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Hazard and operability study - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hazard and operability study

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a structured and systematic examination of a planned or existing process or operation in order to identify and evaluate problems that may represent risks to personnel or equipment, or prevent efficient operation. The HAZOP technique was initially developed to analyze chemical process systems, but has later been extended to other types of systems and also to complex operations such as nuclear power plant operation and to use software to record the deviation and consequence. A HAZOP is a qualitative technique based on guide-words and is carried out by a multi-disciplinary team (HAZOP team) during a set of meetings.

Contents
1 Method 1.1 Outline 1.2 Parameters and guide words 2 Team 3 History 4 References 5 Further reading 6 See also

Method
Outline
The method applies to processes (existing or planned) for which design information is available. This commonly includes a process flow diagram, which is examined in small sections, such as individual items of equipment or pipes between them. For each of these a design Intention is specified. For example, in a chemical plant, a pipe may have the intention to transport 2.3 kg/s of 96% sulfuric acid at 20C and a pressure of 2 bar from a pump to a heat exchanger. The intention of the heat exchanger may be to heat 2.3 kg/s of 96% sulfuric acid from 20C to 80 C. The HAZOP team then determines what are the possible significant Deviations from each intention, feasible Causes and likely Consequences. It can then be decided whether existing, designed safeguards are sufficient, or whether additional actions are necessary to reduce risk to an acceptable level. When HAZOP meetings were recorded by hand they were generally scheduled for three to four hours per day. For a medium-sized chemical plant where the total number of items to be considered is 1200 (items of equipment and pipes or other transfers between them) about 40 such meetings would be needed.[1] Various software programs are now available to assist in meetings.

Parameters and guide words

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Hazard and operability study - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The key feature is to select appropriate parameters which apply to the design intention. These are general words such as Flow, Temperature, Pressure, Composition. In the above example, it can be seen that variations in these parameters could constitute Deviations from the design Intention. In order to identify Deviations, the Study Leader applies (systematically, in order) a set of Guide Words to each parameter for each section of the process. The current standard[2] Guide Words are as follows: Guide Word NO OR NOT MORE LESS AS WELL AS PART OF REVERSE OTHER THAN EARLY LATE BEFORE AFTER Meaning Complete negation of the design intent Quantitative increase Quantitative decrease Qualitative modification/increase Qualitative modification/decrease Logical opposite of the design intent Complete substitution Relative to the clock time Relative to the clock time Relating to order or sequence Relating to order or sequence

(Note that the last four guide words are applied to batch or sequential operations.) These are therefore combined e.g. NO FLOW, MORE TEMPERATURE, and if the combination is meaningful, it is a potential deviation. In this case LESS COMPOSITION would suggest less than 96% sulfuric acid, whereas OTHER THAN COMPOSITION would suggest something else such as oil. The following table gives an overview of commonly used guide word - parameter pairs and common interpretations of them.

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Hazard and operability study - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Parameter / Guide Word Flow Pressure Temperature Level Time Agitation Reaction Start-up / Shut-down Draining / Venting Inertising Utility failure (instrument air, power) DCS failure Maintenance Vibrations

More high flow high pressure

Less low flow low pressure

None no flow vacuum

Reverse reverse flow

As well as

Part of

Other than

deviating deviating contamination concentration material delta-p explosion

high low temperature temperature high level too long / too late low level too short / too soon no level different level extra actions wrong time sequence missing step backwards actions skipped no mixing no reaction actions missed none none failure failure none too low too high none wrong frequency deviating pressure wrong timing contamination wrong material unwanted reaction wrong recipe

fast mixing slow mixing fast reaction / runaway too fast too long high pressure slow reaction too slow too short low pressure

Once the causes and effects of any potential hazards have been established, the system being studied can then be modified to improve its safety. The modified design must then be subject to another HAZOP, to ensure that no new problems have been added.

Team
HAZOP is normally carried out by a team of people, with roles as follows[2] (with alternative names from other sources):
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Hazard and operability study - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Name Study leader Recorder

Alternative Chairman Secretary or scribe (or representative of the team which has designed the process) (or representative of those who will use it) (or specialists) (if appropriate)

Role someone experienced in HAZOP but not directly involved in the design, to ensure that the method is followed carefully to ensure that problems are documented and recommendations passed on To explain any design details or provide further information

Designer

User Specialist Maintainer

To consider it in use and question its operability, and the effect of deviations someone with relevant technical knowledge someone concerned with maintenance of the process.

In earlier publications it was suggested that the Study Leader could also be the Recorder[3] but separate roles are now generally recommended. A minimum team size of 5 is recommended.[4] In a large process there will be many HAZOP meetings and the team may change as specialists are brought in for different areas, and possibly different members of the design team, but the Study Leader and Recorder will usually be fixed. As many as 20 individuals may be involved[3] but is recommended that no more than 8 are involved at any one time.[4] Software is now available from several suppliers to aid the Study Leader and the Recorder.

History
The technique originated in the Heavy Organic Chemicals Division of ICI, which was then a major British and international chemical company. The history has been described by Trevor Kletz[3][5] who was the company's safety advisor from 1968 to 1982, from which the following is abstracted. In 1963 a team of 3 people met for 3 days a week for 4 months to study the design of a new phenol plant. They started with a technique called critical examination which asked for alternatives, but changed this to look for deviations . The method was further refined within the company, under the name operability studies, and became the third stage of its hazard analysis procedure (the first two being done at the conceptual and specification stages) when the first detailed design was produced. In 1974 a one-week safety course including this procedure was offered by the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) at Teesside Polytechnic. Coming shortly after the Flixborough disaster, the course was fully booked, as were ones in the next few years. In the same year the first paper in the open literature was also published.[6] In 1977 the Chemical Industries Association published a guide.[7] Up to this time the term HAZOP had not been used in formal publications. The first to do this was Kletz in 1983, with what were essentially the course notes (revised and updated) from the IChemE courses.[3] By this time, hazard and operability studies had become an expected part of chemical engineering degree courses in the UK.[3]

References
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1. ^ Swann, C. D., & Preston, M. L., (1995) Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol 8, no 6, pp349353 "Twenty-five years of HAZOPs" 2. ^ a b British Standard BS: IEC61882:2002 Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP studies)- Application Guide British Standards Institution. This British Standard reproduces verbatim IEC 61882:2001 and implements it as the UK national standard. 3. ^ a b c d e Kletz, T. A., (1983) HAZOP & HAZAN Notes on the Identification and Assessment of Hazards IChemE Rugby 4. ^ a b Nolan, D.P. (1994) Application of HAZOP and What-If Safety Reviews to the Petroleum, Petrochemical and Chemical Industries. William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. ISBN 978-0-8155-1353-7 5. ^ Kletz, T., (2000) By Accident - a life preventing them in industry PVF Publications ISBN 0-9538440-0-5 6. ^ Lawley, H. G.,(1974) Chemical Engineering Progress, vol 70, no 4 page 45 "Operability studies and hazard analysis" AIChE 7. ^ Chemical Industries Association (1977) A Guide to Hazard and Operability Studies

Further reading
Kletz, Trevor (2006). Hazop and Hazan (4th Edition ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978052955062|978052955062 [[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]]]]. Tyler, Brian, Crawley, Frank & Preston, Malcolm (2008). HAZOP: Guide to Best Practice (2nd Edition ed.). IChemE, Rugby. ISBN 978-0-85295-525-3. Gould, J., (2000) Review of Hazard Identification Techniques, HSE (http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/hsl_pdf/2005/hsl0558.pdf) http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg5211/docs/RBDM_Files/PDF/RBDM_Guidelines/Volume%203/Volume%203Chapter%2010.pdf Hazard and Operability Studies (http://www.lihoutech.com/hzp1frm.htm) Explanation by a software supplier http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/plansforaction/pdf/hazards/haz_hipap8_rev2008.pdf

See also
Hazard analysis Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points Process Safety Management Risk assessment Safety engineering HAZID

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