Q. Define anthophore, androphore, gynophores and carpophore ?

Ans: In flower internodes are not differentiated due to their small size. However in certain cases the internode elongate they are named as follows (i) Anthophore: Internode between calyx and corolla e.g. Silene (ii) Androphore: An internode between corolla and androecium e.g., Passiflora. (iii) Gynophore: It is internode between androecium and gynoecium e.g., Cleome gynandra (= Gynandropsi gynandra). In Cleome both androphore and gynophore are present. The collective axial elongation is gynandrophore. (iv) Carpophore : It is prolongation of tip of thalamus into gynoecium where it forms a central axis. e.g., coriander and other members of family apiaceae or umbelliferae. Q. Define Bract and Bracteoles. What are their types? Ans:: Bracts are the leaves like structure, in axils of which flowers are develop. The flower which consist bract is called as bracteate flower. Bracteoles are also leaf like but are borne on the floral axis. Bracts and Bracteoles are of following types: (Only important ones are listed) 1. Petaloid: Some bract become coloured and look like petal, which is called petaloid bract e.g. Baugainvillea 2. Involucre: It is a cluster of bracts which surrounds condensed inflorescence like head inflorescence or capitulum ( found in the members of Asteraceae like Sunflower and cosmos)and umbel( found in the members of Umbelliferae like Coriander) 3. Glumes: These are small dry and scally special type of bracts found in the spikelet inflorescence of Poaceae like grasses, rice and wheat etc. The bracts take the form of two empty glumes, one flowering glume (called lemma) and a bracteole called palea. 4. Spathe: Large, coloured, boat shaped bract enclosing an inflorescence is called spathe. E.g. found in spadix of colocasia, banana, maize palms etc. 5. Epicalyx: It is a collection of bracteoles on the out side of the calyx e.g. China rose, Ladies finger etc. Q. Define calyx. What are the modifications of calyx? Ans: Calyx: Calyx is the first accessory whorl. The individual members of calyx are called as sepal. When sepals are free from each other they are called as Polysepalous. When sepals of calyx are united or fused they are termed as Gamosepalous. If the sepals fall down just after bud open calyx is termed as Caducous. e.g. Poppy If the sepals fall down along with petals just after the fertilization of the ovary, calyx is termed as Deciduous. e. g. Citrus If the sepals persist even after fertilization, calyx is termed as Persistant. e. g. Brinjal, tomato etc. Modification of Calyx: 1. Pappus: Modified sepal, hair like structure, found in Sunflower

2. Leafy sepal: One of the sepal become large leaf like and showy e.g. Mussaenda 3. Petaloid: Sepal becomes large and coloured like petals called Petaloid. E.g. Ashoka Q. Define Corolla? Ans: Corolla is the second accessory whorl; occupy the position in between calyx and androecium. The individual members of corolla are called as petal. When petals are free from each other they are called as Polypetalous. When petals of corolla are united or fused they are termed as Gamopetalous. Q. Define aestivation. What is its type? Add diagrams Ans: Aestivation: Aestivation is the mode of arrangement of floral leaves in the flower bud with respect to the members of the same whorl. Various types are given as under VALVATE: When the sepals or petals simply touch each other but never overlapped, the aestivation is called valvate aestivation e.g. Mustard. TWISTED: When one margin or end of the calyx or corolla is overlapping the adjacent one and the other end is being overlapped in clockwise or anticlockwise direction. e.g. China rose. IMBRICATE: Irregular overlapping of margins. i.e. out of 5 members one is overlapped on both sides and is completely inside. One is totally external i.e. its both margin overlap the adjacent margins. Rest three has one margin overlapping and other is overlapped. e.g. Cassia, Caesalpinia. QUINCUNTIAL: Out of 5 members, two are completely external i.e. both margins are overlapping, two are internal i.e. both margins are overlapped and the remaining last one has one overlapping margin, and other one is overlapped. e.g. Ranunculus VEXILARY: It has the papilionaceous arrangement where the largest posterior petal is completely external, two lateral ones have one margin overlapping and other is overlapped. The innermost two are fused to form a boat shaped structure and partially covered by the two lateral petals or sepals. e.g. Pea.

VALVATE

TWISTED

IMBRICATE

QUICUNTIAL

VEXILARY

Q. Define Androecium or microsporophyll? Ans: The male reproductive whorl consists of stamens (microsporophylls).

Each stamen has a stalk called as filament, short connective and knob like anthers which are two in number; each anther lobe has 2 pollen sacs filled with rnicrospores (pollen grains) When stamens lack pollen grains (sterile) it is called as staminodes e.g. Cassia fistula, Clitoria and Canna

Q. What do you mean by cohesion and adhesion of stamens? Ans:

Monodelphous Didelphous

Polydelphous Syngenesious Synandrous

The union of stamens may takes place with other floral members, called adhesion and when stamens unite among themselves they are termed as cohesion. On the basis of cohesion (one stamen with other stamen) stamens are as follows: 1. Adelphous. When the the anthers are free and only the filaments are fused together the condition is called adelphy. It is of following types Monoadelphous. Filaments are fixed in one bundle, eg Hibiscus (family Malvaceae) Diadelphous. Filaments fused in two bundles, eg (Pea, Clitoria etc of the family. leguminosae ) Polyadelphous. Filaments are fused into many bundles, eg Citrus (family Rutaceae) 2. Syngenecious. When in a flower the anthers are fused and the filaments are free the condition is called Syngenecious eg Sunflower (fam. Asteraceae) 3. Synandrous. Complete union of filaments with sinuous anthers is called synandrous stamen, eg Cucurbita On the basis of adhesion (union of stamens with other whorls of the flower) stamens are : Epipetalous. Stamens adhered to petals, eg Datura( fam.Solanaceae) Epiphyllous. Stamens adhered to perianth (tepals), eg Polyalthus( fam.Liliaceae ) Gynandrous. Adhesion between carpels and stamens, eg families asclepiadaceae (gynostegium) and orchidaceae (gynostemium) Q. Discuss the attachment of anthers to filaments? Ans: On the basis of attachment of anthers androecium can be classified as :

 Basifixed. Anthers are attached to stamen at base eg fam. cyperaceae and mustard Adnate. Anthers attached to filament throughout their length, ego fam. liliaceae Dorsifixed. Anthers attached to filament from the back eg Passiflora (passion flower) Versatile. Anthers delicately attached only at a point eg fam. graminae Q. What are the different types of androecium on the basis of number and length of stamens? Ans: Isostemonous. The number of stamens equal to petals eg protulaceae Diplostemnous. Stamens in two whorls with their number equal to petals eg rutaceae Tetradynamous. Out of six stamens, four inner whorls are taller and outer two are smaller Eg. Brassicaceae (crusiferae) Didynamous. Out of four stamens, two outer are taller and inner two are small.eg. Lamiaceae(labiateae)