Abstract

Heart state

failure in

is which

the an

Intelligent Heart Disease Diagnosis System (IHDDS). IHDDS is a web-application that takes disease symptoms and discomfort from user and helps in determining whether the person is suffering from heart ailments and if so, the system gives expert diagnosis for the ailment along with possible cure.

"pathophysiologic

abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues and/or can do so only from an abnormally elevated filling pressure". It is a common disorder, easy to diagnose, but potentially lethal (10 to 30% mortality per year). Implementation of information technology in healthcare system is necessary in order to provide fast, effective and efficient services to the clients. Automated healthcare services provide information of the diagnosis and continuous monitoring of patient to acquire immediate response in order to save lives. Expert systems applied in healthcare are important in giving correct information for diagnosis and providing immediate medical services. Expert systems for healthcare are widely studied where accuracy of diagnosis and efficiency of the system for various healthcare services are examined. Also, recent researches include decision support services, expert medical services and autonomous

INTRODUCTION
Intelligent Heart Diagnosis System is a webbased expert system for diagnosis of

cardiologic disorders or the disorders of human heart. Health assistants in remote areas can use the system to diagnose heart patients in the absence of cardiologists. They do not need to be cardiology expert to diagnose common cardiologic disorders if trained to use this expert system. The project is of immense importance to provide medical care facilities to rural people. The importance is felt because medical experts are not readily available in local hospitals and rural areas. These medical care requirements can be fulfilled to a large extent by the use of expert system. This claim is made based upon the results that the system shows and also upon the feedbacks received from various doctors and experts who observed the system. Concerning the

management, which are based on multi-agent systems. The cooperation of agents is crucial in analyzing, and managing the data of patient in order to detect abnormal patterns so that it can provide an advance treatment. This research shows the implementation of

methodology, the basic principle is to encode the knowledge of the cardiology domain in the form of rules and representative cases and use this knowledge to solve new cases of patients. This knowledge encoding is essentially the

implementation of two artificial reasoning techniques called case-based reasoning and rule-based reasoning and is ultimately used to assist the diagnosis process. Since the software uses artificial reasoning techniques it is an artificial intelligence project that exploits theoretical knowledge in the form of rules and practical experiences cases. in To the form of the

World Wide Web that assists clinicians by generating stratified diagnoses based on user input of patient signs and symptoms, laboratory results, and other clinical

findings . Evidential support for each differential diagnosis is presented, along with recommended follow-up that may be conducted by the clinician to arrive at a more definitive diagnosis. The system also serves as a clinician reference with a searchable database of diseases and clinical manifestations

representative

perform

reasoning, input to be provided is the clinical examination data along with medical history. The result of performing rule-based reasoning is a list of probable diseases and the output of case-based reasoning is a list of cases similar to the one being diagnosed. Important of the two is the case-based reasoning component that is like a learning machine that keeps learning as new cases are inserted. The webbased hybrid expert system was built using the Java programming language by implementing the Struts framework with MySQL as the database system

Germ watcher

(Washington University, 2007). 2. PEIRS (Dept. of Medical Computer Science, 2007).

A pier is a raised structure, including bridge and building supports and

walkways, typically supported by widely spread piles or pillars. The lighter structure of a pier allows tides and currents to flow almost unhindered, whereas the more solid foundations of a quay or the closely spaced piles of a wharf can act as a breakwater, and are consequently more liable to silting. Piers can range in size and

Other Expert System Models

Expert systems have already been applied in a number of different applications in medicine. Expert systems are not really replacing doctors but are being used to help them. Some real expert systems for medical diagnostic support are: 1. Dxplain (Lester, 2008).
DXplain is a Clinical decision support system (CDSS) available through the

complexity

from

simple

lightweight

wooden structure to major structures extended over 1600 metres. In American English, pier may be synonymous with dock.

3. MYCIN (University, 2003).

MYCIN was an early expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify

bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to

recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight the

name

derived

from

the

antibiotics

To measure your pulse, all you need is a watch with a second hand. Place your index and middle finger of your hand on the inner wrist of the other arm, just below the base of the thumb. You

themselves, as many antibiotics have the suffix "-mycin". The Mycin system was also used for the diagnosis of blood clotting diseases.

4. SHYSTER-MYCIN (University, 2003).

SHYSTER developed is at a legal the expert system National

should feel a tapping or pulsing against your fingers.

Australian

Count the number of taps you feel in 10 seconds. Multiply that number by six to find out your heart rate for one minute When feeling your pulse, you can also tell if your heart rhythm is regular or not. Checking Your Heartbeat Your doctor listens to your heartbeat with the aid of a stethoscope. The opening and

University in Canberra. It was written as the doctoral dissertation of James Popple under the supervision of Robin Stanton, Roger Clarke, Peter Drahos, and Malcolm Newey. A full technical report of the expert system and a book further detailing its development and testing has also been published.

Heart Disease Diagnosis

Some standard and simple exam

closing of your valves make a "lub dub" noise known as heart sounds. The doctor can evaluate your heart and valve function and hear your heart's rate and rhythm by listening to your heart sounds. Checking Your Blood Pressure Blood pressure is the force or pressure

techniques provide your doctor with the first clues as to how your heart functions and whether you have heart disease. During your visit, your doctor will listen to your heart, take your heart rate, and check your blood pressure. Checking Your Heart Rate Your doctor feels your pulse in order to check your heart's rate, rhythm, and regularity. Each pulse matches up with a heartbeat that pumps blood into the arteries. The force of the pulse also helps evaluate the amount (strength) of blood flow to different areas of your body. You can tell how fast your heart is beating (heart rate) by feeling your pulse. Your heart rate is the amount of times your heart beats in one minute.

exerted in the arteries by the blood as it is pumped around the body by the heart. It is recorded as two measurements: Systolic blood pressure. Pressure in the arteries during the period of the heart's contraction (the higher number) Diastolic blood pressure. Pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed,

between heartbeats (the lower number) Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg), which refers to how

high the pressure in the arteries can raise a column of mercury a in a for

Expert System Design

A web application based Heart diagnosis system .People can see their Heart report online and on regular basis.

sphygmomanometer,

device

measuring blood pressure. Normal blood pressure for an adult, relaxed at rest, is less than or equal to 120 over 80. The 120 is the systolic pressure; the diastolic may pressure increase is or 80. Blood

It requires no installation like the existing systems. User can create their respective account online and access the details.

pressure

decrease,

depending on your age, heart condition, emotions, activity, and the medications you take. One high reading does not mean you havehigh blood pressure. It is

necessary to measure your blood pressure at different times while resting to find out your typical value. Checking Your Heart by a Physical Exam Your doctor can also tell about your heart's function by examining other parts of your body, such as your eyes, arms, legs, and skin. Checking Your Heart through Blood Tests Your doctor may recommend a blood test to check your cholesterol and other

Rule-based Reasoning The idea of rule-based systems is to represent domain experts knowledge in a form called rules. In a typical rule-based expert system, a rule consists of several premises and a conclusion. If all the premises are true, then the conclusion is considered true. The components of a rule-based expert system include the knowledge base, inference engine, knowledge acquisition component, and

explanation system as illustrated in figure below:-

markers that may indicate heart disease.

Following test performed to diagnose the heart disease.

The Basics of EKG Chest X-Ray Stress Test Tilt Table Test Echocardiogram Cardiac Catheterization Electrophysiology Test CT Heart Scan Myocardial Biopsy Heart MRI. Pericardiocentesis

Case-based Reasoning A general CBR cycle may be described by the four basic processes. An initial description of a problem defines a new case. This new case is used to retrieve a case from the collection of previous cases. The retrieved case is combined with the new case - through reuse - into a solved case. Through the revise process this solution is tested for success, e.g. by being applied to the real world environment or evaluated by a doctor, and repaired if failed. During retain, useful experience is retained for future reuse (Shankar K. Pal, 2004) . The cycle is shown below (CaseBased Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons, and Future Directions, 1996).

Hybrid Expert Systems Hybrid expert systems are the integration of rule-based and case-based systems. Rule-based systems handle problems with well-defined knowledge bases, which limit the flexibility of such systems. To overcome this inherent weakness of rule-based systems, case-based reasoning is adopted of the to expert improve system the by

performance

incorporating previous cases in the generation of new cases.

Results and Conclusion

By applying this new approach shown in the diagram above (An Integrated Approach of rule-based and case-based reasoning for decision support, 1991), a system is able to capture both explainable and unexplainable expertise from these two reasoning This report discussed the development of a knowledge-based hybrid expert system for diagnosis of cardiologic disorders. The

constructed system exploited computer as an intelligent and deductive instrument. The diagnosis system assists the diagnosis process by reminding the theories required and storing the cases of the patients. Results show that it can be used to improve medical care, separate practice from memorization and encourage

mechanisms and generate more effective plans for diagnosis support.

Intelligent Expert System Design

The system comprises to two major

different personalities in medicine. Of the two reasoning techniques, rule-based reasoning and case-based reasoning, implemented in the system, the later one was found to be more effective for medical diagnosis although each had its own pros and cons. To summarize, rule-based reasoning exploited theories and case-based reasoning exploited experiences.

components: Case-based reasoning component and the Rule-based reasoning component. These two components operate separately to give the expert system solution.

References
[1] Berk, A. A. (1985). The Language of Artificial Intelligence. 1-25 [2] Cascante. (2002). The impact of expert decision support systems on the. Information Resource Management Journal , 67-78. [3] Claus-Dieter Althoff, R. B. (2008). 9th European Reasoning. [4] Gill. (1995). Where are they now? . Early Expert Systems . [5] Halperin JJ, L. B. (1990). nervous Conference on Case Based

[11] Robert T.H. Chi, M. Y. (1991). An Integrated Approach of rule-based and casebased reasoning for decision support. ACM , 258. [12] Rod Johnson, J. H. (2004-2008). [13] Shankar K. Pal, S. K. (2004). Foundations of Soft Case Based Reasoning.

Lymeneuroborreliosis:

peripheral

system manifestations. Brain , 1207-1221. [6] Koton. (1988). Using Experience in Learning and Problem Solving. [7] Leake, D. B. (1996). Case-Based and

Reasoning:

Experiences,

Lessons,

FutureDirections. [8] Lederberg, J. (Palo Alto). An

Instrumentation Crisis in Biology. [9] Lindsay, R. K. (1980). Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Organic Chemistry. [10] NomusaDlodo, L. H. (2007). A Hybrid Expert Systems Architecture for Yarn Fault Diagnosis. Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe , 47.