4.9.

Single line to ground (LG) fault analysis :

An unloaded balanced three-phase synchronous generator with neutral grounded through an impedance n is shown in Fig. 4.54. Suppose a single line to ground fault (LG) occurs on phase a though Z f . an impedance Z

Figure 4.54: LG fault on phase a of an unloaded generator

Since the generator is unloaded, the following terminal conditions exist at the fault point:

a = Z f I a V b = 0 I c = 0 I b = I c = 0 in equation (4.86), the symmetrical components of currents can be Substituting I calculated as: 1 1 1 I I a a0 1 2 I a1 = 3 1 a a 0 Ia2 1 a 2 a 0
162 (4.97) (4.96)

a are: Solving the above equation, the values of the symmetrical components of fault current I a0 = I a1 = I a2 = 1 I a I 3
(4.98)

The voltage of phase a can be expressed in terms of symmetrical components from equation (4.83), as a = V a0 + V a1 + V a2 V (4.99)

a0 , V a1 and V a2 from equation (4.94) into equation (4.99), Substituing in the equation the values of V a can be written as (with I a0 = I a1 = I a2 from equation (4.98)): V a = E a (Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 )I V a0
(4.100)

a = Z f I a = 3Z f I a0 . Hence, equation (4.100) can be expressed as: From equations (4.96) and (4.98), V f I a0 = E a (Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 )I 3Z a0
or,

a0 = I
The fault current, therefore, is:

a E 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 + 3Z f Z

(4.101)

f = I a = 3I a0 = I

a 3E 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 + 3Z f Z

(4.102)

From equations (4.98) and (4.101), it be easily interpreted that the three sequence networks are connected in series as shown in Fig. 4.55.

Figure 4.55: Connection of sequence networks for LG fault

n = 0 and for bolted fault Z f = 0. Note that, for solidly grounded generator, Z
Extending the above concept to the analysis of LG fault in a power system, the Thevenins equiv163

alent circuit (as seen from the fault point) is obtained, individually for the three sequence networks. th , the open circuit pre-fault voltage at the fault point, and Z 1th , For the positive sequence network V the positive sequence Thevenins equivalent impedance as seen from the fault point are determined. 2th and Z 0th , For negative and zero sequence networks, only the Thevenins equivalent impedances Z respectively are calculated. The three Thevenins equivalent networks are then connected in series.

4.9.6

Line to Line (LL) fault analysis :

f , on Fig. 4.56 shows a line to line fault (LL) between phases b and c through an impedance Z an unloaded three phase generator. The terminal conditions at the fault point are:

Figure 4.56: LL fault between phases b and c of an unloaded generator

b V c = Z f I b V b + I c = 0 I
164 (4.103)

a = 0 I a = 0 and I b = I c in equation (4.86), the symmetrical components of cuurents can be Substituting I calculated as: I 1 1 1 0 a0 1 2 I b a1 = 3 1 a a I 2 Ia2 1 a a Ib
(4.104)

a are: Solving the above equation, the values of the symmetrical components of the current I a0 = 0 I a1 = 1 (a a2 )I b I 3 a2 = 1 (a2 a)I b = I a1 I 3
From equation (4.83), we have (4.105)

b V c = (a2 a)(V a1 V a2 ) = Z f I b V a1 and V a2 from equation (4.94) and noting that I a1 = I a2 , one can write: Substituting V f I b a (Z 1 + Z 2 )I a1 = Z (a2 a) E
Also from equation (4.105),

(4.106)

(4.107)

b = I

a1 3I (a a2 )

(4.108)

b in equation (4.107), we get: Substituting this value of I a (Z 1 + Z 2 )I a1 = E f I a1 3Z (a a2 )(a2 a)

Since, (a a2 )(a2 a) = 3, the above expression can be simplied and written as:

a1 = I

a E 1 + Z 2 + Z f ) (Z

(4.109)

The phase currents during fault can be calculated as:

I a 1 1 1 0 2 I a1 b = 1 a a I Ic 1 a a2 I a1 b and I c can be written as: Solving for the phase currents, the expressions for I

(4.110)

165

b = I c = (a2 a)I a1 I b from equation (4.111) in equation (4.106) one gets: Substituting I a1 V a2 ) = Z f I a1 (V

(4.111)

The equivalent circuit of the fault in terms of the sequence networks is shown in Fig. 4.57. The circuit has been drawn on the basis of equation (4.105) and the above equation. It shows that the positive sequence and negative sequence networks are connected in phase opposition bridged by the f . Also, since I a0 = 0, the zero sequence network is open circuited and hence is fault impedance Z not shown in the diagram.

Figure 4.57: Connection of sequence networks for an LL fault between phases b and c of an unloaded generator Extending the above concept to LL fault calculations in a power system, it can be concluded that, the Thevenins equivalent positive and negative sequence networks, as seen from the fault point, can be connected in phase opposition through the fault impdedance for calculating fault current.

4.9.7

Double Line to ground (LLG) fault analysis :

Fig. 4.58 shows a double line to ground (LLG) fault on phases b and c through an impedance f on an unloaded three phase generator. The terminal conditions at the fault point are: Z

b = V c = Z f I f = Z f (I b + I c ) V a = I a1 + I a2 + I a0 = 0 I b and V c can be written as: From equation (4.83), V b = V a0 + a2 V a1 + aV a2 V c = V a0 + aV a1 + a2 V a2 V

166 (4.113) (4.112)

Figure 4.58: LLG fault between phases b and c of an unloaded generator

b = V c , from equation (4.113), one can write Since V a1 = V a2 V

(4.114)

b and I c in terms of their sequence components from equation (4.85), voltage of phase Substituting I b can be expressed as: b = Z f (I a0 + a2 I a1 + aI a2 + I a0 + aI a1 + a2 I a2 ) V
167

b = Z f (I a0 + a2 I a1 + aI a2 + I a0 + aI a1 + a2 I a2 ) V f (2I a0 + (a2 + a)(I a1 + I a2 )) = Z f (2I a0 (I a1 + I a2 )) = Z a = I a1 + I a2 + I a0 = 0, hence Since 1 + a + a2 = 0 and I b = 3Z f I a0 V

(4.115)

b from equation (4.115) and the condition of equation (4.114) in equation Further substituting V (4.113), we get: f I a0 = V a0 + (a2 + a)V a1 3Z a0 V a1 = V

(4.116)

a0 and V a1 from equation (4.94) in equation (4.116), the zero sequence component of Substituting V

Figure 4.59: Connection of sequence networks for an LLG fault between phases b and c of an unloaded generator

a0 is given by: current I a0 = (Ea Z1 Ia1 ) I 0 + 3Z f ) (Z

(4.117)

a2 , substitute V a1 and V a2 from equation For calculating the negative sequence component of current, I a2 is: (4.94) in equation (4.114). The expression for I a2 = (Ea Z1 Ia1 ) I 2 Z
(4.118)

a0 and I a2 from equations (4.117) and (4.118) in equation (4.112), the value Finally, by substituting I
168

a1 is found out as: of the positive sequence component of current I a1 = I a E 1 + Z2 (Z0 + 3Zf ) Z 0 + Z 2 + 3Z f ) (Z
(4.119)

b = Z f I f , from equation (4.115) one can conclude that Since V f = 3I a0 I

(4.120)

The equivalent circuit for the fault in terms of the sequence networks is shown in Fig. 4.59. The circuit shown in Fig. 4.59 is based on equations (4.114) and (4.116). For LLG fault calculations in a power system, the Thevenins equivalent of the three sequence networks, as seen from the fault point, are found out. The positive and negative sequence equivalents are connected in parallel and f . In the next lecture, the combination is then connected to the zero sequence network through 3Z BUS matrix. we will study the procedure of unbalanced fault analysis using Z

169