4.

13

Open Conductor Faults:

When one or two phases of a balanced three-phase line opens it creates an unbalance in the system and results in the ow of unbalanced currents. Such conditions occur in the system when one or two conductors of a trnansmission line are broken due to storm or if fuses, isolators or circuit breakers operate only on one or two phases leaving others connected. Such open conductor Bus ] matrices of sequence networks. faults can also be analysed with the help of [Z

Figure 4.75: Open Conductor faults on a section of three phase system In Fig. 4.75, a section of a three phase system between buses i and j is shown. Fig. 4.75 (a) shows one conductor open while Fig. 4.75 (b) shows two conductors open between points k and a , I b and I c are shown in the gure. For the analysis of k . The positive direction of currents I such faults, the Thevenins impedance between two buses i and j is required and the relationship Bus ] and Thevenins impedances at each bus of the network needs between the elements of [Z to be established.

0 ] be the vector of open-circuit bus voltages corresponding to the initial (pre-fault) value Let [V Bus ]. We can of bus current vector [ I0 ] injected in a network with bus impedance matrix [Z then write
208

 0 ] = [Z Bus ][ [V I0 ]

(4.134)

] can be If the bus currents are changed to a new value, [ I0 + I], the new bus voltage [V expressed as:

Bus Z I0 + I Bus ][ Bus ][ = [Z I0 ] + [Z I] 0 ] + [V ] = [V

(4.135)

] represents the change in the values of the original bus voltage [V 0 ]. where,[V
Fig. 4.76 represents a power system with buses i and j taken out along with the reference node. i ] and [I j ] are 0 ] and [ The circuit is not energised so that [V I0 ] are zero. Currents [I injected into the ith and jth buses respectively, through current sources connected between the node and the reference node.

i ] and [I j ] ] due to current [I Figure 4.76: Change in bus voltage [V

209

 ] can be calculated from equation (4.135) as The changes in bus voltage [V V 1 1 Vi i = V j j VN N

1 i j N

11 Z 1i Z i1 Z ii Z j 1 Z ji Z N 1 Z N i Z

1j Z 1N Z ij Z iN Z jj Z jN Z N j Z N N Z

I 1 Ii I j IN

I V +Z 1j I j 1 Z 1i i Vi Zii Ii + Zij Ij = Z V I + Z I jj j j ji i i + Z N j I j VN ZN i I
The modied voltage at ith bus can be written as :

(4.136)

i = V i0 + V i = V i0 + Z ii I i + Z ij I j V ij I i in equation (4.137), one obtains adding and subtracting Z i = V i0 + (Z ii Z ij )I i + Z ij (I i + I j ) V

Similarly the modied voltage at jth bus can be written as

(4.137)

(4.138)

Vj = V j = V j0 + j0 + Z ji I i + Z jj I j V ji I j in equation (4.139) , one obtains adding and subtracting Z j = V j0 + (Z jj Z ji )I j + Z ji (I i + I j ) V

Since the network is symmetrical

(4.139)

(4.140)

ji = Z ij Z

(4.141)

Thus the equations (4.138) and (4.140) can be represented by an equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 4.77, which is also the Thevenins Equivalent circuit of the network as seen from the ith and jth buses. From the gure it can be observed that the Thevenins open circuit voltage between ith and jth i0 V j0 ). buses is (V 210

Figure 4.77: The Thevenins Equivalent of the original network

i0 and To calculate the open circuit impedance between ith and jth buses, the initial voltages V j0 are set equal to zero and an ideal current source I is connected between the two busses. V i and V j are calculated. Note that I i = I and I j = I . Next, the resulting voltages V i = (Z ii Z ij )I V j = (Z jj Z ji )(I ) V ij between ith and jth buses as: Next, calculate the voltage dierence V ij = V i V j = (Z ii + Z jj 2Z ij )I V
Hence, (4.144) (4.142)

(4.143)

T hevenin,ij = Z

ij V ii + Z jj 2Z ij ) = (Z I

(4.145)

Once the Thevenins equivalent is established, the analysis of open-conductor faults can proceed further. The opening of all the three phases is equivalent to the removal of the line i j totally (0) (1) (2) from the network. If z ij , z ij and z ij are the the three sequence impedance of the line i (0) (1) j, then the removal of this line from the network can be simulated by adding z ij , z ij and (2) z ij to the corresponding Thevenins equivalent network of the three sequence networks of the original network as seen from ith and jth buses. Let x represents the fractional length of the broken line i j from ith bus to the break point k, where 0 x 1. 211

The positive sequence impedance of the conductor segment between the ith bus and the point of (1) break k is xz ij , and the positive sequence impedance of the remaining conductor from point k to (1) j th bus is (1 x)z ij . These two impedances are then added to represent the broken conductor. This is illustrated in Fig. 4.78

Figure 4.78: Positive sequence equivalent network with line open between buses k and k

,V and V represent the phase component of voltage drops between points k and If V kk kk kk (0) (1) (2) represent the sequence components of the voltage drops between k, then Vkk , Vkk and V kk points k and k. These sequence voltages have dierent values depending on the type of open conductor fault.
(1) (1) and the total series impedance [xz To further simplify the circuit, the voltage V ij + (1 kk (1) (1) x)z ij ]=z ij is replaced by a current source

(a)

(b )

(c)

(1) V kk z
(1) ij

and a parallel impedance z ij as shown in

(1)

Fig. 4.79. Further, the parallel combination of z ij and z ij is and hence, is replaced by an open circuit. The nal simplied positive sequence impedance equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4.80 Similarly, the negative sequence and zero sequence equivalent networks are shown in Fig.4.81 (a) and (b) repectively. These equivalent networks are identical to the positive sequence equivalent network but do not contain any internal voltage sources. The equivalent currents
(1) (1)

(1) V (2) V kk kk z ij
, (1)
(2) z ij

and

(0) V kk
(0) z ij

are due to open conductor fault between k and

k. If no conductor is open then the sequence voltages are all zero and the current sources are not present in the equivalent circuit. Further, the current sources can be regarded as current injections into the buses i and j of the original sequence networks. All through the calculation 212

Figure 4.79: Thevenins Equivalent with transformed current source

Figure 4.80: Final positive sequence Thevenins Equivalent circuit repesenting the opening of line i j between buses k and k

Bus ], [Z Bus ] and [Z Bus ] of the original network are process, the bus impedance matrices [Z used.

(0)

(1)

(2)

The current injections at the buses i and j can be tabulated as: 213

Figure 4.81: Final (a) negative sequence (b) zero sequence Thevenins Equivalent circuit repesenting the opening of line i j between k and k Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero sequence at ith bus at j th bus
(1) z ij (1) V kk (1) z ij (0)

(1) V kk

(2) z ij (2) V kk (2) z ij (1) (2)

(2) V kk

(0) z ij (0) V kk (0) z ij

(0) V kk

n , V n and V n at any bus n due to the current injections The sequence voltage drops V at the buses i and j can be calculates from equation (4.136) as:

(0) n

n(1) = V n(2) = V

(0) z ij (1) (1) (1) ni nj (Z Z )Vkk

(0) (0) (0) ni nj (Z Z )Vkk

(1) z ij (2) (2) (2) ni nj (Z Z )Vkk (2) z ij

(4.146)

Next, the Thevenins equivalent impedances for each sequence network, as seen from the busesk and k, are calculated as follows:

(1) From Fig.4.78, the positive sequence equivalent impdeance Z kk is found out as :
(1) (1) Z ij + kk = xz (1) (1) (z Z ij ) th,ij (1) + (1 x)z ij ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Z + (z ij ) th,ij

214

(1) kk

(1) 2 (z ij ) = (1) (1) Z z ij th,ij

(4.147)

Similarly from Fig. 4.81 (a) and (b), the negative sequence and zero sequence Thevenins equivalent impedances can be expressed as:

(2) Z kk =

(2) 2 (z ij ) (2) (2) z Z ij th,ij

(4.148)

(0) Z kk =

(0) 2 (z ij ) (0) (0) z Z ij th,ij

The open-circuit voltage from point k to k can be calculated as:

(1) th,kk (1) 2 (z ij ) i(1) V j(1) ) (V = (1) (1) Z z ij th,ij

V (1) Z kk
(1) z ij (1) z ij

(4.149)

substituting

(1) is obtained as: V th,kk

(1) (1) z Z ij th,ij

from equation (4.147) in equation (4.149), the nal value of

(1) (1) (1) = Zkk (V i V j(1) ) V th,kk (1) z ij

(4.150)

(1) ij Also prior to the occurance of open-conductor fault on any conductor, the current I owing in phase a is the positive sequence component and is given by the relation:

(1) ij I =

j(1) ) i(1) V (V
(1) z ij

(4.151)

Substituting equation (4.151) in equation (4.150), one gets

(1) = Z (1) (1) V th,kk kk Iij

(4.152)

The Thevenins equivalent network as seen from points k and k for the three sequence networks are shown in Fig. 4.82 We are now ready to discuss the two possible cases of open-circuit fault i.e. (a) open phase open (b) two phases open. We will be discussing them in the next lecture.

215

Figure 4.82: Thevenins Equivalent networks as seen from k and k

4.13.1

One Phase open:

a = 0. Consider that phase a conductor is open as shown in Fig. 4.75(a), hence phase a current I As a result:
(1) (2) (0) a a a I +I +I =0 (1) (2) (0)

(4.153)

a and I a are the symmetrical components of phase a current. Since phases b and a , I where, I c are closed , the voltage drops . kk ,b = 0 V kk ,c = 0 V
216 (4.154)

The symmetrical components of voltage drops across the fault point can be calculated as :
(0) V 1 1 1 V V kk ,a a kk ,a (1) 1 1 2 V a = 3 1 a a 0 = 3 Vkk ,a (2) Va 1 a2 a 0 Vkk ,a

(4.155)

Hence,

a(0) = V a(1) = V a(2) = 1 V kk ,a V 3

(4.156)

It implies that open conductor in phase a causes equal voltages to appear across points k and k of each sequence network. Hence, the three equivalent sequence networks can be connected in parallel across points k and k as shown in Fig. 4.83.

Figure 4.83: Connection of Equivalent sequence networks to represent open phase a between k and k
(1) a The current I is given as :

(1) a ij I =I

(1) Z kk +

(1) Z kk (2) (0) Z Z (2) (0) Z kk + Zkk

kk kk

simplifying
(1) a ij I =I

(1) (2) (0) Z kk [Zkk + Zkk ] (0) (1) (1) (2) (2) (0) Z Z + Z Z + Z Z
kk kk kk kk kk kk

(4.157)

(1) , V (2) and V (0) can be calculated with reference to Fig.4.83 as: The sequence voltage drops V kk kk kk (2) (0) (1) (1) Zkk Zkk Vkk = Ia (2) (0) Z kk + Zkk
(1) a Substituting I and simplifying we get:

217

 (1) = V (2) = V (0) = I ij V kk kk kk

(1) (2) (0)

(1) (2) (0) Z kk Zkk Zkk (0) (1) (1) (2) (2) (0) Z Z + Z Z + Z Z
kk kk kk kk kk kk

(4.158)

, Z , and Z are obtained from the impedance parameters of the sequence networks Z kk kk kk [equation (4.147) and equation (4.148)]. ij is the pre-fault current or load current in phase a of the line i j I
Next, the equivalent injected currents
(0) (1) (2)

(1) V (2) V kk kk z ij
, (1)
(2) z ij

and

(0) V kk
(0) z ij

are calculated.

i ,V i and V i representing the changes in the symmetrical components of Further, V bus voltage are calculated using equation (4.146). Finally, the bus voltages after fault are calculated using superposition principle as : i(1) (F ) = V i(1) (0) + V i(1) V i(2) (F ) = V i(1) V i(0) (F ) = V i(2) V

(4.159)

4.13.2

Two Phases open:

When two phases b and c are open then,

(1) = V a(0) + V a(1) + V a(2) = 0 V kk ,a b = 0 I c = 0 I

The sequence components of line current are:
(0) I 1 1 1 I a a (1) 1 2 I a = 3 1 a a 0 (2) 1 a 2 a 0 Ia

(4.160)

Simplifying one gets the condition:

1 (0) (1) (2) a a a I =I =I = I a 3

(0) a

(4.161)

equation (4.161) indicates that the three equivalent sequence networks are in series and to ensure +V a(1) + V a(2) = 0 the circuit should be closed.The interconnection of the sequence networks is V shown in Fig.4.84. From the equivalent circuit of Fig.4.84, the sequence currents can be calculated as : 218

Figure 4.84: Connection of Equivalent sequence networks to represent open phases b and c between k and k

(1) (2) (0) a a a ij I =I =I =I

(1) Z kk (0) (2) Z + Z (1) + Z

kk kk kk

(4.162)

ij is the pre-fault current in phase a. I

The sequence voltage can be calculated as:

(1) (0) (2) Z (1) (2) kk (Zkk + Zkk ) (1) (0) Vkk = Ia (Zkk + Zkk ) = Iij (0) +Z (1) (2) Z kk kk + Zkk (1) (2) Z kk Zkk (2) (2) (2) = I a V Z = I ij (0) kk kk +Z (1) (2) Z kk kk + Zkk (1) (0) Z kk Zkk (0) (0) (0) = I a V Z = I ij (0) kk kk +Z (1) (2) Z kk kk + Zkk

(4.163)

Remaining calculations are similar to those performed for single conductor open case. In the next lecture we will be looking at an example of open conductor fault analysis. 219