WAJ3103 English Language Proficiency 2

Parts of speech/word classes words in a sentence are classified into different classes; they are classified according to their usage in the sentence; the parts of a speech could be nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections - Conjunction - Preposition - Interjection Conjunction - Use to join words, phrases, clauses or sentences to express a particular idea 0r ideas Eg. 1. You can write your answer in pencil or ink 2. Although she is from a well-off family, she lives a simple life. 3. Both the daughters and the fathers are teachers. Other examples of conjunctions : as, since, or, while. Functions of as : time, cause and effect 1. She runs as fast as possible as the dog is chasing after her, (cause and effect) 2. I will not be able to help you now as I am busy. (time)

Function of since : time, cause and effect 1. I have never meet them since 1992. (time) 2. I will follow your instruction since it is your choice. (cause and effect)

Function of or : choice, condition 1. Coffee or tea sir! asked the stewardess. (choice)y 2. You stay now or never come back again. (condition)

Function of while : time, contrast 1. While Mr. Obama is having his breakfast, his wife is doing the laundry. (time) 2. My shirt is red while her shirt is blue (contrast) 3. I am playing football while my sisters play badminton (contrast) - Conjunction is identified base on its form, function and position Form : single word and, or, since, but Compound words provided that, as well as, as long as, so that etc

correlative : - always appears in parts : both .. and, either .. or, neither ..nor, not only ..but, so ..as, whether .or etc

Preposition word to show the relationship of a word with other words. They are used with nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs to introduce phrases which give more information about a thing, quality or action. Function : to indicate time, direction, etc. Eg : we walk in between the parked cars. (place) We will go to Sabah.We will go by plane.

Roles place Accompany manner instrument time

Preposition In, at, around, beyond, on Along, with In, with, like With, by Before, after, at

Direction/movement Out of, toward, from, across

agent Stimulus purpose Cause, reason source Preposition of place :

by Of, to, by To, for; I write to you to clarify By, from, due to from

at is used to show a point in is to show an enclosed space on is to show a surface Eg 1. Mariana is waiting for you at the park in Sarikei. She will be on the swing. 2.My house is at n0. 3 on Jalan bangsar in KL. 3. The boys are reading some books in/on/at the English corner in/on/at bookstore in/on/at the 3rd floor. Preposition of time: At for precise time In for months, years,etc On for days and dates

Preposition for movement To, toward, towards to express movement We are moving toward the future This is a big step towards the marriage No preposition is needed for these words : Home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstair.

Interjection : - Short exclamations whi9ch show excitement orc emotion; no grammartical value; often used in speaking rather writing; very commonly used; often follow by exclamation mark (!) Interje- functions ction Ah
To express pleasure To show realization To show regret To express surprise

example

Alas Dear

To express relief, grief, pity To express pity

Dear! We try again

To express surprise

Dear me! This is the first time we achieve it

- Stand alone - What is your opinion on this, eh? - Eh! Is that so ? - Lets move, eh? - Lets move, eh!

Eh

To reconfirm, enquire, to express surprise, to express invitation, to direct

Er Hey Oh Ouch Well

To hasitate To call for attention To express joy To plead To express pain To reject, To introduce a point

- Er

Oh! Do not try again. Ouch! It hurts me.