KIND OF NON-FINITE VERBS There are three kinds of Non-Finite Verbs in English, namely: 1. Infinitive 2. Gerund 3. Participle 1.

Infinitive: It is formed by placing 'to' before the root verb. Ex: Root verb Infinitive write to write speak to speak love to love give to give play to play 2. Gerund: It is formed by adding "ing" to the root verb. Ex: Root verb Gerund write writing speak speaking love loving give giving play playing 3. Participle: It is formed by adding "ing" to the root verb. Note: Present Participle is different from Past Participle. Ex: Root verb Participle read reading smoke smoking wait waiting make making laugh laughing Note: The gerund and the Present Participle have the same form but gerund is a verbal noun and the Present Participle is a verbal adjective. Ex: Reading increases our knowledge, [gerund] Reading the newspaper, he sat in the chair, [participle] In the first sentence, 'reading' is a gerund because it is the subject of the verb 'is'. In the second sentence, reading is participle because it qualifies the pronoun 'he' as an adjective.

THE INFINITIVE Infinitive: A word which is not limited by the person or number of the subject is known as an Infinitive. It, in fact, is a kind of having certain features of noun. So it is also treated as a verb Ex: To err is human. I love to speak English. She likes to swim. Note: A Finite verb is limited by the person or number of the subject. Ex: I love music. She loves music. They love music. A. USES OF INFINITIVE 1. As the subject of a verb. Ex: To advise others is easy. To learn English is difficult. To please Padma is hard. Note: These sentences must be written with a preparatory 'it'. Ex: It is easy to advise others. It is difficult to learn English. It is hard to please Padma. 2. As the object of a transitive verb. Ex: I wish to become a poet. He likes to read books. We propose to visit Agra. 3. As the complement of a verb. Ex: Our greatest pleasure is to help the poor. My ambition is to marry her. Her plan is to settle in Australia. 4. As the object of a preposition. Ex: I had no choice but to give up my hope. We are about to begin our work. :

Ex: We heard him speak to his father. I found her open the door. I noticed Madhavi smile at me. 6 To qualify a verb to express purpose Ex: I wanted to marry Padmaja. We have come to see Madhavi. I read books to increase my knowledge. 7 To qualify an adjective Ex: We are very happy to sit in the garden. It is hard to please Padma. English is difficult to learn. 8. To qualify a noun Ex: It is not the time to sleep. I have the letters to post. She has a child to look after. 9. To qualify a sentence Ex: To tell the truth, we have no problem with you. To explain bluntly, we are in need of money. To tell you frankly, I am not able to help you. B. USES QF BARE INFINITIVE 1. Bare Infinitive is used with the following verbs. Ex: bid let see hear watch make help need dare Ex: I bade him go. I watched Padma talk. Let him speak. She made me understand life. helped her learn English. heard Madhavi tell her friend about me. need not worry about it. dared not speak with her father. Note: Dare and need as principal verbs are used with 'to' Infinitive. Did he dare to jump in the river? need two days to finish the work.

Verbs do did must need dare

may might an ould

THE SPLIT INFINITIVE It is generally treated wrong to split an Infinitive in the middle, ex to carefully read the letter, [wrong] j expect Madhavi to read t [right] She tried to clearly explain the situation, [wrong] She tried the situation, [right] Note: The adverb can be used either before to or after the I FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOU S PRESENT PERFECT TO+VERB TO TO BE+PAST WRITE PARTICIPLE [VERB3] TOBE+ PRESENT TO BE WRITTEN PARTICIPLE TO BE WRITING TO HAVE + PAST TO HAVE BEEN+ PAST PARTICIPLE TO PARTICIPLE TO HAVE HAVE WRITTEN BEEN WRITTEN

e. now that. he money. elp me. t tomorrow. l me the truth. here. lain the poem to me. . n the money. hrases Ex: sooner than rather than

er consult a good doctor. er speak to her about it. r work hard than take rest. Prepositions Ex: an

nothing except blame others. rything but understand her nature. rather than accept defeat. initives can be replaced by 'to' Infinitives.

[I am able to teach] e wait. [She asked me to wait] you something. [Allow me to tell you something ect her. [I ought to respect her or I am forcedl
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PRESENT TO HAVE BEEN+ PERFECT PRESENT CONTINUOU PARTICIPLE TO S HAVE BEEN EXERCISE 29. WRITING Combine the following pairs of sentences by using infinitive: lwork. I must do it now. He has three daughters. He must look after them. 1 1 have some more letters. 1 should write them tonight. The postman must deliver the letters. ft . 1 is his duty. must become a writer. ft is my aim in life. 6. * must know her name. 1 don't know how I should know it. She may be waiting for a friend. She seemed in the way.

h her. [I am determined to punish her]

8. I should help the poor. That was my only ambition. 9. She was my wife. Everyone supposed it so. 10. My wife must be educated. I prefer it. 11. He must give up smoking. I advised him about it 12. She must tell me the truth. I told her so. 13. He recovered from his illness. I knew this. I felt very happy for that. 14. Scientists should devise new things. It is their primary duty. 15. Type this letter. It is your duty.

THE PARTICIPLE Participle: A participle is a word which has the features of the verb adjectives. So it is known as a verbal adjective. Ex I saw a woman holding a baby in her arms. Angrily speaking with me, my father asked me to leave the house. Having completed my degree, I applied for a job. Kinds of Participles: There are three types of Participles in English, namely 1. Present Participle 2. Past Participle 3. Perfect Participle 1. Present Participle: A Present Participle is formed with 'ing' form of the verb to indicate an action going on, incomplete or imperfect. Active Form Passive Form Verb + ing being + Past Participle (Verb3) writing being written 2. Past Participle: Past Participle ends with 'ed", 'd', 't' or 'n' and is used to indicate an action as completed. Form: Verb3 [Past Participle]: written 3. Perfect Participle: A Perfect Participle is formed with 'having' + Verb3 to indicate an action as completed in the past Active Form : Passive Form: 'Having+Past Participle Having Been + Past [Verb3] Participle [Verb3] Having written Having been written