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Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Review
Circuit Analysis Methods
z KVL:
loop
Vi = 0
KCL: Ii = 0
node
VI
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Consider
R1
e
J
R2
e V e + I =0 R1 R2
Notice: linear in e,V , I No eV ,VI terms
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Consider
R1
R2
J
V + I R1
linear in e,V , I
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Write node equations -e V e + I =0 R1 R2 Rearrange -1 1 R + R e 1 2 conductance matrix
=
linear in e,V , I
V + I R1
G
or
R2 R1 R2 e= V+ I R1 + R2 R1 + R2
e = a1V1 + a2V2 + + b1 I1 + b2 I 2 +
Linear!
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Homogeneity Superposition
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Homogeneity Superposition
Homogeneity
x1 x2 . . .
x1 x2 . . .
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Homogeneity Superposition
Superposition
x1a x2 a . . .
ya
x1b x2 b . . .
yb
x1a + x1b x2 a + x2 b . . . y a + yb
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Homogeneity Superposition
V1 0
y1
0 V2
y2
V1 + 0 0 + V2 y1 + y2
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Method 4: Superposition method The output of a circuit is determined by summing the responses to each source acting alone.
es c r u o s t n e nd e p e i nd only
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
i + v short + v -
V =0 +
i + v open + v -
I =0
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
R1
e
J
R2
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
R2
R2 V I = 0 eV = R1 + R2
I acting alone
R1
e R1 R2 eI = I R1 + R2
J
V =0
R2
sum
superposition
R2 R1 R2 e = eV + eI = V+ I R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Voil !
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Demo
salt water
constant +
sinusoid
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Consider
+ v -
By superposition
v =
mVm + n I n + Ri
m n
All n I n = 0, mVm = 0
Lecture 3
Or
v = vTH + RTH i
As far as the external world is concerned (for the purpose of I-V relation), Arbitrary network N is indistinguishable from: RTH
+ vTH
+ v -
vTH RTH
open circuit voltage at terminal pair (a.k.a. port) resistance of network seen from port ( Vm s, I n s set to 0)
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Thvenin equivalent
RTH
i + v -
+ vTH
Replace network N with its Thvenin equivalent, then solve external network E.
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Example:
i1 R1
+ V
R2
i1 R1
+ V
RTH VTH
+ I
V VTH i1 = R1 + RTH
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Example:
+ VTH -
R2
RTH : RTH = R2
+ RTH -
R2
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Graphically,
i
v = vTH + RTH i
1 RTH
v
vTH
V
OC
I SC
v = vTH
vTH i = RTH
VOC
I SC
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Method 5:
IN
RTH = RN
Norton equivalent
IN =
VTH RTH
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Summary
Discretize matter LMD Physics
LCA EE
R, I, V
Linear networks
Analysis methods (linear) KVL, KCL, I V Combination rules Node method Superposition Thvenin Norton Next Nonlinear analysis Discretize voltage
101100
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].