M. Sadiku. Elementos de electromagnetismo. Bogot-Colombia. Oxford. 2003. 431 pgs. [13] J. Lee, B. Zhen, Ch. Song-Liang, W. Qiu, J.D. Joannopoulos, M. Soljacic and O. Shapira. Observation and differentiation of unique high-Q optical resonances near zero wave vector in

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macroscopic photonic crystal slabs. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, no. 6, pp. 236-241. Disponible: http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v109/i6/e067401. [Recuperado 17 de agosto de 2012]. [14] IEEE. IEEE standard C95.12005 IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300GHz. Piscataway, NJ. 2006. [15] A. Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J. Joannopoulos, P. Fisher and M. Soljacic. Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances. Science. Vol. 83, p. 317. 2007. [16] A. Nickolaenko. Resonances in the earth-ionosphere cavity. Tokyo-Japan. Kluwer. 2002.