CHEMICAL FIBRES BASED ON POLYMER BLENDS

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1. Modification of chemical fibres by polymeric additives, blend fibres-special fibres, properties 2. Miscibility and compatibility of the polymer components in the blend fibre formation 3. Macrorheology and microrheology of polymer blend and morphology of the blend fibres 4. Blend fibres, developments
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properties

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future

ITSAPT, Summer School 2005, Liberec

Properties of blend fibres

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improvement of initial modulus of fibres at higher temperature splitted fibres and foils microfibres, high porous fibres improvement of dyeability thermobonding properties improvement of the mechanical properties , elasticity polymer carriers of active compounds (concentrates)
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Polyolefine (PP/LDPE) blend fibres

Thermobonding properties and softness Improvement of the processing properties at higher LDPE content of lower molecular Wider temperature thermobonding range 127-149 C Higher tensile strength (30%) of non wovens in MD PP dispersed in LDPE forms a long microfibrils Blend PP/LDPE fibres have a polyfibrilar structure
Schfer K.: Chem. Fibers Int. 45, (1995) pp. 116-117 Marcinin A. et al.: J. Macromol. Sci, Pure Appl. Chem. A 35, (1998), No 7-8, pp. 1239-47

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Fibrilar structure of LDPE (a) and PP (30)/LDPE (70) (b, c) fibres

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Polyamide blend fibers

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PA4.6, PA6.10, PA6.12 and copolyamides of -caprolactam formation serve for fibre-forming blend

Blend fibers of PA66 and with PA6 PA12, PA610, PA6/PA612 (10-30% of additives) provide: Improvement of the mechanical dyeability, electrical conductivity, sorption activity,
Gutman R.: Chem. Fiber Int. 46, 1966, No 6, pp. 418-419 Kritofi M. et al.: Vlakna a textil /Fibers and Textiles 1, (1994), No4, pp. 201-204

properties,

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Polyester blend fibres

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PET/PTT and PET/PBT fibres improvement of reversibility at cyclic deformation fully reversible deformation at 30% of PTT in PET dyeability of PP/PTT fibres at 80C PBT is less effective in comparison with PTT in PET
Opperman W.: Hirt P. and Fritz C.: Chem. Fiber Int. 49, 1999, pp. 33-35

PP/PEN blend fibers improvement mechanical and thermal properties

Militky J. et al: Thermal and mechanical analysis of modified PET fibers, World Textile Conference, 2nd AUTEX Conference, Bruges, Belgium 2002

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Polypropylene - polar polymer blend fibres

PP/PS, PP/PA and PP/PES blend fibres provide exhaust dyeability by disperse dyes Blend PP/PET and PP/PA6 fibres have a polyfibrilar structure using the PET with lower molecular weight using compatibilisers based on low molecular aliphatic diamide
Ruys L.: Chemical Fibers Intern. 46, 1996, pp. 421 Marcinin A. et al.: Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 8, No 4, 2000, pp. 66-70

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Cross section (a) and polyfibrilar structure of PP-PET blend fibres after matrix dissolution (b) content of PET-10%
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Mechanical properties of PP/PET fibres

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Sample cPET FK

Tenacity

Elong.

Elasticity at 50% tenacity

No 1 2 3 4 5 6
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[%] 0 5 10 15 15 100

[cN/dtex] 2,22 1,98 1,96 1,95 1,74 1,55

[%] 27,0 27,1 29,4 27,3 30,9 19,3

tot [%] 7,4 6,2 83,9 8,2 7,1 86,6

el [%] 7,4 6,2 83,9 8,2 7,1 86,6

0el [%] 7,4 6,2 83,9 8,2 7,1 86,6

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ITSAPT, Summer School 2005, Liberec

Blend Fibres Special Fibres

STU in Bratislava

The most of polymer blend fibres - special fibres. WHY?

technological difficulties in mixing of polymer melts and spinning of blend fibres economical reasons, new materials

Processing of fibre-forming blends

Miscibility and compatibility of components (thermodynamic conditions) Rheological properties of components and blends (kinetic conditions) macrorheology, rheological behaviour of the blend deformation of the dispersed phase in matrix (fibre morphology)
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Miscibility and compatibility

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Miscible blends thermodynamically compatible G<0 MP=(A - B)2 Compatibility more general term processing and end use properties technological compatibility deviation of selected processing and properties from additive ones i = (exp - ad) / (1 - 2) Adhesion work Wa = 1 + 2 - 12 Wa = 1 (1 + cos) Heterogenous blends interface phenomena
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Miscibility and compatibility

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Miscibility
Mixing enthalpy G 0, size of domains max. 20 nm Methods: Free energy of mixing GM and interaction parameter 12

Immiscible polymer blends

high developed interface, size of dispersed phase 102 103 nm Methods: Surface, interface tension adhesion work Deviation of blend properties from the additive one (techn. compat.)

Compatibility more general term

Methods: Kinetic of the phase separation (slightly incompatible) Miscibility parameter (MP) = (1 2)2
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Solubility parameters of Fibre-Forming Semicrystalline Polymers

Solubility parameters [cal0.5 . cm-1.5] 1cal0.5 . cm-1.5 = 2.4 x 103 J0.5m-1.5 MP = (1 - 2)2; 2i = 2d+2p+2h Combination : dph, dh, ph dp

Polymers

PE PP PET PA66 PVA

8.1 8.6 10.2 13.6 15.4

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0,40

i
0,20
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1 2

0,00

-0,20
3

-0,40

-0,60 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

XLDPE
Relative deviation of experimental viscosity of PP/LDPE from additive values at 230C 1- LDPE 20; 2- LDPE 70; 3- LDPE 200 05/09/2005 ITSAPT, Summer School 2005, Liberec 17

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Microrheology of polymer blends

STU in Bratislava Taylor`s theory - droplet deformation = (L-B) / (L+B) crit droplet breaking up Shear condition = (5/4)K = Ca (19K + 16) / 16K+16)
where K = 2/1;

for K >> 1 and Ca << 1 for K << 1 and Ca >> 1

Ca = 21 . r /
0.001 > K > 3.8 0.100 < K < 1.0

2 viscosity of disp. phase, 1 viscosity of matrix - shear stress, - surface tension droplets can deform, but not break crit 0.6 broad minimum of the on K dependence

Extensional flow for 1< K < 5; crit 0.2 L=1.5 B

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PET dispersed in PP matrix

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Commercialised Blend Fibres

STU in Bratislava

Blend fibres based on miscible blends ( polymer components of the same chemical composition) PP/PP concentrates; PET/PET concentrates Full commercialised Blend fibres consisting of the semimiscible components with small difference in chemical composition (technological compatibility) PP/PE; PET/PES; PA6/PA6X; PA/PES Partially commercialised, Special fibres Blend fibres based on different chemical composition of the polymer components PP/PA; PP/PES; PP/PVA Rarely commercialised
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Nanocomposite chemical fibres

STU in Bratislava

Blend fibres containing nanodispersed phase

the

polymeric

Mass pigmented fibres using hyperdispersants, nanocolorants, nanopigments Fibres containing an inorganic nanoadditives (clays) Fibres modified by metal or metalcontaining nanoparticles
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Blend nanocomposite fibres

STU in Bratislava

Polymer blends with high efficient (reactive) compatibiliser Polymer blends prepared by two step procedure improvement the mechanical, electrical, sorption properties, dyeability from bath, printability In situ reinforced three component blends In situ formed nanoblend from partially miscible components
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Dendrimers hyperbranched polymers

Unique polymers, spherical shape, nano-scale size Surface layer: hydrophobic, hydrophilic, amfifilic Functional groups: -OH, -NH2, -Cl, -F, parafinic chains Polyglycerine and polyimine commercially available

Application for fibres: Hydrophobic hydrophilic treatment of fibres and textiles Molecular nano-carriers of active compounds Molecular nano-carriers of dyestuffs

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Mass pigmented fibres (nanocolorants)

Special procedure based on high shear stress of dispersion Application of the hyperdispersants Latent pigments technology New class of pigments nanocolorants High efficiency of pigmenting process, uiformity, processing of fibres
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Fibres with metal and metalcontaining nanoparticles

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Metal nanoparticles Metalcontaining nanoparticles Electrical conductivity Magnetic properties Antibacterial properties

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Modification of chemical fibres via nanotechnology

PP fibres dyeable by exhaust process using acid dyes

Qingue F. S.: Proceedings: Polymer Fibres 2002, UMIST, Manchester, UK

Polyethylene terephthalate fibres filled by fumed silicas with particles size approximately 7-40 nm
Wan Gyn Hahm, Seung-Soon Im: Proceedings: Polymer Fibres 2002, UMIST, Manchester, UK

Antibacterial treatment of textile fabric by nano-sized silver colloidal solution (nanosilver ethanol sol)
Lee H. J. et al.: Proceedings: Polymer Fibres 2002, UMIST, Manchester, UK

PA6/Ag antibacterial nanocomposite fibres

Yeo S. Y., Jeong S. H.: Proceedings: Polymer Fibres 2002, UMIST, Manchester, UK

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Fibres containing inorganic nanoparticles (silicate nanocomposites)

In situ intercalative polymerisation Melt intercalation Exfoliation adsorption (in solution) Melt exfoliation of modified nanosilicates

Processing of polymer nanocomposites Treatment of layered silicates by organic additives Influence of mixing conditions (extruder)

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Nanocomposite fibres modified by layered nanosilicates

Regulation of the rheological properties Regulation of the stickiness and mechanical properties Dimensional stability Barrier properties Flame retardant properties Antibacterial properties of fibres
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Parallel cut of PP nanocomposite fibres

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