Vortex Induced Vibrations

By: Abhiroop Jayanthi Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi

Some Questions !
What is VIV? What are the details of a steady approach flow past a stationary cylinder? How and why does VIV occur? What kind of body shapes experience VIV? What kinds of VIV are there? How do you eliminate VIV?
17/12/2007 Abhiroop Jayanthi IIT Delhi

Contents
1 2 3 4 Introduction to Fluid flows (Instabilities and Bifurcations) Bifurcation of flow around a cylinder (Karman Vortex Street) Vortex Induced Vibrations. Galloping Vs VIV

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Flow around a circular cylinder?

At very low Reynolds numbers (based on the diameter of the circular member) the streamlines of the resulting flow is perfectly symmetric as expected from potential theory. However as the Reynolds number is increased the flow becomes assymetric.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Introduction to Fluid Flows: Regimes of external flow.

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Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Profile Drag
When a body is immersed in a fluid and is in relative motion with respect to it , the drag is defined as that component of the resultant force acting on the body which is in the direction of the relative motion. Profile Drag = Pressure drag + Skin friction drag.
17/12/2007 Abhiroop Jayanthi IIT Delhi

Flow past a circular cylinder :

Re < 0.5

Inertia effects are negligible pressure recovery is nearly complete.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Flow past a circular cylinder :

2<Re<30 Separation of boundary layers occurs

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Flow past a circular cylinder :

Further increase of Re Tends to elongate the eddies which then begin to oscillate until at about Re=90 depending on free stream turbulence level. They break away from the cylinder.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Flow past a circular cylinder :

This process is further intensifies by further increase of Re leads to Vortex Street ( Von Karman Vortex Street.)

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Flow past a circular cylinder :

Up to Re values of 2 x 105 the boundary layer is laminar but at that value approximately depending on the intensity of the free stream turbulence, it changes to turbulence before separation .
The effect of this is that separation points move further back and hence there is a marked drop in the value of CD
17/12/2007 Abhiroop Jayanthi IIT Delhi

Further

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Flow past a circular cylinder :

At Re > 107 the value of CD appears to be independent of Re but there are insufficient experimental data available for this end of the range.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Flow past a circular cylinder :

For higher Re Numbers Vortices disappear because of high rate of shear and are then replaced by a highly turbulent wake. This produces an increase in the value of CD and here pressure drag is nearly responsible for all drag.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Flow past a circular cylinder :

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Separation of Boundary Layer

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Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Cp vs Angular position

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IIT Delhi

Separation angle with Reynolds Number

Flow past a circular cylinder :

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Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Fluid Structure interaction

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Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Vortex Shedding
Vortex shedding is an unsteady-flow that takes place in special flow velocities (according to the size and shape of the cylindrical body). In this flow, vortices are created at the back of the body and detach periodically from either side of the body.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Vortex Shedding
Vortex shedding is caused when air flows past a blunt object. The airflow past the object creates alternating low-pressure vortices on the downwind side of the object. The object will tend to move toward the low-pressure zone.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Vortex Shedding

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Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Karman Vortex Street.

Von Krmn vortex street is a repeating pattern of swirling vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow over bluff bodies

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Some points to note :

The frequency of vortex shedding is definite and is related to the Reynolds number (flow velocity, viscosity of fluid, and the diameter of the cylinder). The frequency of vortex shedding is the same as the vibrating frequency of the cylinder induced by the flow. If the density and viscosity of the fluid are known and the diameter of the cylinder is given, the frequency measured at the cylinder can be used to represent the flow velocity.
17/12/2007 Abhiroop Jayanthi IIT Delhi

Karman Vortex Street

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

What is VIV ?
Vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) are motions induced on bodies facing an external flow by periodical irregularities on this flow. The classical example is the VIV of an underwater cylinder.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

How and why VIV ?

When the vortices are not formed symmetrically around the body (with respect to its mid plane), different lift forces develop on each side of the body, thus leading to motion transverse to the flow. This motion changes the nature of the vortex formation in such a way as to lead to a limited motion amplitude. (differently from what would be expected in a case of resonance).

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Strouhal instability
The Strouhal number relates the frequency of shedding to the velocity of the flow and a characteristic dimension of the body (diameter in the case of a cylinder).
fv -vortex shedding frequency of a body at rest (Strouhal frequency)

Dc is the diameter of the circular cylinder V is the velocity of the ambient flow.
17/12/2007 Abhiroop Jayanthi IIT Delhi

Strouhal instability
The phenomenon of lock-in happens when the vortex shedding frequency becomes close to a natural frequency of vibration of the structure. When this happens large and damaging vibrations can result.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Strouhal Number Vs Reynolds number for cylinder..

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Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Types of VIV:
Self-excited oscillations - this type of VIV is what occurs naturally, i.e., when the vortex-shedding frequency and the natural frequency are approximately the same. (This is the real VIV this is vortex-induced vibration) Forced oscillations occurs at velocities and amplitudes which are preset and can be controlled independently of fluid velocity. (This is not the real VIV this is vibration-induced vortices).

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Need to understand VIV ?

VIV manifests itself on many different branches of engineering, from cables to heat exchanger tube arrays. Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is an important source of fatigue damage of offshore oil exploration and production risers.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Example.

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Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Map of Vortex Synchronization patterns

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Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Map of Vortex Synchronization patterns

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Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Elastically mounted cylinder.

(High Mass Ratio)

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Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Classical definition Vs New findings.

Classical definition of lock-in or synchronization is often perceived as the regime where the frequency of oscillation (f), as well as the vortex formation frequency (fV), are close to the natural frequency (fN) of the structure throughout the regime of large-amplitude vibration However, recent studies show a dramatic departure from this classical result; bodies can conceivably vibrate with large amplitude, at hundreds of times the natural frequency!
17/12/2007 Abhiroop Jayanthi IIT Delhi

Findings
The phenomenon of lock-in, or synchronization traditionally means that the ratio f*=f/fN remains close to unity for high mass ratio. However, for light bodies in water, for m*= 2.4 the body oscillates at a higher frequency (f*= 1.4). Therefore, one might define synchronization as the matching of the frequency of the periodic wake vortex mode with the body oscillation frequency.
17/12/2007 Abhiroop Jayanthi IIT Delhi

How do we reduce VIV ?

This is the important question! It may be best to design around VIV. In other words, lets learn how to predict VIV and then avoid the situations that will produce VIV. The circular cylinder will always be the preferred shape and the fluctuating lift will always be there, VIV or no VIV. Since we cant avoid the shedding of vortices, lets try to learn to avoid the situations that produce VIV
17/12/2007 Abhiroop Jayanthi IIT Delhi

Some ways of achieving this.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi

Use of Control Cylinders.

Galloping Vs VIV
Two well-known phenomena in the problems of fluid/structure interaction are vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and galloping. VIV is associated with synchronization, or lock-in of the structural oscillation frequency with the vortex-shedding frequency, Lock-in occurs at reduced velocities where the vortex shedding frequency is comparable to the natural frequency of the structure. Galloping is driven by a time-averaged fluid force which develops in phase with the structural velocity and has a frequency many times lower than that of vortex shedding. galloping is prevalent at higher reduced velocities where the frequency of oscillation is lower than the vortex-shedding frequency.

Thank you.

17/12/2007

Abhiroop Jayanthi

IIT Delhi