Psychology Review sheet Psychology- is the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior.

Behavior- any action an organism can do Mind- Mental processes accomplished by the activity of our brain. Mind is what the brain does. Levels of analysis- different ways or approaches to study or observe psychology Philosophy + Biology = Psychology(Wilhelm Wundt)(William James) Socrates- Good vs Bad. What motivates behavior Plato- What is knowledge? How is it obtained? Are people generally rational? Aristotle- Acquiring knowledge is a mental process starting off with perception, ending with universal forms Descarte- Body and Mind interact, but mind can be scientifically studied apart from the body. Ideas are discovered, not created by process of thought Lock- Mind at birth- blank slate ( tabula rasa). Knowledge is learned from sensations and experience Hippocrates/Galen- Personality(constitutional types). Behavorial disorders Bell&Magendie, Helmholtz- Properties of nerves Flourens, Broca- Localization of brain function Darwin-Evolution and natural selection, continuity of behavior and mind between humans and animals Fechner(1860)-Psychophysics(relation between physical stimulation and sensations people experienced) Wundt(1879)-Founded psychology when set up 1st official psychology research lab. Introspection-observation of recording of ones perceptions thoughts and feelings Structuralism- analysis of mental structures. William James(1875)-Influenced by Darwin, evolution, and adaptation Functionalism- What is the mind for? What does the mind do? James had a psychology lab before Wundt but not official and never saw himself as a psychologist Mind-body problem- What and where is the mind?

Whats the nature of the relationship between our body and mind? Nature vs Nurture- Innateness vs learning, nativism vs empiricism. Scientific method- Goalsdescription, prediction & understanding. Based on empirical procedures systematic observation, Controlled experimentation, accurate measurement & data collection. Try to eliminate alternative explanations for phenomena. Objctive reporting of results. Psychological Research TheoryHypothesisResearchsupports the theory/refutes or fails to support the theory Descriptive/Observational- Naturalist or participant, Advantagesrealistic. Disadvantageslack control, observer bias & expectancy effects Correlational- Investigates relation between variables. Advantagesalso naturalistic. Disadvantagesdoes NOT=causation, directionality & 3rd variable problems. Leads to a scatterplot. Varies between -1.00 to +1.00. Positive = both variables increase or decrease together. Negative=one variable increases as other one decreases. Experiment- A study where one or more variables is manipulated to determine the effect of this manipulation on another variable. Variableanything that can vary, take on, and occur with different values. Two basic types Independent Variable- What experimenter manipulates or controls. Independent of what participant does. Experimental GroupsCondition(s) of interest is present Control Group Condition of interest is absent Dependent VariableWhat experimenter observes and measures. Depends on the participants performance or outcome depending on what level or value of the Independent Variable they experienced. Random AssignmentTo ensure groups did not differ beforehand, and make sure IV caused results rather than another confounding variable. ExperimentPrecise manipulation and control of variables Experiment--<can conclude that IV caused the resulting effect on the DV Cross-Cultural studies- psychology or behavior of people from different societies Observation techniques- Where? How? Obtrusive or unobtrusive Case studies

Self-report Behavioral/Response Peformance measures Animals are sometimes studied because easy and simple, models human behavior, moral and ethical reasons, shorter lifespans and faster reproduction. Nervous System inter-connected network of cells that enables an individual to communicate and interact with the outside world Imaging techniques Structural(CAT,MRI) Functional Metabolic(PET,fMRI), Electrical (EEG, ERP), Magnetic(MEG), Manipulation(Virtual lesions via TMS) CT,CAT scan- X-ray image of brain density. Higher the density the higher the absorption the lighter it is on the scan MRI- magnetic field it alters the orientation of the H atom protons. And then measures the return to the original state Imaging techniques: functional- Show brain activity, functional connections & interations. They show brain activity, functional connections and interactions. PET, fMRI, EEG, MEG, TMS PET-ingest radioactive tracer it emits positrons and collide with electrons, the release photons are detected MRI studies brain anatomy, fMRI studies brain function fMRI uses Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent(BOLD) signal. If Neural activity is high then blood oxygen is high so you get a high fMRI signal. EEG- measures the magnetic activity Parts of neuron-Soma, axon, axon terminal, dendrites Action Potention- electrochemical impulse that travels from the dendrites, soma & axon hillock down to the end of the axon (terminal buttons). Results from the transfer of NA and K ions of semi-permeable cell membrane of neuron. Action potential- Only travels down axon in one direction. All or none and same size every time. Stimulation strength is coded in frequency. Speed 2-200 mph. Larger axons=faster. Faster speed with Myelin sheath. Synaptic transmission- Synaptic vesicles which contain & release neurotransmitters. Travel across synaptic gap to bind to receptors on neighboring neurons, stimulating or inhibiting the firing of an action potential. Neurotransmitter and Receptor like a lock and key

Acetylcholine excitatory, for memory and muscle contraction Serotonin dreaming and feeding behavior. Mood Dopamine reward circuit(addiction), Parkinsons disease (lack of) GABA inhibitory for controlling movement and mood Glutamate excitatory, for learning and memory Somatic System- muscles and sense organs Autonomic system glands and internal organs Hindbrain 1. 2. 3. 4. Medulla basic bodily functions (heart, body, temperature) Pons bridge between brainstem and cerebellum. (dreaming) Cerebellum- body posture, balance, motor learning and coordination Reticular Formation arousal, sleep wakefulness, consciousness and attention

Midbrain also contains reticular formation. Other structures involved in sleep wake cycle, vision, pain Forebrain 1. Hypothalamus Basic behaviors (4 Fs) Hormonal activity, emotional and stress responses 2. Thalamus sensory information cortex 3. Limbic system Emotion and motivation, learning and memory 4. Basal Ganglia planning, initiation, and control of movement 5. Pituitary Gland Master Gland Cerebral Cortex also called Cerebrum. Biggest and most developed in humans. Higher-level human functions. 2 partially symmetric hemispheres. 4 main functional regions(lobes) Frontal lobe movement, planning, social judgment, behavior selection, inhibition. Parietal Lobe touch, perceptual integration, spatial orientation. Occipital lobe visual perception Temporal lobe hearing, some language and memory Left and right hemispheres connected by the corpus allosum. Central fissure.

Sensation physical, chemical, and biological aspects of experience Perception psychological(interpretive and meaningful) aspects of experience General process of sensation and perception. stimulus sensed via special receptor neurons, information tramsitted to brain via sensory nerves, brain interprets meaning of this information Transduction process by which physical stimulus energy (eg light or sound waves) is converted or transduced into electrochemical neural energy (something the brain can understand) Light- a form of electromagnetic energy. Light also hits the receptors(rods and cones) in the back layer of the retina. Humans eyes sensitive to wavelengths ranging from 400-700 nm. The Retina: differences btwn Rods and Cones Cones 6 million Rods 120 million. Cone location fovea, light sensitivity low, color sensitive yes. Rods location throughout, high light sensitivy and not color sensitive Brightness/contrast due to lateral inhibition Color- depends on wavelength, additive mixing, opponent process theory(cant process pairs of opoosing colors at the same time) Shape feature detectors for basic and more complex forms Perception occurs in the brain Perception of localization and action (where) determining where an object is, and how to move or act in relation to it Perception fro recognition (what) determining the identity or meaning of an object Two main visual perception pathways- dorsal route and ventral route Feature detection neurons respond to elementary features (brightness, color, eges, basic shapes) Cortical cell sensitive to orientation. This cell responds strongly only when the stimulus is a vertical stripe. Recognition brain matches the contrcuted image with stored images. Construction higher level cells respond to combined info from feature detectors Bottom up processing based upon features of the stimulus (patterns of light and dark areas)

Top Down processing based upon higher order information (eg prior knowledge and context) Prosopagnosia cant recognize faces but can recognize objections. They can identify if 2 faces are the same face or different face. Can recognize some facial expressions Agnosia cant recognize objects\ Binocular depth cues Binocular disparity difference in perspective or view of each eye. Seen in steorgrams Convergence degree to which eyes are or not turned inward Monocular depth cues relative size, interposition/occlusion, familiar size, texture gradients, relative height, linear perspective Motion parallax closer objects seem faster than further objects Optic flow seems like object moving from corner of eye due to relative movement Perceiving motion retinal motion and motion detectors Illusions of motion stroboscopic motion, induced motion, motion aftereffects V5(MT): Motion Perception patients with akinetopsia Akinetopsia cant make a flowing image see them like still shots Perceptual Constancies Brightness, shape, size Perception and the Binding problem features and information from different areas across the visual system need to be bound together in to the unified perception we appear to have. Solutions? Parietal lobe, neurons firing in synchrony and attention is the glue that ties together not only various representations within the visual system But also visual processing and motor programming. Attention and perception ability to select some information for more detailed inspection, while other information is ignored. Selective visual and auditory perception Feature search parallel and automatic. (Looking for tall only) Conjunction search serial and effortful (looking for a specific average person) Selective visual attention and perception

3 stages of memory Encoding- Information is acquired and processed into neural code Storage information is stored in the brain Retrieval information is retrieved when it is needed Sensory memory proceses incoming sensory stimuli and maintains them very briefly, to determine if it will be additionally processed. Individual stores for each sense Working (short term) memory memories that are stored and processed for a brief time and with limited resources Encoding needs attention Storage limited memory span Chunking organizing a large amount of info into more meaningful chunks to make it easier to remember. Memory transfer working memory gateway to and from long term memory Ways of getting into Long term memory Rehearsal (conscious repetition of information in working memory) Must be elaborative and meaningful Distributed> Mass cramming Measured with free recall Long term memory memories that are stored for longer periods of time, from a few minutes to ones lifetime Levels/ Depth of procession Tree Free vs Tree Plant