Contents

1 Instructions for use Read these carefully before completing the spreadsheets
2 Field Data Entry Input all required data relating to field and field operations
3 Factory Data Entry Input all required data relating to factory operations
4a Results - Numbers
4b Results - Graphs
4c Results - Descriptive
Appendices
1 CEC Calculator (Cation Exchange Capacity)
2 Agrochemicals Calculator
3 Assumptions
References and methodologies
R1 Cation Exchange Capacity calculation and references
R2 Transport and fuel use figures and references
R3a Fertiliser methodology
R3b Fertiliser percentage active ingredient
R3c Fertiliser Global Warming Potential and Embodied Energy References
R3d Fertiliser Embodied energy used in spreadsheets
R3e Fertiliser GWP used in spreadsheets
R3f Fertiliser Field Emissions
R4a Agrochemicals methodology
R4b Agrochemical figures from Audsley
R4c Agrochemical figures from Green
R4d Agrochemical comparison table
R5a Electricity methodology
R5b Electricity percentages of renewable energy production types
R6a Results - Interpretation
PAGE 1: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SPREADSHEET FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRIC
HOW TO USE THIS SPREADSHEET

1 Decide whether your project involved energy use in both field and factory.
If it ONLY involves the field section then ignore Page 3
For plantation projects include transport of crop to factory as part of field use.

2 Complete Spreadsheet Page 2.

Units should be entered in column E from the drop down menu.
If you have the required data but it is not in the correct form i.e. it is not in the drop down menu, then
the comments page and then:
Either convert them yourself or use an on line converter such as http://www.onlineconvers
Or contact Sustainable Agriculture Team
Cells marked * are essential and must be completed. Error messages will appear if these are not.

3 If the factory is being included complete Page 3. Otherwise, ignore the page and go directly to Page 4:

4 Now go to Page 4: Results. This page shows the following:

- energy efficiency
- % renewable energy
- greenhouse gas production &
- polluting gaseous emissions (eg NH3 and NO)
If error messages appear, they should be self explanatory.

Now please continue to Pa

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

the drop down menu, then write a note in

s http://www.onlineconversion.com

ppear if these are not.

e and go directly to Page 4: Results.

Now please continue to Page 2 Field Data Entry

CO2 Calculator 03/17/2009 Page 2 Field Data Entry

ENERGY COLUMNS EMISSIONS COLUMNS Selection lists

PAGE 2: FIELD DATA INPUT SPREADSHEET HIDE these columns HIDE these columns

1. Essential field information Input Units

Location [Select]
Year miles 1.609344
Country * [Select] km 1
Crop Grown Conversion Units lists
Output * Total area of crop grown * [Select] input units ha [Select]
Total fresh product harvested * [Select] 0 kg Hectares 1
Total finished product * [Select] Cell D11 cannot be left blank. 0 kg Acres 0.40458528
Crop Type * [Select] Crop Type 0 0 0
Site details * Soil Texture * [Select] Soil texture 0 0 0
Soil Organic Carbon Content (%) * [Select] Soil c content 0 0 0 tonnes/acre 2470
Soil pH * [Select] Soil pH 0 0 0 ounces/acre (US) 0.07
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol kg-¹) * [Select] Soil Cation Exchange
0 Capacity
0 (cmol kg-¹)0
Soil Drainage * [Select] Soil Drainage 0 0 0
Climate * [Select] Climate 0 0 0
* Denotes an essential field tons (US, short) 907.18
2. Field energy use litres 1
MJ from
ELECTRICITY renewable Total kg CO2
Quantity of electricity Units Conversionsources
to MJ kg CO2/MJ Ref
National Grid Electricity from national grid used for irrigation or 0
[Select]
pumping floodwater, etc.(either KWh or MJ) 0.00 0 0 [Select]
0 kWh
Electricity from national grid used for workshops,
[Select]
offices, etc. for field-based activities
0.00 0 0 0.27778
Local Electricity from local hydro renewable energy 0 Assume zero emissions from local renewable sources MJ
[Select]
generation used in field 0.00 0.00 0 1
Electricity from local wind used in field [Select] 0 Assume zero emissions from local renewable sources
0.00 0.00 0
Electricity generated from diesel generators and 0 Carbon Trust Energy and Carbon Conversions
[Select]
then used in field 0.00 0.9
Electricity generated from coke generators and [Select]
0 Carbon Trust Energy and Carbon Conversions
then used in field 0.00 1.33
Total 0.00 0 Total kg CO2 equivalent
0
Transport: Please include all transport of workers, fruit, green leaf, fertilisers etc. Total kg CO2eq per
#DIV/0!
ha Electricity
Conventional/fossil fuels Quantity of fuel or Conversio Conversio Conversion kg CO2 per litre Total CO2
distance Units n to litres n to MJ figures MJ/l Ref kg
Diesel Cars [Select] 0.00 0 Diesel 37.9 University of Strathclyde and HM Treasury
2.63 0
Lorries, trucks and tractors [Select] 0.00 0 Petrol 31.5 2.63 0
Irrigation and for maintaining the water table [Select] 0.00 0 Biodiesel 35.6 2.63 0
Pumping and aerating effluent for spreading on 2.63 0
land [Select] 0.00 0 Bioethanol 21.1
Petrol Cars and motorcycles [Select] 0.00 0 2.3 0

Conversio Conversio kg CO2 per MJ Total CO2

Biofuels n to litres n to MJ kg 1 2 3 4 5
Biodiesel Cars [Select] 0.00 0 0 1.32 0 Input Units Car Lorry
Lorries, trucks and tractors [Select] 0.00 0 0 1.32 0 [Select] Petrol Diesel Diesel
Irrigation and for maintaining the water table [Select] 0.00 0 0 1.32 0 Litres 1 1 1 car petrol 30 mpg diesel 40 mpg
Pumping and aerating effluent for spreading on 1.32 0 hgv rigid 8.3 mpg artic 7.9 mpg
land [Select] 0.00 0 0 US gallons 3.7854118 3.7854118 3.7854118
Bioethanol Cars and motorcycles [Select] 0.00 0 0 1.15 0 Imperial gallons 4.5460919 4.5460919 4.5460919 Transport Statistics Great Britain 2005, Dept for Transport, Published Oct 2005
Total 0 0 Total kg CO2 equivalent
0 Miles 0.243874 0.182906 0.881473
3. Field Inputs Total per ha
#DIV/0! MJ Total kg CO2eq per
#DIV/0!
ha Fuels km 0.151536 0.113652 0.547722
FERTILISER SECTION Application Emissions [Select]
Nitrogen related emissions from field applications (Bouwman 2002 model) and CO 2 from Fertiliser Embodied Energy
(Life Cycle Analysis - LCA) Factor, factor class
Factor Value - Ref: Bouwman 2002 model Active Ingredient
Fertiliser 1 Fertiliser Type - Nutrients [Select] Fertiliser 1 Type0 0 0 total 0 Country
Application Mode [Select] Application Mode 0 0 0 - Malta 0.23 0.00
Application rate [Select] Conversion to kg/ha0.00
active ingredient - Sweden 0.02 45.49
Nutrient or total product? [Select] Total MJ Fertiliser 1 0 Total 0 0 0 0 - Turkey 0.14 30.75
- United Kingdom 0.13 4.40
Fertiliser 2 Fertiliser Type - Nutrients [Select] Fertiliser 2 Type0 0 0 Africa 0.15 17.09
Application Mode [Select] Conversion to kg/ha0.00 Application Mode
0 0 0 - Benin 0.24 1.23
Product application rate [Select] Total kg of active ingredient
0 Fertiliser 2 NH3 (kg-N) N2O (kg-N) NO (kg-N) Kg CO2/tonne active ingredient - Cameroon 0.01 95.38
Active ingredient or total product? [Select] Total MJ Fertiliser 2 0 Total 0 0 0 0 - Congo Dem. Rep. 0 99.68
- Cote d'Ivoire 0.11 32.35
Fertiliser 3 Fertiliser Type - Nutrients [Select] Fertiliser Type 0 0 0 - Egypt 0.12 13.00
Application Mode [Select] Conversion to kg/ha0.00 Application Mode0 0 0 - Gabon 0.09 58.56
Product application rate [Select] Total kg of active ingredient
0 Fertiliser 3 NH3 (kg-N) N2O (kg-N) NO (kg-N) Kg CO2/tonne active ingredient - Ghana 0.08 87.45
Active ingredient or total product? [Select] Total MJ Fertiliser 3 0 Total 0 0 0 0 - Kenya 0.05 75.88
- Libya 0.27 0.00
Fertiliser 4 Fertiliser Type - Nutrients [Select] Fertiliser Type 0 0 0 - Marocco 0.2 9.39
Application Mode [Select] Conversion to kg/ha0.00 Application Mode0 0 0 - Nigeria 0.12 34.18
Product application rate [Select] Total kg of active ingredient
0 Fertiliser 4 NH3 (kg-N) N2O (kg-N) NO (kg-N) Kg CO2/tonne active ingredient - Senegal 0.17 23.18
Active ingredient or total product? [Select] Total MJ Fertiliser 4 0 Total 0 0 0 0 - South Africa 0.24 2.23
- Sudan 0.21 27.22
Fertiliser 5 Fertiliser Type - Nutrients [Select] Fertiliser Type 0 0 0 - Tanzania United Rep. 0.03 95.08
Application Mode [Select] Conversion to kg/ha0.00 Application Mode0 0 0 - Zambia 0 99.39
Product application rate [Select] Total kg of active ingredient
0 Fertiliser 5 NH3 (kg-N) N2O (kg-N) NO (kg-N) Kg CO2/tonne active ingredient - Zimbabwe 0.14 56.81
Active ingredient or total product? [Select] Total MJ Fertiliser 5 0 Total 0 0 0 0 Middle East 0.19 2.82
- Bahrain 0.25 0.00
Please contact Helen Bentley-Fox if: -other fertilisers are used 0
Total MJ for fertilisers NH3 (kg-N) N2O (kg-N) NO (kg-N) CO2e embodied - Iran Islamic Rep. 0.15 6.46
-more than five fertilisers are used Total per ha #DIV/0! Fertiliser Total kg
0.00 0.00 0.00 0 - Iraq 0.26 1.53
-the % of active ingredient is incorrect for the fertiliser kg NH3 kg N2O kg NO kg CO2e - Israel 0.23 0.08
0.00 0.0 0.00 0 - Jordan 0.18 0.62
OTHER AGROCHEMICALS Embodied Energy
Total MJ/kg Total kg CO2 0.0 0 - Oman 0.24 0.00
Use Agrochemicals Calculator Sheet if more than one of each type is used Conversio embodied
Total of active ingredient Units n to kg/ha Total energy MJ Total kg CO2eq per #DIV/0!
ha Fertiliser - Qatar 0.22 0.00
Total Fungicide [Select] Fungicide 0 196.75 0 TOTAL
kg CO2 per kg active kg CO2/kg of agrochemical
ingredient - Saudi Arabia 0.21 0.00
Total Growth Regulator [Select] Growth Regulator
0 243.99 0 fungicide 14.74 0 - Syria 0.16 13.24
Total Herbicide [Select] Herbicide 0 277.86 0 plant growth regulator 18.37 0 - United Arab Emirates 0.22 0.00
Total Insecticides and acaricides [Select] Insecticide0 366.73 0 herbicide 20.88 0 - Yemen 0.25 0.00
Ref Average from Audsley Harmonisation 1997 insecticide 28.18 0 North America Choose a sub category
15.72
Please contact Helen Bentley-Fox if other inputs are used Total per ha 0 Total kg CO2eq per 0 ha Agrochemical - Canada 0.06 58.68
- Mexico 0.16 15.33
GO TO PAGE 3 IF YOU ARE INCLUDING YOUR FACTORY. OTHERWISE GO TO PAGE 4 RESULTS Total per ha #DIV/0!
MJ field data Overall total kg CO2
#DIV/0!
Eq field data - United States 0.16 9.58
Latin America 0.16 69.76
- Argentina 0.08 31.70
- Bolivia 0.13 51.13
- Brazil 0.02 86.17

- Chile 0.08 48.43

- Colombia 0.04 80.86
- Costa Rica 0.01 98.19

- Cuba 0.28 4.66

- Dominican Republic 0.18 12.01

- Ecuador 0.07 58.90

- El Salvador 0.09 54.38

- Guatemala 0.11 47.14
- Haiti 0.09 47.53
- Honduras 0.1 48.48
- Jamaica 0.22 3.46

- Netherlands Antilles 0.2 0.00

- Nicaragua 0.16 24.77
- Panama 0.1 66.01
- Paraguay 0 100.00
- Peru 0.04 72.92
- Trinidad & Tobago 0.2 0.36
- Uruguay 0 81.64

- Venezuela 0.07 71.00

China (including Hong Kong) 0.21
- China, People's Rep. of 0.21 16.19
- Hong Kong (China) 0.22 0.00
Asia 0.08 15.47

- Bangladesh 0.16 5.71

- Brunei Darussalam 0.22 0.00
- Chinese Taipei 0.18 4.54
- India 0.25 13.53
- Indonesia 0.22 13.59
- Korea, Dem Rep. of 0.15 56.89
- Malaysia 0.14 7.03
- Myanmar 0.1 36.21
- Nepal 0 99.83
- Pakistan 0.1 29.95
- Philippines 0.13 33.73
- Singapore 0.16 0.00
- Sri Lanka 0.11 36.85
- Thailand 0.15 6.99
- Vietnam 0.1 38.38
Pacific Choose a sub category
10.96
- Australia 0.24 7.80
- Japan 0.12 11.70
- Korea, Rep. of 0.12 1.71
- New Zealand 0.05 73.32
Former USSR 0.1 28.70
- Armenia 0.04 33.13
- Azerbaijan 0.15 12.73
- Georgia 0.01 87.36
- Kazakhstan 0.31 12.04
- Kyrgyzstan 0.02 93.09
- Russia 0.09 34.84
- Tajikistan 0.01 97.66
- Turkmenistan 0.22 0.03
- Uzbekistan 0.13 12.84

% active ingredient
[Select] N P K P2O5 K2O MgO CaO Total productProduct Active Ingredient
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ammonium Bicarbonate - 30% N 0.3 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.3 N
Ammonium nitrate - 34% N 0.34 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.34 N
Ammonium sulphate - 21% N 0.21 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.21 N
Anhydrous ammonia - 82% N 0.82 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.82 N
Animal manure - 6.5% N 0.07 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.07 N
Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen
0.25 - 24.5% N
Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.25 N
Calcium ammonium nitrate -27%0.27 N Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.27 N
Calcium nitrate - 15% N 0.15 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.15 N
Compound NK - 19.5% N; 29.5%0.2 K Error Error Error 0.3 Error Error 0.2 N
Diammonium phosphate - 18% N; 46% P2O5Error
0.18 Error 0.46 Error Error Error 0.18 N
Grazing Error Error Error Error Error Error Error 1
Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate - 11% ErrorK2O; 5%Error
MgO Error Error 0.11 0.05 Error 0.11 K2O
Lime - 52% CaO Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.52 1
Monoammonium phosphate - 12% N; 52% P2O5
0.12 Error Error 0.52 Error Error Error 0.12 N
Murate of potash / Potassium Chloride
Error - 60%Error
K2O Error Error 0.6 Error Error 0.6 K2O
Other ammonium based fertilisers - 21% N Error
0.21 Error Error Error Error Error 0.21 N
Other compound NP and NPK - 18% 0.18N; 22% Error
P2O5; 16% K2O
Error 0.22 0.16 Error Error 0.18 N
Other nitrate based fertilisers - 18%
0.18 N Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.18 N
Other Nitrogen solutions - 24% N0.24 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.24 N
Phosphate/Rock Phosphate - 10% P; 25% P2O5
Error 0.1 Error 0.25 Error Error Error 0.25 P2O5
Sulphate of potash/ Potassium sulphate
Error - 48% K; 50% K2O
Error 0.48 Error 0.5 Error Error 0.5 K2O
Super phosphate - 18.5% P2O5 Error Error Error 0.19 Error Error Error 0.19 P2O5
Triple super phosphate - 20% P2O5; Error 47% K2O
Error Error 0.2 0.47 Error Error 0.2 P2O5
Urea - 46.4% N 0.46 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.46 N
Urea ammonium nitrate solution 0.46- 46% N Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.46 N
Urine - 3% N 0.03 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.03 N

Fertiliser Embodied energy

Fertiliser Embodied Energy MJ/kg of Active Ingredient
N P K P2O5 K2O MgO CaO Total Product Product Active Ingredient
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ammonium Bicarbonate - 30% N 46.16 Error Error Error Error Error Error 46.16 N
Ammonium nitrate - 34% N 41.05 Error Error Error Error Error Error 41.05 N
Ammonium sulphate - 21% N 42.44 Error Error Error Error Error Error 42.44 N
Anhydrous ammonia - 82% N 55.00 Error Error Error Error Error Error 55.00 N
Animal manure - 6.5% N 0.00 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.00 N
Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 61.41
- 24.5%
Error N Error Error Error Error Error 61.41 N
Calcium ammonium nitrate -27% N42.82 Error Error Error Error Error Error 42.82 N
Calcium nitrate - 15% N 70.93 Error Error Error Error Error Error 70.93 N
Compound NK - 19.5% N; 29.5% K41.91 Error 6.96 Error 10.8 Error Error 41.91 N
Diammonium phosphate - 18% N; 61.41 46% P2O5
Error Error 23.93 Error Error Error 61.41 N
Grazing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate Error
- 11% K2O;Error
5% MgO Error Error 5.00 7.86 Error 5.00 K2O
Lime - 52% CaO Error Error Error Error Error Error 2.26 3.43
Monoammonium phosphate - 12% 61.62 N; 52% P2O5
Error Error 24.54 Error Error Error 61.62 N
Murate of potash / PotassiumError
Chloride - 60%
Error K2O Error Error 9.57 Error Error 9.57 K2O
Other ammonium based fertilisers -49.5121% Error
N Error Error Error Error Error 49.51 N
Other compound NP and NPK - 18% 41.91
N; 22% P2O5; 17.28
16% K2O6.96 Error Error Error Error 41.91 N
Other nitrate based fertilisers - 18% 41.91
N Error Error Error Error Error Error 41.91 N
Other Nitrogen solutions - 24% N 24.81 Error Error Error Error Error Error 24.81 N
Phosphate/Rock Phosphate - Error
10% P; 25% P2O5 15.3 Error 15.30 Error Error Error 15.30 P2O5
Sulphate of potash/ Potassium sulphate -Error
Error 48% K; 50% K2O 5.48 Error 25.02 Error Error 25.02 K2O
Super phosphate - 82.5% P2O5; Error 20% K2O 11.53 Error 50.3 Error Error Error 50.3 P2O5
Triple super phosphate - 20%Error
P2O5; 47% K2O 17.41 Error 34.95 Error Error Error 34.95 P2O5
Urea - 46.4% N 49.62 Error Error Error Error Error Error 49.62 N
Urea ammonium nitrate solution - 46% 62.59NError Error Error Error Error Error 62.59 N
Urine - 3% N 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 N

Fertiliser GWP GWP Active ingredient expressed as CO2 equivalent

Fertiliser N P K P2O5 K2O MgO CaO Total Product Product Active Ingredient
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ammonium Bicarbonate - 30% N 4.601 Error Error Error Error Error Error 4.601 N
Ammonium nitrate - 34% N 7.247 Error Error Error Error Error Error 7.247 N
Ammonium sulphate - 21% N 3.013 Error Error Error Error Error Error 3.013 N
Anhydrous ammonia - 82% N 3.542 Error Error Error Error Error Error 3.542 N
Animal manure - 6.5% N 0.000 Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.000 N
Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen - 24.5%
6.809 Error N Error Error Error Error Error 6.809 N
Calcium ammonium nitrate -27% N 7.367 Error Error Error Error Error Error 7.367 N
Calcium nitrate - 15% N 3.641 Error Error Error Error Error Error 3.641 N
Compound NK - 19.5% N; 29.5% K 6.809 Error 0.653 Error Error Error Error 6.809 N
Diammonium phosphate - 18% N; 2.644 46% P2O5
Error Error 1.515 Error Error Error 2.644 N
Grazing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000
Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate Error
- 11% K2O;Error5% MgO Error Error Error Error Error Error K2O
Lime - 52% CaO Error Error Error Error Error Error 0.116 0.192
Monoammonium phosphate - 12% 2.663 N; 52% P2O5
Error Error 1.544 Error Error Error 2.663 N
Murate of potash / PotassiumError
Chloride - 60%
Error K2O Error Error 0.653 Error Error 0.653 K2O
Other ammonium based fertilisers - 3.013
21% Error
N Error Error Error Error Error 3.013 N
Other compound NP and NPK - 18%6.809 N; 22% P2O5; 16% K2O0.653 Error
1.218 Error Error Error 6.809 N
Other nitrate based fertilisers - 18%6.809
N Error Error Error Error Error Error 6.809 N
Other Nitrogen solutions - 24% N 6.809 Error Error Error Error Error Error 6.809 N
Phosphate/Rock Phosphate - Error
10% P; 25% P2O5 1.126 Error 0.205 Error Error Error 0.205 P2O5
Sulphate of potash/ Potassium sulphate -Error
Error 48% K; 50% K2O 0.653 Error 1.347 Error Error 1.347 K2O
Super phosphate - 82.5% P2O5; Error 20% K2O 0.739 Error 2.549 Error Error Error 2.549 P2O5
Triple super phosphate - 20%Error
P2O5; 47% K2O 1.229 Error 1.955 Error Error Error 1.955 P2O5
Urea - 46.4% N 3.542 Error Error Error Error Error Error 3.542 N
Urea ammonium nitrate solution - 46% 5.513NError Error Error Error Error Error 5.513 N
Urine - 3% N 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 N

Page 6
Page 3 Factory Data Entry

A B C D E F G V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE
1 PAGE 3: FACTORY DATA INPUT PAGE
2
3 3. Background information for factory calculations
4
5 Do you have third party growers/outgrowers? * [Select] Select yes or no in cell D5
6 Total weight Units
7 Output Total finished product produced in factory * [Select]
8 Total finished product from estate (NOT including third party growers)* [Select]
9 What is the finished product? Eg black tea, oil, etc. *
10 Total area Units
11 Area Area harvested by third party growers (outgrowers) if known [Select]
12 * denotes an essential field Cell C6 cannot be left blank.
13
14 4. Factory energy use
15 Electricity Quantity Units
16 National Grid Electricity used by factory from National Grid. [Select]
Electricity from national grid used for workshops, offices etc. for factory-based
17 [Select]
activities
18 Local generation Electricity from local hydro renewable energy used in factory [Select]
19 Electricity from local wind used in factory [Select]
20 Electricity generated from diesel generators and then used in factory [Select]
21 Electricity generated from coke generators and then used in factory [Select]
22
23 Effluent pumping for disposal
24 Quantity Units
Diesel use for pumping and aerating effluent for disposal to water or off-site
25 [Select]
(If effluent is recycled as fertiliser input figures in Field data)
26
27 Energy from burning fibre/shell/biowastes/biomass and wood in factory Quantity Units Calorific Value
28 Biomass briquettes [Select] 19 MJ/kg
29 Coco shell [Select] 22 MJ/kg
30 RB chips [Select] 20 MJ/kg
31 Bagasse [Select] 12 MJ/kg
32 Fibre/shell (oil palm factory waste) [Select] 15 MJ/kg
33 Firewood (daddaps) [Select] 12 MJ/kg
34 Firewood/fuelwood grown on site and renewed [Select] 16 MJ/kg
35
Total energy from burning other fuels in factory
36
Quantity Units Calorific value
37 Coal Leco [Select] 26 MJ/kg
38 Coal SFC [Select] 36 MJ/kg
39 Steam coal [Select] 36 MJ/kg
40 Imported coal [Select] 28 MJ/kg
41 Propane gas [Select] 49 MJ/kg
42 Other petroleum gas [Select] 46 MJ/kg
43 Heavy oil [Select] 42 MJ/l
44 Furnace oil [Select] 40 MJ/l
45 Light oil [Select] 39 MJ/l
46 Other [Select] insert MJ/kg
47
48 Now turn to Page 4 Results
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
CO2 Calculator Emissions totals

PAGE 4a: RESULTS - Numbers

Location: Year 0

Field Results
per kg fresh product harvested per hectare
1 Energy used* #DIV/0! MegaJoules / kg 0 #DIV/0! MegaJoules/ha
- w/o production of fertilisers & pesticides #DIV/0! MegaJoules / kg 0 #DIV/0! MegaJoules/ha

2 % renewable energy 0.00 % 0.00 %

3 Greenhouse gas emissions #DIV/0! kg CO2 equivalents/kg #DIV/0! kg CO2 equivalents/ha

4 Fertilser induced field emissions #DIV/0! kg NH3 / kg #DIV/0! kg NH3 / ha

#DIV/0! kg NO / kg #DIV/0! kg NO / ha
* Includes embodies energy from the production of fertilsers and pesticides

Factory Results
Excluding third party volumes per kg final product per hectare

1 Energy used 0.00 MegaJoules / kg #DIV/0! MegaJoules/ha

2 % renewable energy 0.00 % 0.00 %

3 Greenhouse gas emissions 0.00 kg CO2 equivalents/kg #DIV/0! kg CO2 equivalents/ha

Including third party volumes per kg final product per hectare

1 Energy used 0.00 MegaJoules / kg #DIV/0! MegaJoules/ha

2 % renewable energy 0.00 % 0.00 %

3 Greenhouse gas emissions 0.00 kg CO2 equivalents/kg #DIV/0! kg CO2 equivalents/ha

CO2 Calculator Emissions totals

Combined Factory and Field Results for own grown only

per kg final product per hectare

1 Energy used 0.00 MegaJoules / kg 0.00 MegaJoules/ha

2 % renewable energy 0.00 % 0.00 %

3 Greenhouse gas emissions 0.00 kg CO2 equivalents / kg 0.00 kg CO2 equivalents/ha

What to do now
1. If any error values appear, please check your Data entry page and amend.
2. If after checking, there are still errors, please contact the Sustainable Agriculture Team
3. Now, save this and email to the Sustainable Agriculture Team with any comments on ease of use
 CO2 Calculator Emissions totals

MegaJoules/ha
MegaJoules/ha

kg CO2 equivalents/ha

kg NH3 / ha
kg NO / ha

MegaJoules/ha

kg CO2 equivalents/ha

MegaJoules/ha

kg CO2 equivalents/ha
 CO2 Calculator Emissions totals

MegaJoules/ha

kg CO2 equivalents/ha
PAGE 4b: RESULTS - Graphs
A. FIELD & FACTORY PROPORTIONS
The following two graphs will only be of interest if both the field and factory sections are compl
Proportion of Energy from Field & Factory Proportion

Field
Factory incl 3rd
party growers

#DIV/0!
For further analysis review the appropriate section below.

B. TOTAL (FIELD AND FACTORY) ANALYSIS

Energy
Energy MJ
Total Factory
Energyincl
Use inparty
MJ growers
Field 3rd Total
Electricity 0.00 0 0.00
Fossil fuels 0.00 0 0.00
Biofuels 0.00 0 0.00
Fertilisers 0.00 0 0.00
Agrochemicals 0.00 0 0.00 Electricity
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 Fossil fuels

Total
greenhouse gas emissions kg CO2 Biofuels
Field Factory incl 3rd party growers Fertilisers
Electricity 0 0 0.00 Agrochemicals
Fossil fuels 0 0 0.00
Biofuels 0 0 0.00
Fertilisers #DIV/0! 0 #DIV/0!
Agrochemicals 0 0 0.00
0

0
Total #DIV/0! 0.00 #DIV/0!

Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce energy use:

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in kg CO2e

Electricity
Fossil fuels
Total

Biofuels
Fertilisers
Agrochemicals
 Electricity
Fossil fuels

Total
Biofuels
Fertilisers
Agrochemicals

0
0
0
0
Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:
#DIV/0!

C. FIELD ANALYSIS
Energy
Total Energy Use in the Field in MJ

Electricity
Fossil fuels

Field
Biofuels
Fertilisers
Agrochemicals

0
Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce energy use:

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Field in kg CO2e

Electricity
Fossil fuels
Field

Biofuels
Fertilisers
Agrochemicals
0
0
0
 Fertilisers
Agrochemicals

0
0
0
Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:
#DIV/0!

D. FACTORY ANALYSIS
Energy
Total Energy Use in the Factory in MJ

Factory incl 3rd party

Electricity
Fossil fuels

growers
Biofuels

0
Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce energy use:

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Factory in kg CO2e

Factory incl 3rd party

Electricity
Fossil fuels
Biofuels
growers
0
0
0

Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:
ory sections are completed.
Proportion of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Field & Factory

Field
Factory incl 3rd
party growers

Total Energy Use in MJ

Agrochemicals
Fertilisers
Total

Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
0

MJ

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in kg CO2e

Agrochemicals
Fertilisers
Total

Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
 Agrochemicals
Fertilisers
Total

Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Kilogrammes CO2

ouse gas emissions:

Total Energy Use in the Field in MJ

Agrochemicals
Fertilisers
Field

Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
0

1
MJ

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Field in kg CO2e

Agrochemicals
Fertilisers
Field

Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Kilogrammes CO2
 Fossil fuels
Electricity

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Kilogrammes CO2

ouse gas emissions:

Total Energy Use in the Factory in MJ

Factory incl 3rd party

Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
growers
0

1
MJ

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Factory in kg CO2e

Factory incl 3rd party

Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
growers
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Kilogrammes CO2

ouse gas emissions:

 Agrochemicals
Fertilisers
Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
1

Agrochemicals
Fertilisers
Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
 Agrochemicals
Fertilisers
Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity

Agrochemicals
Fertilisers
Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
1

Agrochemicals
Fertilisers
Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
1
 Fossil fuels
Electricity
1

Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
1

2e

Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Electricity
1
 PAGE 4c: RESULTS
no of - Descriptive
hot air
A. Volume of Carbon Dioxide Gas Produced - Hot air balloons
balloon
Figure 1 kg co2/ha
total kg co2
s
Field greenhouse
### #DIV/0!
gas emissions
#DIV/0! only How many hot air balloons could be filled with the CO2 produced at in 0
Factory greenhouse
### #DIV/0!
gas emissions
#DIV/0! only excluding
Field greenhouse
3rd party volumes
gas emissions only
Factory emissions
### #DIV/0!
only including
#DIV/0! 3rd party Factory
volumesgreenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party volumes
The and
Field average
0.00UK
factory driver
0 emits
emissions combined
0 Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party volumes
1 hot air balloon = 4 tonneseach
around 4 tonnes of CO2 of CO2 Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined
year. That's the equivalent of
filling one medium hot air
balloon with pure CO2.

Image from: http://srbissette.com/2006/07/what-no-mysterious-island-or-how.html

Field only One hot air balloon full of CO2 produced per X kilogram of final product gro
per kg harvested
### #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Field greenhouse gas emissions only
per hectare### #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party volumes
Factory excl 3rd party Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party volumes
per kg finished
0.00product 0 0 Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined
per hectare### #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Factory incl 3rd party One hot air balloon full of CO2 produced per X hectare of product grown at
per kg finished
0.00product 0 0 Field greenhouse gas emissions only
per hectare### #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party volumes
Field and factory Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party volumes
per kg finished
0.00product 0 0 Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined

Image from: http://cucinatestarossa.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/balloon3.jpg

Note: Calculations and references can be found behind the photographs.

B. Comparison of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions to driving a car

Location: ; Year: 0

ENERGY
This is the energy equivalent to driving an average petrol driven car
0.00 miles or 0.00 km per kg of fresh product harvested (Field energy only)
0.00 miles or 0.00 km per kg of finished product (Factory energy only excluding 3rd party volumes)
0.00 miles or 0.00 km per kg of finished product (Factory energy only including 3rd party volumes)
0.00 miles or 0.00 km per kg of finished product (Field and factory energy combined)

OR
This is the energy equivalent to driving an average petrol driven car
0 miles or 0 km per hectare (Field energy only)
0 miles or 0 km per hectare (Factory energy only excluding 3rd party volumes)
 0 miles or 0 km per hectare (Factory energy only including 3rd party volumes)
0 miles or 0 km per hectare (Field and factory energy combined)

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

This is the emissions equivalent to driving an average petrol driven car
0 miles or 0 km per kg of fresh product harvested (Field greenhouse gas emissions only)
0 miles or 0 km per kg of finished product (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party vo
0 miles or 0 km per kg of finished product (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party vol
0 miles or 0 km per kg of finished product (Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined)

OR
This is the greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to driving an average petrol driven car
0 miles or 0 km per hectare (Field greenhouse gas emissions only)
0 miles or 0 km per hectare (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party volumes)
0 miles or 0 km per hectare (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party volumes)
0 miles or 0 km per hectare (Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined)
d with the CO2 produced at in 0
#DIV/0!
luding 3rd party volumes #DIV/0!
uding 3rd party volumes #DIV/0!
0

per X kilogram of final product grown at in 0

#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0 final product
0 final product
0 final product

per X hectare of product grown at in 0

#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! hectares
#DIV/0! hectares
0.00 hectares

ions to driving a car

ding 3rd party volumes)

ding 3rd party volumes)
gas emissions only)
missions only excluding 3rd party volumes)
missions only including 3rd party volumes)
use gas emissions combined)

excluding 3rd party volumes)

including 3rd party volumes)
ions combined)
CEC calculator

The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) can be estimated easily from three factors: (1) the pH, (2) the Organic C content (
Clay content of a soil.
Note that the unit for CEC is centimal per kilogram (cmol/kg). In the past, 'meq / 100 g' was often used. Conveniently, it h
the two units are interchangeable without changing the number.

Enter pH, Organic C and Clay into the white cells to obtain the CEC

pH (--)
Org. Carbon (kg/kg soil)
Clay (kg/kg soil)
CEC (cmol/kg) 0

Source: Helling et al. (1964), Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 28, 517--520.
he pH, (2) the Organic C content (Organic C = Organic matter / 1.72) and (3) the

was often used. Conveniently, it has the same numerical value as 'cmol / kg' so
Agrochemicals Calculator
Complete the following including all the agrochemicals applied.
NB: Amount applied can be either per hectare or total but remember to input units on Page 2
Amount
Amount % Active Active
Name applied Ingredient Ingredient
Fungicide 1 0.00
Fungicide 2 0.00
Fungicide 3 0.00
Fungicide 4 0.00
Fungicide 5 0.00
Fungicide 6 0.00
Fungicide 7 0.00
Fungicide 8 0.00
Fungicide 9 0.00
Fungicide 10 0.00
Total Fungicide 0.00

Growth regulator 1 0.00

Growth regulator 2 0.00
Growth regulator 3 0.00
Growth regulator 4 0.00
Growth regulator 5 0.00
Growth regulator 6 0.00
Growth regulator 7 0.00
Growth regulator 8 0.00
Growth regulator 9 0.00
Growth regulator 10 0.00
Total growth regulator 0.00

Herbicide 1 0.00
Herbicide 2 0.00
Herbicide 3 0.00
Herbicide 4 0.00
Herbicide 5 0.00
Herbicide 6 0.00
Herbicide 7 0.00
Herbicide 8 0.00
Herbicide 9 0.00
Herbicide 10 0.00
Total herbicide 0.00

Insecticide/acaricide 1 0.00
Insecticide/acaricide 2 0.00
Insecticide/acaricide 3 0.00
Insecticide/acaricide 4 0.00
Insecticide/acaricide 5 0.00
Insecticide/acaricide 6 0.00
Insecticide/acaricide 7 0.00
Insecticide/acaricide 8 0.00
Insecticide/acaricide 9 0.00
Insecticide/acaricide 10 0.00
Total insecticide/acaricide 0.00
ts on Page 2

Transfer this figure to Page 2 Agrochemicals section

Transfer this figure to Page 2 Agrochemicals section

Transfer this figure to Page 2 Agrochemicals section

Transfer this figure to Page 2 Agrochemicals section
Assumptions

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10

2
3

2
3
4

6
Assumptions
Energy
Electricity data for most countries is now provided. Where country is not stated the regional figure should b
Burn efficiency of fuels is 100%.
Biomass fuels are all carbon neutral, ie no related CO2 emissions.
Biofuels ie bioethanol and biodiesel are estimated at 50% emissions of the fossil fuel alternative ie petrol an
CO2 emissions from imported wood are included in the total since it is grown off site.
Emissions from different types of coal are all the same.
Furnace oil is a 'medium' oil ie half way between heavy and light.
Vehicle fuel consumption: Based on Transport Statistics Great Britain 2005, Dept for Transport, Published O
car - petrol - 30mpg; diesel - 40 mpg
hgv - rigid - 8.3mpg; articulated - 7.9mpg
Percentage National renewable energy is calculated using hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, wood, wind and
Assume steam energy is produced from fuel oil

Greenhouse gases and GWP

Global warming potentials shown as CO2 equivalents: N2O is 296 times more powerful, CH4 is 23 times mo
Report
Atomic weight N=14, O=16, H=1; convert kg N to: a) kg NH3 multiply by 14/17, b) kg N2O multiply by 14
The production of biofuels assumes no land use change and therefore no associated land use change GHG e

Fertilisers
Fertiliser emissions of N20, NO and NH3 are based on the 2002 Bouwman model. This is to allow flexibility
improve emissions. The Bouman model calculates median NH3 volatilization rates with a variance of aroun
calcuation results "are of more interest when the working scale is that of landscapes rather than point meas
conditions."
With regards to the nitrogen related emissions - assume tea and palm oil are "other upland crops" - Lex Bo
Fertiliser NPK contents are averaged from various reference sources. See Fertiliser page.

Units: fluid ounces - these are US units, pounds and ounces are Avoirdupois - the most commonly used of t
No embodied energy figure for Ammonium Bicarbonate (ABC) was found so an average of Ammonium nitra
was used.
Animal manure has embodied energy of zero. Energy used in application will be accounted for in operation
 R1 CEC Estimate Ref
The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) can be estimated from the pH, the organic C content (= Organic matter / 1.72) and
Note that 'meq / 100 g' = 'cmol / kg' (old an new unit)

0 CEC 'Calculator'

The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) can be estimated easily from three factors:
(1) the pH,
(2) the Organic C content (Organic C = Organic matter / 1.72) and
(3) the Clay content of a soil.
Note that the unit for CEC is centimal per kilogram (cmol/kg). In the past, 'meq / 100 g' was often used.
Conveniently, it has the same numerical value as 'cmol / kg' so the two units are interchangeable without changing the
The simple table below produces an estimate using these three factors and is used in the GHG calculator.

Enter pH, Organic C and Clay into the white cells to obtain the CEC

pH (--)
Org. Carbon (kg/kg soil)
Clay (kg/kg soil)
CEC (cmol/kg) 0

Source: Helling et al. (1964), Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 28, 517--520.

1 Simple estimate:

CEC (cmol/kg) = Interc + a1*organicC (%) = a2*Clay(%)

pH Interc a1 a2
2.5 -0.45 0.62 0.38
3.5 -0.99 1.25 0.46
5 -1.57 2.19 0.54
6 -0.92 2.24 0.56
7 -1.05 2.81 0.6
8 -0.66 3.66 0.64

2 Exact estimate (sum of org C and clay contributions):

CEC (cmol/kg) = YorgC*OC + Yclay*Cl

with YorgC (cmol/kg) = -59 + 51 * pH
Yclay (cmol/kg) = 30 + 4.4 * pH
OC (kg/kg) = organic C per kg soil
Cl (kg/kg) = clay per kg soil

Helling et al. (1964), Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 28, 517--520.

Page 33
 R1 CEC Estimate Ref
ent (= Organic matter / 1.72) and the clay content of a soil:

was often used.

hangeable without changing the number.
the GHG calculator.

Page 34
 R2 Transport and fuels
Conversion figures for Transport and Fuel

Figures used for converting miles per gallon to litres

car petrol 30 mpg diesel 40
hgv rigid 8.3 mpg Articulated 7.9

Ref: Transport Statistics Great Britain 2005, Dept for Transport, Published Oct 2005

Figures used for converting MJ per litre for fuel use.

Conversion figuresMJ/l
Diesel 37.9
Petrol 31.5
Biodiesel 35.6
Bioethanol 21.1

Ref: University of Strathclyde and HM Treasury

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Data
kg CO2 / litres fuel kg CO2 / US
Fuel type
used gallons fuel used
Gas Oil 2.69 10.18
Diesel 2.63 9.95
Petrol 2.30 8.71
Liquified Petroleum
1.49 5.64
Gases (LPG)
Aviation Spirit 2.24 8.48
Aviation Turbine
2.52 9.54
Fuel
Source: Data in "kg CO2 / litres fuel used" units from UK DEFRA. Annexes
to Guidelines for Company Reporting on Greenhouse Gas Emissions,
Table 9, Updated July 2005,
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/envrp/gas/.

List as per Greenhouse Gas Protocol website

http://www.ghgprotocol.org

Biofuels - Greenhouse Gas emissions

Estimated at 50% of fossil alternatives (Email Christof Walter 290108)

Page 35
 R2 Transport and fuels

mpg
mpg

Page 36
Fertiliser Methodology
Embodied energy in a fertiliser is dependent on the percentage of active ingredient and the embodied energy figures for tha
possible to find the "usual" percentage of active ingredient within each fertiliser or type of fertiliser. The embodied energy fi
the amount of fertiliser used.

Percentage of Active Ingredient

1. A number of reputable websites and papers were used to develop a table of percentage active ingredient
2. The figures were then transcribed to the list of fertilisers and pop up when the fertiliser is chosen. If it differs the estate m
Unilever.
3. For the purposes of the footprinting calculator, the median figure (middle) was taken where a range was given or two we
4. The estate manager selects the active ingredient and this automatically selects the correct EE and GWP figures.
See Fertiliser % Active Ingredient worksheet for figures and references

Embodied Energy
1. Embodied energy figures were sourced from a number of reputable papers for each fertiliser to be included on the calcu
2. Figures for each fertiliser were chosen from the selection. The order of priority for the references were as follows: Ecoin
University of Florida.
3. Where figures had not been found for fertilisers or for general terms such as other N and K fertilisers assumptions were
input into the reference section of the spreadsheet
4. It was assumed that there was no energy involved in the making of urine, animal manure or from grazing.

Global Warming Potential

1. GWP figures were obtained from Ecoinvent, LCA Silsoe or calculated from embodied energy figures that were broken in
of electricity type.
2. GWP figures were calculated on the 100 years time scale.

Field Emissions
1. A spreadsheet was developed using work developed by Alex Bouwman (et al). The formulae and data provided in the f
Global Estimates of Gaseous Emissions of NH3, NO and N2O from Agricultural Land, Bouwman AF, 2001, Food and Agric
States, International Fertilizer Industry Association
Estimation of global NH3 volatilization loss from synthetic fertilizer and animal manure applied to arable lands and grasslan
Boumans and NH Batjes (2002), Global Biogeochemical cycles, Vol 16. No. 2
Modeling global annual N2O and NO emissions from fertilized fields, AF Bouwman and LJM Boumans and NH Batjes (200
Vol. 16. No.4
Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilized fields: Summary of available measurement data, AF Bouwman and LJM Boumans
Biogeochemical Cycles Vol 16, No.4
Fertiliser Percentage Active Ingredient

Fertiliser %N %P % K %P2O5 % K2O %MgO %Na2O

Ammonium Bicarbonate 30
Ammonium nitrate 34
Ammonium sulphate 21
Anhydrous ammonia 82
Animal manure 6.5
Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 24.5
Calcium ammonium nitrate 27
Calcium nitrate 15
Compound NK 19.5 29.5
Diammonium phosphate 18 46
Grazing
Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate 11 5 26
Lime
Monoammonium phosphate 12 52
Murate of potash / Potassium Chloride 60
Other ammonium based fertilisers 21
Other compound NP and NPK 18 22 16
Other nitrate based fertilisers 18
Other Nitrogen solutions 24
Phosphate/Rock Phosphate 10 25
Sulphate of potash/ Potassium sulphate 48 50
Super phosphate 18.5
Triple super phosphate 20 47
Urea 46.4
Urea ammonium nitrate solution 46
Urine 3

Methodology
1. Percentages of active ingredients were sourced from a number of reputable web sites.
2. These percentages are given as percentages of an active ingredient. The active ingredient could be nitrogen, phosporo
3. For the purposes of the footprinting calculator, the median figure (middle) was taken where a range was given or two we
 %Ca %CaO %SO3 % N %P2O5 %K2O
28-32
33.5-34.5
21
82
6-7

10 26-28
15
13-26
18 46

10
52
12 52

18 22 16

18-30
25
45
17-20
17-23 47
46.4
46
1-5

nt could be nitrogen, phosporous, P 2O5, potassium, K 2O or SO3.

e a range was given or two websites gave differing values.
 Source
http://www.agrium.com/products_services/ingredients_for_growth/nitrogen/urea_ammonium_nitrate.jsp
DEFRA - http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdf
DEFRA - http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdf
http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Chemical+fertilizer, http://freespace.virgin.net/brian.norbry/Fertilisers.htm
http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section2.pdf, http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/envir
Estimate manure plus other nitrogen fertilisers
DEFRA - http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdf
http://freespace.virgin.net/brian.norbry/Fertilisers.htm,
http://www.efma.org/introduction/section02.asp; K2O 13-46%
http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Chemical+fertilizer, http://freespace.virgin.net/brian.norbry/Fertilisers.htm
???
http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section8.pdf, 11% K2O, 5% MgO, 26% Na2O, 1
http://www.aglime.org.uk/technical12.htm
http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section2.pdf
60% K2O -
Estimate the lowest ammonium product.
NPK (18-51-20) Wikipedia; http://www.efma.org/introduction/section02.asp K2O 5-24%, P2O5 5-24%
Estimate the same as NP compounds
http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdf
Silsoe LCA, 25% Tunisian P2O5
http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdf; http://www.powen.freeserve.co.uk/
International Fertiliser Society
http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section2.pdf, Wikipedia
Wikipedia
http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdf
http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/manure/livemanure1.pdf

K 2O or SO3.
urea_ammonium_nitrate.jsp
ert/rb209/section1.pdf
ert/rb209/section1.pdf
rgin.net/brian.norbry/Fertilisers.htm
section2.pdf, http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/manure/livemanure1.pdf

ert/rb209/section1.pdf

rgin.net/brian.norbry/Fertilisers.htm

section8.pdf, 11% K2O, 5% MgO, 26% Na2O, 10% SO3

K2O 5-24%, P2O5 5-24%

section1.pdf; http://www.powen.freeserve.co.uk/Basics/fertilisers.htm

section2.pdf, Wikipedia

emanure1.pdf
Embodied Energy of different fertilisers

% active
ingredie Active Audsley Audsley
Fertiliser nt ingredient 2003 1997

Ammonium Bicarbonate 30% N

Ammonium nitrate 34% N 45.6 48.33
Ammonium sulphate 21% N 45 49.10
Anhydrous ammonia 82% N
Animal manure 6.50% N 13.79
Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 24.50% N
Calcium ammonium nitrate 27% N
Calcium nitrate 18% N
Compound NK 3% N
K
30% K2O
Diammonium phosphate 18% N
48% P2O5
Grazing -
Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate 11% K2O
5% MgO 7.86
26% Na2O
10% SO3
Lime 100% Product
52% CaO
Ca
Monoammonium phosphate 12% N
48% P2O5
Murate of potash / Potassium Chloride 50% K2O
Other ammonium based fertilisers 21% N
Other compound NP and NPK 18% N
22% P
6% K
Other nitrate based fertilisers 18% N
Other Nitrogen solutions 24% N
Phosphate/Rock Phosphate 27% P
25% P2O5
Potassium sulphate / Sulphate of potash 50% K2O
48% K 5.48
45% SO3
Super phosphate 19% P2O5
8% P
Triple super phosphate 20% P 29.2 32.01
47% P2O5
Urea 46.40% N 68.73
Urea ammonium nitrate solution 46% N 63
Urine 3% N
Approximations - use for estimating N
mixed fertilisers P2O5
K2O
Global Warming Potential of different fertilisers
GWP (kg/CO2 e) per kg a
% active
ingredie Active
Fertiliser nt ingredient LCA Silsoe Ecoinvent
Ammonium Bicarbonate 30% N
Ammonium nitrate 34% N 7.247 8.327
Ammonium sulphate 21% N 3.013 2.543
Anhydrous ammonia 82% N
Animal manure 6.50% N
Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 24.50% N
Calcium ammonium nitrate 27% N 7.367 8.421
Calcium nitrate 18% N 3.641
Compound NK 3% N 6.809
30% K 0.653
Diammonium phosphate 18% N 2.644
48% P2O5 1.515
Grazing -
Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate 11% K2O
5% MgO
26% Na2O
10% SO3
Lime 100% Product 0.192
52% CaO 0.116
Ca 0.162
Monoammonium phosphate 12% N 2.663
48% P2O5 1.544
Murate of potash / Potassium Chloride 50% K2O 0.653 0.453
Other ammonium based fertilisers 21% N
Other compound NP and NPK 18% N 6.809
22% P 1.218
6% K 0.653
Other nitrate based fertilisers 18% N 6.809
Other Nitrogen solutions 24% N 6.809
Phosphate/Rock Phosphate 27% P 1.126
25% P2O5 0.205
Potassium sulphate / Sulphate of potash 50% K2O 1.347
48% K 0.653
45% SO3
Super phosphate 19% P2O5 2.549
8% P 0.739
Triple super phosphate 20% P 1.229
47% P2O5 1.955
Urea 46.40% N 3.542 3.115
Urea ammonium nitrate solution 46% N 5.513
Urine 3% N
 Energy
informati Patyk &
on Reinhar
documen Embodied Energy
dt MJ/kg of Active Ingredient
Energy,
t 1028, (1997). calorific
LCA Universit Kongsha Davis & value, in
Silsoe y of ug Haglund Ecoinve organic
Oct 06 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 florida (1998) (1999) nt substance

41.05 41.05 67.00 62.49 0.16

42.44 42.44 58.00 28.70 49.51 0.14
55.00
0.00

42.82 42.82 64.54 0.19

41.40 70.93 0.20
67.87

10.80
45.07 61.41 0.13
15.10 23.93
0.00 0.00

3.43 3.43
2.26 2.26
3.16 3.16
45.07 61.62 0.14
8.30 24.54
5.00 9.57

41.88 41.91 0.25

18.47 17.28
5.73 6.96
41.88 41.91

15.30 15.30 4.36

5.00 25.02

8.50 50.35
12.72 11.53
18.60 17.41
34.95
49.25 49.62 70.00 71.78 0.12
65.00 62.59 0.16
0.00 0.00
60.00
8.50
5.00
GWP (kg/CO2 e) per kg active ingredient

Total GWP Ref CO2 N2O Other CH4

4.601 Average of ammonium nitrate, sulphate and anhydrous
7.247 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.6430 5.5978 0.0022 0.07
3.013 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.45 0.01 0 0.07
3.542 Based on LCA Silsoe Feb 07 Urea
0.000 Assume no energy involved0 in production
0 0 0
6.809 Based on manure having zero energy
2.55 plus0.01
mean N from 0 LCA Silsoe
0.07 Feb 07
7.367 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.73 5.6 0 0.07
3.641 Ecoinvent 3.51 0.01 0 0.09
6.809 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.93 11.19 0 0.07
0.653 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
2.644 Ecoinvent 2.55 0.01 0 0.07
1.515 Ecoinvent
0.000 Assume no energy involved in production
0 0 0 0

0.192 LCA Silsoe Feb 07

0.116 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
0.162 LCA Silsoe Feb 07; % not found so remove option
2.663 Ecoinvent 2.57 0.01 0 0.07
1.544 Ecoinvent
0.653 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
3.013 Based on ammonium sulphate 2.45LCA Silsoe 0.01
Feb 07 0 0.07
6.809 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 1.3215 2.7989 0.0011 0.03
1.218 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
0.653 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
6.809 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
6.809 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 1.5 0.01 0 0.05
1.126 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
0.205 Ecoinvent (ave of wet and dry rock phosphate)
1.347 Ecoinvent 1.28 0.02 0 0.03
0.653 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
GWP not found therefore remove option
2.549 Ecoinvent fuel oil
0.739 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
1.229 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.99 0.01 0.09 11.67
1.955 Ecoinvent
3.542 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.99 0.01 0 0.1 0.27
5.513 Ecoinvent 2.6 2.82 0 0.08 0.97
0.000 Assume no energy involved in production
0 0 0 0 11.34
ve Ingredient

EE
Crude oil Hard coal Figures
(resource) (resource) used Ref for figures used

46.16 Average of ammonium nitrate, sulphate and anhydrous

18.14 2.08 41.05 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
8.41 4.43 42.44 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
55.00 Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028
0.00 0.00 0.00 Assume no energy involved in production
61.41 Based on manure having zero energy plus mean N from LCA Silsoe Feb 07
18.87 2.38 42.82 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
11.93 6.29 70.93 Ecoinvent
41.91 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
6.96 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
10.80 Ecoinvent
15.17 1.82 61.41 Ecoinvent
23.93 Ecoinvent
0.00 0.00 0.00 Assume no energy involved in production
5.00 Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028; estimate of K2O fer
7.86 Audsley 1997
Energy not found therefore remove option
Energy not found therefore remove option
3.43 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
2.26 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
3.16 LCA Silsoe Feb 07; % not found therefore remove option
15.08 2.07 61.62 Ecoinvent
24.54 Ecoinvent
9.57 Ecoinvent
49.51 Based on ammonium sulphate Ecoinvent
22.03 2.85 41.91 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
17.28 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
6.96 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
41.91 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
24.81 Based on 50% Urea Ecoinvent
15.3 Based on Rock Phosphate Silsoe LCA
15.30 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
25.02 Ecoinvent
5.48 Audsley
Energy not found therefore remove option
50.3 Ecoinvent
11.53 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
17.41 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
34.95 Ecoinvent
13.85 2.21 49.62 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
16.31 2.28 62.59 Ecoinvent
0.00 0.00 0.00 Assume no energy involved in production
Diesel

5.75 MJ Proportion per kg of active ingredient

0.25 conversion factor kgCO2 per kWh

0.9 conversion factor for kg CO2 per MJ
5.17 kg CO2 per kg active ingredient
e and anhydrous

Document 1028

lus mean N from LCA Silsoe Feb 07

Document 1028; estimate of K2O fertiliser

re remove option
 R3d Fertiliser EE used
Fertiliser Embodied Energy MJ/kg of Active Ingredient
N P K P2O5
Ammonium Bicarbonate 46.16 Error Error Error
Ammonium nitrate 41.05 Error Error Error
Ammonium sulphate 42.44 Error Error Error
Anhydrous ammonia 55.00 Error Error Error
Animal manure 0.00 Error Error Error
Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 61.41 Error Error Error
Calcium ammonium nitrate 42.82 Error Error Error
Calcium nitrate 70.93 Error Error Error
Compound NK 41.91 Error 6.96 Error
Diammonium phosphate 61.41 Error Error 23.93
Grazing 0 0 0 0
Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate Error Error Error Error
Lime Error Error Error Error
Monoammonium phosphate 61.62 Error Error 24.54
Murate of potash / Potassium Chloride
Error Error Error Error
Other ammonium based fertilisers 49.51 Error Error Error
Other compound NP and NPK 41.91 17.28 6.96 Error
Other nitrate based fertilisers 41.91 Error Error Error
Other Nitrogen solutions 24.81 Error Error Error
Phosphate/Rock Phosphate Error 15.3 Error 15.30
Potassium sulphate / Sulphate of potash
Error Error 5.48 Error
Super phosphate Error 11.53 Error 50.3
Triple super phosphate Error 17.41 Error 34.95
Urea 49.62 Error Error Error
Urea ammonium nitrate solution 62.59 Error Error Error
Urine 0.00 0 0 0

Page 55
 R3d Fertiliser EE used
Energy MJ/kg of Active Ingredient
K2O MgO CaO Product Ref
Error Error Error Error Average of ammonium nitrate, sulphate and anhydrous
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028
Error Error Error Error Assume no energy involved in production
Error Error Error Error Based on manure having zero energy plus mean N from L
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent
10.8 Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent
0 0 0 0.00 Assume no energy involved in production
5.00 7.86 Error Error Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028;
Error Error 2.26 3.43 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent
9.57 Error Error Error Ecoinvent
Error Error Error Error Based on ammonium sulphate Ecoinvent
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Based on 50% Urea Ecoinvent
Error Error Error Error Based on Rock Phosphate Silsoe LCA
25.02 Error Error Error Ecoinvent; Audsley 1997
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent; LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent
0 0 0 0 Assume no energy involved in production

Page 56
 R3d Fertiliser EE used

trate, sulphate and anhydrous

gy Information Document 1028

ed in production
zero energy plus mean N from LCA Silsoe Feb 07

ed in production
gy Information Document 1028; estimate of K2O fertiliser; Audsley 1997

hate Ecoinvent

ed in production

Page 57
 R3e Fertiliser GWP used
GWP Active ingredient expressed as CO2 equ
Fertiliser N P K P2O5
Ammonium Bicarbonate 4.601 Error Error Error
Ammonium nitrate 7.247 Error Error Error
Ammonium sulphate 3.013 Error Error Error
Anhydrous ammonia 3.542 Error Error Error
Animal manure 0.000 Error Error Error
Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 6.809 Error Error Error
Calcium ammonium nitrate 7.367 Error Error Error
Calcium nitrate 3.641 Error Error Error
Compound NK 6.809 Error 0.653 Error
Diammonium phosphate 2.644 Error Error 1.515
Grazing Error Error Error Error
Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate Error Error Error Error
Lime Error Error Error Error
Monoammonium phosphate 2.663 Error Error 1.544
Murate of potash / Potassium Chloride Error Error Error Error
Other ammonium based fertilisers 3.013 Error Error Error
Other compound NP and NPK 6.809 1.218 0.653 Error
Other nitrate based fertilisers 6.809 Error Error Error
Other Nitrogen solutions 6.809 Error Error Error
Phosphate/Rock Phosphate Error 1.126 Error 0.205
Potassium sulphate / Sulphate of potash
Error Error 0.653 Error
Super phosphate Error 0.739 Error 2.549
Triple super phosphate Error 1.229 Error 1.955
Urea 3.542 Error Error Error
Urea ammonium nitrate solution 5.513 Error Error Error
Urine 0.000 Error Error Error

Page 58
 R3e Fertiliser GWP used
gredient expressed as CO2 equivalent
K2O MgO CaO Product Ref
Error Error Error Error Average of ammonium nitrate, sulphate and anhydrous
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Based on LCA Silsoe Feb 07 Urea
Error Error Error Error Assume no energy involved in production
Error Error Error Error Based on manure having zero energy plus mean N from L
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent
Error Error Error 0.000 Assume no energy involved in production
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent
Error Error 0.116 0.192 LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent
0.653 Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Based on ammonium sulphate LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent (ave of wet and dry rock phosphate); LCA Sils
1.347 Error Error Error Ecoinvent; LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent; LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent; LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07
Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent
Error Error Error Error Assume no energy involved in production

Page 59
 R3e Fertiliser GWP used

trate, sulphate and anhydrous

ed in production
zero energy plus mean N from LCA Silsoe Feb 07

ed in production

hate LCA Silsoe Feb 07

d dry rock phosphate); LCA Silsoe Feb 07

ed in production

Page 60
As per Bouwman reports referenced in R3a Fertiliser methodology

N applied per year (kg) 60

Factor, factor class Factor Value

NHз- N2O- NO-
model model model
Fixed Factor 0 -0.41 -1.53

Crop Type
Other upland crops -0.05 0 0
Grass -0.16 -1.27
Grass-clover -1.24
Legume -0.05 -0.02
Other upland crops -0.05 0
Wetland rice 0 -2.54

0.43 0.01 0.01

FALSE FALSE FALSE
0 0 0
0.43 0.01 0.01
Fertiliser Type
Ammonium sulphate 0.43 0.01 0.01
Ammonium sulphate 0.43 0.01 0.01
Urea 0.67 0.01 0.01
Ammonium nitrate -0.35 0.01 0
Calcium ammonium nitrate -1.06 0 0.01
Calcium nitrate -1.59 0 0.01
Anhydrous ammonia -1.15 0.01 0.01
Other ammonium based fertilisers 0.01 0.01
Other nitrate based fertilisers 0 0.01
Urea ammonium nitrate solution 0 0.01 0
Other Nitrogen solutions -0.75
Monoammonium phosphate -0.62 0 0.01
Diammonium phosphate 0.18 0 0.01
Other compound NP and NPK 0.01 0 0.01
Compound NK -1.59
Ammonium Bicarbonate 0.39 0.01 0.01
Animal manure 1 0 0
Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 0 0.01
Urine 0.75 0.01 0.01
Grazing -0.38

Application Mode
Incorporate -1.9 0 0
Broadcast -1.31
Incorporate -1.9
Apply in solution -1.29
Broadcast or incorporate then flood -1.84
Broadcast to fllodwater at panicle initiation -2.47

Soil Texture
Medium 0 -0.47 0
Coarse -0.01
Medium -0.47
Fine 0

Soil Organic Carbon Content (%)

1.0 < SOC ≤ 3.0 0 0.14 0
SOC ≤ 1.0 0 0
1.0 < SOC ≤ 3.0 0.14 0
3.0 < SOC ≤ 6.0 0.58 2.57
SOC > 6.0 1.05 2.57

Soil pH
5.5 < pH ≤ 7.3 -0.93 0.11 0
pH ≤ 5.5 -1.07 0
5.5 < pH ≤ 7.3 -0.93 0.11
7.3 < pH ≤ 8.5 -0.61 -0.35
pH > 8.5 0 -0.35

Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol kg-¹)

CEC ≤ 16 0.09 0 0
CEC ≤ 16 0.09
16 < CEC ≤ 24 0.01
24 < CEC ≤ 32 0.16
CEC > 32 0

Soil Drainage
Poor 0 0 0
Poor 0 0
Good -0.42 0.95

Climate
Tropical 0 0.82 0
Temperate -0.4 0
Tropical 0 0.82

Total NHз emissions (kg -N) 5.69

Total N2O emissions (kg-N) 1.64

Total NO emissions (kg-N) 0.30

Agrochemicals Methodology

1. Two main references were used for this section:

E Audsley, S Alber, E Gemeinschaften (1997) Harmonisation of environmental life cycle assessment for agriculture- Europ
Green, MB (1987) Energy in pesticide manufacture, distribution and use. In: Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control (He
2. Both references were put into spreadsheets (See Agrochemicals Audsley and Agrochemicals Green)
3. Each agrochemical was categorised as: herbicide, insecticide, fungicide or plant growth regulator
4. For each agrochemical the embodied energy breakdown and therefore the GWP 100 (using IPCC 2001) were calculate
5. For each category the average energy used and GWP were calculated.
6. The two sets of averages from the two references were compared. The Audsley figures being more recent and general
7. A spreadsheet was created to allow estate managers to calculate their overall application of the four types of agrochemi
directly transferred to the main input page. This spreadsheet can be found in Appendix 2 Agrochemicals Calculator of the G
Agrochemicals Embodied Energy Tables - Audsley 1997

% each fuel type MJ eac

Total
energy natural
Name Type MJ/kg electricity hard coal fuel oil naptha gas electricity
Carbendazim fungicide 400.000 15.800 0.000 36.300 25.900 22.000 63.200
Clormequat plant growth regulator
243.990 17.100 0.600 30.100 30.400 21.800 41.722
Ethephon herbicide 243.990 17.100 0.600 30.100 30.400 21.800 41.722
Chlorothalonil fungicide 118.000 26.900 0.000 13.000 43.500 16.600 31.742
Cypermethrin insectide 583.000 18.100 0.000 47.700 18.700 15.500 105.523
Cyproconazole fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688
Diflufenican herbicide 344.170 17.600 0.000 32.000 31.200 19.200 60.574
Fepicionil fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688
Fenpropidin fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688
Fluroxypyr herbicide 267.500 16.000 0.200 30.500 32.200 21.200 42.800
Flusilazole fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688
heaconazole fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688
Ioxynil herbicide 267.500 16.000 0.200 30.500 32.200 21.200 42.800
Isoproturon herbicide 324.050 15.600 0.000 24.900 36.700 22.800 50.552
Mecoprop-p herbicide 219.930 16.900 0.000 37.000 30.900 15.200 37.168
Mepiquat chloride
plant growth regulator
243.990 17.100 0.600 30.100 30.400 21.800 41.722
Methiocarb insectide 258.600 17.300 3.100 28.900 26.000 24.700 44.738
Pirimicarb insectide 258.600 17.300 3.100 28.900 26.000 24.700 44.738
Tebucanazole fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688
Trinexapac ethylplant growth regulator
243.990 17.100 0.600 30.100 30.400 21.800 41.722

kg CO2
per kg
MJ total active
Averages energy ingredient
fungicide 196.750 14.736
herbicide 277.857 20.883
insectide 366.733 28.176
plant growth regulator 243.990 18.374

Source Audsley et al 1997 Harmonisation of environmental life cycle assessment

 MJ each fuel type Emissions kg co2 eq

natural natural
hard coal fuel oil naptha gas electricity hard coal fuel oil naptha gas
0.000 145.200 103.600 88.000 7.549 0.000 10.890 6.907 4.644
1.464 73.441 74.173 53.190 4.983 0.130 5.508 4.945 2.807
1.464 73.441 74.173 53.190 4.983 0.130 5.508 4.945 2.807
0.000 15.340 51.330 19.588 3.791 0.000 1.151 3.422 1.034
0.000 278.091 109.021 90.365 12.604 0.000 20.857 7.268 4.769
2.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.480
0.000 110.134 107.381 66.081 7.235 0.000 8.260 7.159 3.488
2.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.480
2.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.480
0.535 81.588 86.135 56.710 5.112 0.048 6.119 5.742 2.993
2.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.480
2.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.480
0.535 81.588 86.135 56.710 5.112 0.048 6.119 5.742 2.993
0.000 80.688 118.926 73.883 6.038 0.000 6.052 7.928 3.899
0.000 81.374 67.958 33.429 4.440 0.000 6.103 4.531 1.764
1.464 73.441 74.173 53.190 4.983 0.130 5.508 4.945 2.807
8.017 74.735 67.236 63.874 5.344 0.713 5.605 4.482 3.371
8.017 74.735 67.236 63.874 5.344 0.713 5.605 4.482 3.371
2.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.480
1.464 73.441 74.173 53.190 4.983 0.130 5.508 4.945 2.807
EF/kWh 0.430 0.320 0.270 0.240 0.190
EF/MJ 0.119 0.089 0.075 0.067 0.053
total kg
co2 eq
29.990
18.374
18.374
9.398
45.498
13.084
26.142
13.084
13.084
20.014
13.084
13.084
20.014
23.918
16.837
18.374
19.515
19.515
13.084
18.374
Agrochemicals Embodied Energy Tables - Green 1987

MJ energy each fuel type

Total
energy
Name Type MJ/kg naptha gas coke fuel oil electricity
MCPA h 127.7 53.3 12 0 12.6 27.5
2,4-D h 87 39 0 0 9 23
2,4,5-T h 135 43 23 0 2 42
Dicamba h 295 69 73 0 4 96
Chloramben h 170 92 29 0 5 44
Fluazifop-butyl h 518 89.2 71.6 0 8.6 183.4
Propanil h 220 62 40 0 3 64
Alachlor h 277.5 98.6 27.8 0 12.1 86.4
Propachlor h 290 107 29 0 14 84
Chlorsulfuren h 365.4 91.3 35.6 0 7.8 112.2
Butylate h 140.8 42.1 33.2 11.6 6.8 31
Diuron h 274.5 92.3 63.1 0 5.2 85.6
Fluometuron h 354.6 118.6 72.1 0 8.7 98.5
Atrazine h 188.3 43.2 68.8 0 14.4 37.2
Dinoseb h 80 49 9 0 11 3
Trifluralin h 150.9 56.4 12.8 0 7.9 57.7
Diquat h 400 70 65 0 1 100
Paraquat h 459.4 76.1 68.4 0 4 141.6
Glyphosate h 454 33 93 0 1 227
Linuron h 189.7 96.5 68.1 0 6.6 88.4
Cyanazine h 201 54.6 65.8 0 15.2 38.6
Bentazon h 433.6 128.6 66.1 0 42.3 118.5
EPTC h 159.8 16.5 39.6 0 8.9 66.7
Metolachlor h 275.8 101.2 27.6 0 15.1 78.2
Ferbarn f 81 0 42 3 0 13
Maneb f 99 27 23 8 9 25
Captan f 115 38 14 0 0 52
Benomyl f 397 86.7 71.2 0 14.3 121.2
Methyl parathion i 160 37 24 6 2 73
Phorate i 209 56.1 34.2 0 5.6 89.5
Carbofuran i 454 137 63 1 44 127
Carbaryl i 153 11 48 26 1 54
Tozaphene i 58 3 19 0 1 32
Cypermethrin i 580 89 71.2 0 10.3 199.5
Chlordimeform i 250.2 61.8 53.1 0 6.5 86.5
Lindane i 57.8 6.2 16.3 0 2.2 30.6
Malathion i 228.8 62 41.2 0 6.1 92.1
Parathion i 138 35 23.1 5.2 1.6 57.1
Methoxychlor i 69.8 10.2 11.6 0 2.4 28.7

MJ
energy kg CO2
per kg of per kg
active active
Averages ingredient ingredient
herbicide 260.33 21.82
fungicide 173 14.25
insecticide 214.42 18.49

Source: Green, MB (1987) Energy in pesticide manufacture, distribution and use. In: Energy in Plant Nutritio
pe Emissions kg co2 eq

steam naptha gas coke fuel oil electricity steam Total

22.3 3.55 0.63 0 0.95 3.28 1.67 10.09
16 2.6 0 0 0.68 2.75 1.2 7.22
25 2.87 1.21 0 0.15 5.02 1.88 11.12
53 4.6 3.85 0 0.3 11.47 3.98 24.19
0 6.13 1.53 0 0.38 5.26 0 13.29
165.2 5.95 3.78 0 0.65 21.91 12.39 44.67
51 4.13 2.11 0 0.23 7.64 3.83 17.94
52.6 6.57 1.47 0 0.91 10.32 3.95 23.21
56 7.13 1.53 0 1.05 10.03 4.2 23.95
118.5 6.09 1.88 0 0.59 13.4 8.89 30.84
16.1 2.81 1.75 1.19 0.51 3.7 1.21 11.17
28.3 6.15 3.33 0 0.39 10.22 2.12 22.22
56.7 7.91 3.81 0 0.65 11.77 4.25 28.38
24.7 2.88 3.63 0 1.08 4.44 1.85 13.89
8 3.27 0.48 0 0.83 0.36 0.6 5.53
16.1 3.76 0.68 0 0.59 6.89 1.21 13.13
164 4.67 3.43 0 0.08 11.94 12.3 32.42
169.3 5.07 3.61 0 0.3 16.91 12.7 38.59
100 2.2 4.91 0 0.08 27.11 7.5 41.8
30.1 6.43 3.59 0 0.5 10.56 2.26 23.34
26.8 3.64 3.47 0 1.14 4.61 2.01 14.87
78.1 8.57 3.49 0 3.17 14.15 5.86 35.25
28.1 1.1 2.09 0 0.67 7.97 2.11 13.93
53.7 6.75 1.46 0 1.13 9.34 4.03 22.7
23 0 2.22 0.31 0 1.55 1.73 5.8
7 1.8 1.21 0.82 0.68 2.99 0.53 8.02
11 2.53 0.74 0 0 6.21 0.83 10.31
103.6 5.78 3.76 0 1.07 14.48 7.77 32.86
18 2.47 1.27 0.62 0.15 8.72 1.35 14.57
23.6 3.74 1.81 0 0.42 10.69 1.77 18.43
82 9.13 3.33 0.1 3.3 15.17 6.15 37.18
13 0.73 2.53 2.67 0.08 6.45 0.98 13.44
3 0.2 1 0 0.08 3.82 0.23 5.33
210 5.93 3.76 0 0.77 23.83 15.75 50.04
42.3 4.12 2.8 0 0.49 10.33 3.17 20.91
2.5 0.41 0.86 0 0.17 3.66 0.19 5.28
27.4 4.13 2.17 0 0.46 11 2.06 19.82
16 2.33 1.22 0.53 0.12 6.82 1.2 12.23
16.9 0.68 0.61 0 0.18 3.43 1.27 6.17
EF/kWh 0.24 0.19 0.37 0.27 0.43 0.27
EF/MJ 0.07 0.05 0.1 0.08 0.12 0.08
use. In: Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control (Helsel, ZR, ed.), pp. 165-177
 Embodied energy GWP
MJ energy per kg of kg CO2 per kg active
active ingredient ingredient
Category Averages Audsley Green Audsley Green
herbicide 277.86 260.33 20.88 21.82
fungicide 196.75 173 14.74 14.25
insecticide 366.73 214.42 28.18 18.49
plant growth regulator 243.99 18.37

References
Audsley et al 1997 Harmonisation of environmental life cycle assessment
Green, MB (1987) Energy in pesticide manufacture, distribution and use. In: Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control (He
Nutrition and Pest Control (Helsel, ZR, ed.), pp. 165-177
Electricity Methodology

1. The International Energy Association was the source of this information. The 2003 figures were used to be in line with o
figures are also available) and have been gathered from around the world.
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/templates/GHG5/layout.asp?type=p&MenuId=OTAx
2. The figures give a total and a breakdown of each source of electricity in GWh. From these figures percentages of each
3. The table below describes the source of each GWP 100 (IPCC 2001) conversion figure.

kg CO2e
Electricity per kWh
Source electricity Reference
Post Note October 2006 No. 268 Carbon footprint of
Coal 0.8 electricity generation
Post Note October 2006 No. 268 Carbon footprint of
Oil 0.65 electricity generation
Post Note October 2006 No. 268 Carbon footprint of
Gas 0.5 electricity generation
Post Note October 2006 No. 268 Carbon footprint of
Biomass 0.09 electricity generation
Waste 0.13 IPCC Emissions factor database 2001
Post Note October 2006 No. 268 Carbon footprint of
Nuclear 0.01 electricity generation
Post Note October 2006 No. 268 Carbon footprint of
Hydro 0.03 electricity generation

Geothermal 0.38 http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/pgp/renewable/annex6.as

Post Note October 2006 No. 268 Carbon footprint of
Solar PV 0.06 electricity generation
Post Note October 2006 No. 268 Carbon footprint of
Solar Thermal 0.35 electricity generation
Post Note October 2006 No. 268 Carbon footprint of
Other Sources 0.01 electricity generation
003 figures were used to be in line with other Unilever reporting (although 2004

From these figures percentages of each source were calculated.

Notes

Based on miscanthus. Woodchip is less 0.025kg CO2e/kWh

Based on storage system which is actually 0.01-0.03kg CO2e/kWh

13-380g CO2e/kWh

0.035kgCO2e/kWh for sunny climates

Assume same as for PV in sunny climates

Based on wind - onshore

Electricity by region and country 2003 and % renewable

2003 %
% National
Region/ Country kg CO2/kWh kg CO2/MJ Renewables
Central and Eastern Europe
0.361 0.1 16.25
- Albania 0.030 0.01 98.33
- Belarus 0.294 0.08 0.02
- Bosnia & Herzegovina 0.632 0.18 46.83
- Bulgaria 0.472 0.13 8.13
- Croatia 0.379 0.11 53.10
- Estonia 0.722 0.2 0.58
- Latvia 0.181 0.05 68.12
- Lithuania 0.121 0.03 5.81
- Macedonia 0.657 0.18 22.24
- Moldova 0.756 0.21 1.63
- Poland 0.662 0.18 4.08
- Romania 0.451 0.13 29.23
- Serbia & Montenegro 0.766 0.21 30.98
- Slovenia 0.363 0.1 27.67
- The former Yugoslav Republic
0.602 of Macedonia
0.17 22.24
- Ukraine 0.341 0.09 6.54
Rest of Europe 0.386 0.11 19.81
- Austria 0.224 0.06 65.91
- Belgium 0.274 0.08 4.32
- Cyprus 0.834 0.23 10.88
- Czech Republic 0.502 0.14 3.93
- Denmark 0.356 0.1 25.12
- Finland 0.297 0.08 30.50
- France 0.082 0.02 12.44
- Germany 0.499 0.14 11.34
- Greece 0.777 0.22 11.10
- Hungary 0.421 0.12 2.85
- Iceland 0.001 0 99.95
- Ireland 0.592 0.16 6.84
- Italy 0.524 0.15 24.91
- Luxembourg 0.325 0.09 24.13
- Malta 0.814 0.23 0.00
- Netherlands 0.466 0.13 6.82
- Norway 0.009 0 99.56
- Poland 0.662 0.18 3.25
- Portugal 0.414 0.12 28.51
- Slovak Republic 0.255 0.07 14.01
- Spain 0.381 0.11 20.28
- Sweden 0.059 0.02 45.49
- Switzerland 0.030 0.01 56.95
- Turkey 0.496 0.14 30.75
- United Kingdom 0.473 0.13 4.40
Africa 0.537 0.15 17.09
- Algeria 0.700 0.19 0.80
- Angola 0.373 0.1 66.47
- Benin 0.863 0.24 1.23
- Cameroon 0.031 0.01 95.38
- Congo Dem. Rep. 0.004 0 99.68
- Cote d'Ivoire 0.384 0.11 32.35
- Egypt 0.418 0.12 13.00
 - Eritrea 0.696 0.19 0.35
- Ethiopia 0.006 0 99.29
- Gabon 0.306 0.09 58.56
- Ghana 0.298 0.08 87.45
- Kenya 0.194 0.05 75.88
- Libya 0.979 0.27 0.00
- Marocco 0.736 0.2 9.39
- Mozambique 0.003 0 99.70
- Namibia 0.028 0.01 96.91
- Nigeria 0.446 0.12 34.18
- Senegal 0.594 0.17 23.18
- South Africa 0.853 0.24 2.23
- Sudan 0.743 0.21 27.22
- Tanzania United Rep. 0.095 0.03 95.08
- Togo 0.175 0.05 61.07
- Tunisia 0.554 0.15 1.52
- Zambia 0.006 0 99.39
- Zimbabwe 0.516 0.14 56.81
Middle East 0.693 0.19 2.82
- Bahrain 0.883 0.25 0.00
- Iran Islamic Rep. 0.523 0.15 6.46
- Iraq 0.927 0.26 1.53
- Israel 0.818 0.23 0.08
- Jordan 0.640 0.18 0.62
- Kuwait 0.663 0.18 0.00
- Lebanon 0.709 0.2 10.99
- Oman 0.854 0.24 0.00
- Qatar 0.779 0.22 0.00
- Saudi Arabia 0.749 0.21 0.00
- Syria 0.583 0.16 13.24
- United Arab Emirates 0.781 0.22 0.00
- Yemen 0.885 0.25 0.00
North America 0.458 0.13 15.72
- Canada 0.224 0.06 58.68
- Mexico 0.576 0.16 15.33
- United States 0.575 0.16 9.58
Latin America 0.189 0.05 69.76
- Argentina 0.275 0.08 31.70
- Bolivia 0.456 0.13 51.13
- Brazil 0.078 0.02 86.17
- Chile 0.279 0.08 48.43
- Colombia 0.153 0.04 80.86
- Costa Rica 0.020 0.01 98.19
- Cuba 1.000 0.28 4.66
- Dominican Republic 0.644 0.18 12.01
- Ecuador 0.264 0.07 58.90
- El Salvador 0.318 0.09 54.38
- Guatemala 0.404 0.11 47.14
- Haiti 0.320 0.09 47.53
- Honduras 0.352 0.1 48.48
- Jamaica 0.794 0.22 3.46
- Netherlands Antilles 0.719 0.2 0.00
- Nicaragua 0.559 0.16 24.77
- Panama 0.356 0.1 66.01
- Paraguay 0.000 0 100.00
- Peru 0.148 0.04 72.92
 - Trinidad & Tobago 0.731 0.2 0.36
- Uruguay 0.002 0 81.64
- Venezuela 0.245 0.07 71.00
East Asia 0.772 0.21 15.47
- Brunei Darussalam 0.804 0.22 0.00
- China, People's Rep. of 0.771 0.21 16.19
- Chinese Taipei 0.633 0.18 4.54
- Hong Kong (China) 0.776 0.22 0.00
- Indonesia 0.776 0.22 13.59
- Korea, Dem Rep. of 0.542 0.15 56.89
- Malaysia 0.492 0.14 7.03
- Myanmar 0.368 0.1 36.21
- Philippines 0.460 0.13 33.73
- Singapore 0.562 0.16 0.00
- Thailand 0.528 0.15 6.99
- Vietnam 0.375 0.1 38.38
Pacific 0.481 0.13 10.96
- Australia 0.868 0.24 7.80
- Japan 0.441 0.12 11.70
- Korea, Rep. of 0.437 0.12 1.71
- New Zealand 0.178 0.05 73.32
Kaspian Region and Central 0.402
Asia 0.11 28.70
- Armenia 0.148 0.04 33.13
- Azerbaijan 0.524 0.15 12.73
- Georgia 0.054 0.01 87.36
- Kazakhstan 1.116 0.31 12.04
- Kyrgyzstan 0.084 0.02 93.09
- Tajikistan 0.027 0.01 97.66
- Turkmenistan 0.795 0.22 0.03
- Uzbekistan 0.468 0.13 12.84
South Asia 0.710 0.2 15.61
- Bangladesh 0.572 0.16 5.71
- India 0.912 0.25 13.53
- Nepal 0.001 0 99.83
- Pakistan 0.370 0.1 29.95
- Sri Lanka 0.407 0.11 36.85
Russia Federation 0.347 0.1 19.32
- Russia 0.329 0.09 34.84

Source: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/templates/GHG5/layout.asp?type=p&MenuId=OTAx
%
MenuId=OTAx
Conversion figures used in interpretation - Balloons and Cars

Balloons
1 hot air balloon = 4 tonnes of CO2
www.targetneutral.com/TONIC/targetneutral2.jsp
CO2 produced by field and factory shown as number of hot air balloons filled with CO2 for interpretation/visualisation purposes

Car
Distance Emissions
Petrol Car per l MJ per l per l
Miles 6.6 31.5 2.3
km 10.63 31.5 2.3
Ref: Transport Statistics Great Britain 2005, Dept for Transport, Published Oct 2005
CO2 produced by field and factory shown as number of km or miles travelled in an ordinary family car for interpretation/visualis
ation/visualisation purposes.

ar for interpretation/visualisation purposes.