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Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), 2012
All rights reserved
This Malawi report and project was prepared and managed by the Late Dalitso Mpoola, Costly Chanza, Fred Nankuyu,
Hilary Kamela, the Late Marcel Kaunda, Alex Chirambo, Lucky Kabanga, Mavuto D. Tembo, Dominic Kamlomo, and
John Chome in Malawi.
This report was also managed by Kerstin Sommer, Alain Grimard, David Kithakye, Mathias Spaliviero, and Doudou Mbye
in Nairobi.
HS Number: HS/112/12E
DISCLAIMER
The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory,
city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system
or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the
views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the Governing Council of UN-Habitat or its
Member States. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed
herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
Excerpts from this publication may be reproduced without authorisation, on condition that the source is indicated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Editing: Edward Miller
2
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN
PROFILE
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6
BACKGROUND 8
LAND 33
PROJECT PROPOSALS
LAND 48
3
44
FOREWORD
5 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
and leasehold)6.
66
Land is administered and managed by several players: the Most of the housing stock in Malawi is constructed
Ministry of Lands, Housing, and Urban Development, through self-help initiatives, and individuals use their
the Malawi Housing Corporation, the city councils, own resources10. Most houses are traditional and
traditional leaders, and private entities. Serviced land semi-permanent; about 21 percent are permanent.
for low-income housing is scarce, forcing most people Nationally, most houses are owner-occupied, while in
in the urban areas to get land in unplanned settlements urban areas the difference between owner-occupied
using customary practices. Land management policies and renting is small11. Rapid urbanization is one of the
and regulatory frameworks have been reviewed or major contributing factors to slum growth.
formulated in response to the challenges.
77
BACKGROUND
representative sample in each country. The analysis environment, land, shelter and slums, gender and
focuses on seven themes: governance and financial HIV/AIDS, and basic urban services – in terms of the
management, slums and shelter, gender and HIV/ institutional set-up, regulatory framework, resource
AIDS, environment, urban disaster risks and climate mobilization, and performance and accountability;
change, local economic development, basic urban this second section also highlights agreed priorities
services, and land. Information was collected through and includes a list of identified projects.
interviews and key informants, in order to assess the
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats 3. a SWOT analysis and outlines of priority project
(SWOTs) of the national and local urban set-ups. The proposals for each theme. The proposals include
findings were presented and refined during city and beneficiaries, partners, estimated costs, objectives,
national consultation workshops, and consensus was activities, and outputs.
reached regarding priority interventions.
Phase two focuses on building the priorities identified BACKGROUND
through the pre-feasibility studies and develops detailed
capacity-building and capital investment projects.
URBAN CENTRES
Phase three implements the projects developed
during the two earlier phases, with an emphasis on Cities in Malawi are the engine rooms for education,
skills development, institutional strengthening, and manufacturing, production, innovation, culture,
replication. and economic activities that generate wealth and
opportunities and contribute to the national gross
This report presents the outcomes of the programme’s domestic product. These urban centres are hosting about
Phase One at the national level. 15 to 20 percent1 of the national population, and over
1 National Statistical Office (2009), Population and Housing Census Main Report
2008.
88
60 percent of urban dwellers are living in unplanned limited in their powers by the slow devolution of powers
settlements and slums. The Department of Physical from central government. These government organs
Planning developed a hierarchy of settlements to help work with other stakeholders in the management of
implement a decentralized urbanization strategy, but programmes. The Malawi Constitution mandates the
the required institutions and regulations to guide urban election of ward councillors through popular voting
development are not fully respected at all levels. every five years, but such elections are always postponed.
Malawi is one of the fastest urbanizing countries, and in
response to this, some policies and strategies are being CORRUPTION
formulated to guide the future development of the
urban centres. Collaborations and partnerships among Many people view corruption as a major constraint to
all stakeholders in urban and national development are development in Malawi, thereby denouncing the notion
key to sustaining economic growth and achieving the that corruption is a natural occurrence and part of our
Millennium Development Goals. Decentralization of daily lives2. Malawi is considered to have high levels of
economic and planning functions, among others, to corruption, ranked 85 out of 178 countries. In Africa,
local authorities is expected to strengthen local urban Malawi ranks 10 out of 47 countries3. Malawi’s score
management. improved in 2007, and the country has made positive
strides towards fighting corruption, which include the
following initiatives: the Corrupt Practices Act, the
MALAWI POPULATION National Anti-Corruption Bureau, the Office of the
Director of Public Procurement, the National Integrity
Malawi has a very youthful population: nearly three- System, the National Anti-Corruption Strategy (2009),
quarters are less than 30 years of age, while those below Business Action Against Corruption, and Civil Society
18 make up 52 percent of the total population. In 2008 Action Against Corruption4.
there were 6.4 million males and 6.7 million females.
Population growth rates have been high since the 1960s,
and the productive, youthful population presents ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE
opportunities for development. Table 1 presents the DEVELOPMENT
national and urban population trends since 1966.
Malawi has enjoyed progressive economic growth
in recent years, with an average real gross domestic
ADMINISTRATION product growth rate of around 7 percent till 20095.
This followed the implementation of a number of
The political and administrative system in Malawi is core policies and structural reforms in various sectors.
partially centralized and partially decentralized. The However, since 2009 there has been a decline in
state and government are headed by the President,
9 9
Blantyre, as these had planning professionals. Through HEALTH
the Local Government Act, however, all councils are Malawi is said to have a good network of health
mandated to undertake planning activities. Prior to this, facilities provided by various players, including central
the Commissioner for Physical Planning would seek to government, local governments, the Christian Health
declare fast-growing settlements as statutory planning Association of Malawi, and private companies. The
areas7. Town Planning Committees will therefore be health facilities totalled 843 in 2002. There are four
established to control planning and development in central or referral hospitals located in the four profiled
these areas. The Planning Board is an appeals body cities, and 22 district hospitals. The central government
where developers lodge grievances emanating from provided almost half of all health facilities, while the
dissatisfaction with Town Planning Committees or the Christian Health Association of Malawi provided about
commissioner. It is important to note that the whole 20 percent and local government 4 percent. About 85
country is a planning area8. percent of the facilities are primary health centres, and
about 85 percent of the population is said to be living
within 10 kilometres of a health facility13. The private
URBANIZATION OF POVERTY sector, which is more urban and driven by profit-
Malawi is experiencing one of the highest urbanization making, is growing fast and contributing significantly
rates in Africa, at about 4.7 percent, and it is expected to the sector.
that the urbanization of poverty will follow the same
trend. However, the national poverty rate in Malawi Traditional healers and traditional birth attendants
decreased from 52 percent in 2004 to 39 percent in still play a role in providing health services. Malaria,
2009, while urban poverty declined from 25 percent in lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases,
2004 to about 14 percent in 2009. The rural poverty tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS are the most common
rate has gone down from 53 percent in 2005 to around diseases14. Human, financial and technical capacities
43 percent in 20099. The proportion of the ultra-poor are major challenges, and there is a need to improve
has also decreased in general. However, it is noted that, the coordination of health services by providing health
as of January 2010, about 4 million people slid deeper facilities at strategic locations.
into poverty due to increasing food and fuel prices10.
EDUCATION
SANITATION AND REFUSE COLLECTION Malawi’s three-tier education system is offered by both
The Department of Water in the Ministry of Irrigation public and private institutions. Public primary school
and Water Development leads the water and sanitation education has been free since 1994, and enrolment
sector, mainly on policy development. However, various soared from 1.9 million to 2.9 million by 1997, and
government agencies and international organizations to 3.6 million by 2008. The four profiled cities had an
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - BACKGROUND
are involved in different aspects of the sector and average student-teacher ratio of 46:115. Countrywide,
usually work independently11. Local governments are the student-teacher ratio for secondary schools stood at
responsible for sanitation services, including solid waste 20:1 in 2008. The primary enrolment rate is projected
and refuse management. to reach 92 percent by 2015, missing the Millennium
Development Goal target by 8 percent16.
About 80 percent of Malawians use traditional pit
latrines, and 13 percent have no facility. In urban In 2008, the recognized tertiary institutions produced
areas, about 15 percent use flush toilets; this drops to 3 about 8,388 graduates. Data for private school
percent nationally and 0.7 percent in rural areas. About enrolment was not available, and the quality of
1.7 percent of urban dwellers had no sanitation facility education is not assessed in most private schools. Most
in 200812. private schools lack proper infrastructure, adequate
instructional materials and qualified teachers.
10
10
TABLE 1: NATIONAL AND URBAN POPULATION TRENDS IN MALAWI
1111
GOVERNANCE AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - GOVERNANCE AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Malawi’s democracy is young, with a constitution high levels of corruption, inadequate transparency
that enshrines separation of powers, independence of and accountability systems, poor access to justice by
constitutional bodies, and rule of law, and a human rights the majority, limited capacity in the public sector for
charter that entrenches the right to equality, liberty and improved service delivery, political intolerance, poor
development. There is an impressive set of constitutional adherence to the rule of law, lack of constitutionalism,
bodies, which includes the Anti-Corruption Bureau, human rights abuses, and reluctance to hold local
Human Rights Commission, Law Commission, and government elections. In addition, the participation
Ombudsman. Democracy was further consolidated of Malawians in the political affairs of the country has
through presidential and parliamentary elections in largely been limited to voting18.
1994, 1999, 2004, and 2009 and local government
elections in 2000. The country has also undertaken a The Malawi government is, however, committed to
decentralization process with support from UNDP and improving justice, the rule of law and internal security
other development partners such as the German Agency as the core issues of democratic governance. There are
for International Cooperation. legal, institutional, infrastructural, systemic, procedural,
and human resource-related challenges faced by those
Malawi has made significant strides towards democratic providing the services, leading to poor justice delivery,
governance since 1994 through increasing support to especially for the vulnerable and marginalized19.
civic education, affirming the rights and obligations of
Malawi citizens, and furthering an understanding of The Ministry of Local Government and Rural
the democratic process. The Millennium Development Development implements – in collaboration with
Goals highlight good governance as good public sector local authorities and development partners –
management, the absence of corruption and fraud, programmes and projects that include the National
decentralization, justice and rule of law, security, good Decentralization Programme (1998), Malawi
corporate governance, and respect of human rights. Decentralized Governance Programme (2002–2008),
Good governance is seen as a means to attaining Poverty Reduction Project (2000–2007), Malawi-
economic prosperity and reducing poverty17. However, German Programme for Democratic Decentralization
local government elections have been postponed several since 1996, Rural Livelihood Economic Enhancement
times, and it is expected that they will be held in 2014. Programme (2005), One Village One Product, Rural
Livelihood Support Programme, Income Generating
Despite the progress made, the country has some Public Works Programme, Malawi Rural Transport
serious democratic governance challenges, including 18 UNDP Malawi (2009), Enhancing Participatory Democracy, Strengthening
Decentralized Governance and Increasing Access to Justice.
17 Malawi Government (2006), Malawi Growth and Development Strategy 2006- 19 United Nations Malawi (November 2010), Malawi Country Assessment Report
2011. 2010.
12
12
and Travel Programme (2007–2011), and Malawi formulation, etc.) is weak.
Local Government Strengthening and Investment
Programme20. t Weak accountability and transparency and
increasing corruption and inefficiency.
t Weak monitoring and evaluation system for
INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP measuring performance against set benchmarks,
resulting in inefficiency and poor performance in
t The Ministry of Local Government and Rural city management, revenue collection and financial
Development is the overall overseer and controls management.
budgetary matters of the council through the Local
Government Finance Committee. t Poor coordination with other key urban stakeholders,
compounding resource wastage and duplicating
t City councils spearhead governance issues at the efforts.
local level, headed by the mayor and supported by
ward councillors and members of parliament, while t Weak regulatory frameworks to regulate service
the chief executive officer heads the secretariat, provision, especially for low-income areas.
assisted by directors of departments.
t Stakeholders such as NGOs and community-based
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
AGREED PRIORITIES
t The Malawi Constitution, Local Government
Act (1998), and National Decentralization Policy t Enhanced revenue generation and collection
(1998) are the main statutes. strategies for local authorities.
t Other important laws and policies are the Town and t Building the capacity of the local authorities
Country Planning Act (1988), Public Procurement and their stakeholders in participatory urban
Act and Audit Act. management.
1313
SLUMS AND SHELTER
Housing construction in Malawi ranges from At the national level, about 21 percent of housing is
traditional to permanent. There are public housing permanent, 34 percent is semi-permanent and 44
providers such as Malawi Housing Corporation. Private percent is traditional, while at the urban level, 41
housing providers that cater for the medium and percent is permanent, 46 percent is semi-permanent
higher income groups include Press Properties Limited, and 12 percent is traditional or temporary. In rural
Maone Park Limited and Kanengo Northgate. The low- Malawi, 50 percent of housing is traditional while only
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - SLUMS AND SHELTER
income or urban poor groups are assisted by NGOs 18 percent is permanent7. Most occupants (88 percent)
such as the Centre for Community Organization and own their units, while 4 percent own or pay rent on
Development, Malawi Homeless People’s Federation theirs. At the urban level, about 52 percent of the units
and Habitat for Humanity Malawi1. The Ministry of are owner-occupied while 43 percent are rentals8. Tenure
Lands, Housing and Urban Development and local disparities between planned and unplanned settlements
authorities provide plots for housing and other uses. are minimal9. In terms of gender, the tenure-related
Other government entities, including the Ministry of differences in most urban centres are not big.
Defence and the Malawi Police Service, provide housing
to their employees. Most of the low-cost housing stock Unplanned settlements in Malawi are the result of
in Malawi is constructed through self-help initiatives scarcity of serviced land for housing; poor maintenance of
and individuals using own resources2. services and infrastructure is leading to slum conditions
in many traditional housing areas. The memorandum
Malawi is among the fastest urbanizing countries of understanding between the Malawi government
in Africa, with a rate of 4.7 percent and an urban and the Centre for Community Organization and
population of about 20 percent3. This is contributing to Development is a step forward if put to good use. The
the spread of unplanned settlements and consequently Draft National Housing Policy 2010 has included the
affecting the provision of basic urban services, including upgrading of slums as a focus area.
housing. The slum population as a percentage of the
urban population stood at about 68 percent in 2009,
down from 95 percent in 1990, and is projected to reach
65 percent by 20154. In 2001, the slum population in
Malawi was 1.5 million5, and it has likely surpassed 2
million by now6.
1 UN-Habitat (2010), Malawi Urban Housing Sector Profile.
2 UN-Habitat (2010), Malawi Urban Housing Sector Profile.
3 National Statistical Office (2010), Spatial Distribution and Urbanization
2010.
4 Malawi Government (2010), 2010 Malawi Millennium Development Goals 7 National Statistical Office (2010), Housing and Housing Conditions
Report. 2010.
5 UN-Habitat (2003), Slums of the World: The Face of Poverty in the New 8 National Statistical Office (2009), Welfare Monitoring Survey 2009.
Millennium. 9 Blantyre City Assembly (2006), Situation Analysis of Informal Settlements in
6 United Nations Population Division (2009), World Population Prospects: The Blantyre City.
2009 Revision Population Database.
14
14
ONGOING PROJECTS t Other NGOs, community-based organizations and
financial institutions are increasingly entering the
The Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban low-cost housing sector.
Development is involved in the development of houses
for police and army officers and chiefs, but not housing
for the public.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
The Malawi Housing Corporation is implementing
housing projects in Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu, t The Land Act, Lands Acquisition Act, Registered
Zomba, and Karonga. All the projects are in medium- Land Act, Conveyancing Act, Land Development
and low-density categories, including hostels at Mzuzu Act, Town and Country Planning Act, Environmental
University (not yet started). Management Act, Local Government Act, Malawi
Housing Act, Public Procurement Act, Corrupt
The Centre for Community Organization and Practices Act, Public Management Act, Road Works
Development and the Malawi Homeless People’s Act, Electricity Act, and many others provide
Federation is implementing several programmes in guidance.
various thematic areas:
t A draft housing policy is in place, which is
t The slum-upgrading programme in Chinsapo and inadequate.
Mtandire, in collaboration with Lilongwe City
Council and funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates t Other sectoral regulations exist for land and housing.
Foundation,
t Housing projects through the Mchenga Fund in
Blantyre, Kasungu, Mzuzu, and Salima,
PERFORMANCE AND
ACCOUNTABILITY
t Sanitation programme supported by UN-Habitat
and the Department for International Development, t Inappropriate legal frameworks are complicating the
implementation of some projects in urban areas.
t Skills and livelihoods programme supported by
Unilever South Africa, t The absence of a functional housing policy leaves
a vacuum in housing development and slum
t Batik production project in Mtandire in Lilongwe. upgrading.
15
15
housing finance contribute to the construction of
poor quality housing and slums. AGREED PRIORITIES
t Poor land information management systems at all t Managing the National Housing Framework.
levels of government are leading to inefficiency,
fraud, corruption, and the lengthy and costly t Providing adequate housing for all and improving
processing of land issues. public housing services.
t Formal land markets are not affordable to the t Creating an environment in the housing sector
majority, making informal and traditional markets that is conducive to both public and private
favourable. investment and development.
t Government involvement and defaults on rentals,
t Supporting and promoting urban poor initiatives
other fees and financing are crippling housing
institutions and projects in Malawi. in various thematic areas that impact their
livelihoods.
16
16
GENDER AND HIV/AIDS
1717
victim support services, developing gender policies t There are public and private institutions that offer
for the workplace, sensitizing staff at all levels, and voluntary counselling and testing services.
advocating for women’s rights on various issues, etc.
There are numerous challenges: inadequate financial t NGOs, community- and faith-based organizations,
resources; reaching very rural areas, affluent groups, and civil society, and the private sector are actively
minorities; inadequate human resources; inadequate involved in gender and HIV/AIDS issues.
reporting mechanisms; and an absence of appropriate
legal frameworks.
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
-
Malawi Urban Rural Male Male Male Female Female Female
Urban Rural Urban Rural
PRIMARY 86.30 14.70 15,941 15,966 14.60 83.40 50.50 14.80 85.20
PRE-SCHOOL 4.90 23.70 76.30 48.40 24.00 76.00 51.60 23.30 76.70
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - GENDER AND HIV/AIDS
SECONDARY 8.00 39.90 60.10 51.90 38.10 61.90 48.10 41.80 58.20
UNIVERSITY 0.20 73.60 26.40 61.90 70.10 29.90 38.10 79.30 20.70
OTHER 0.40 77.80 22.20 56.50 75.20 24.80 43.50 81.10 18.90
1818
t The absence of local gender policies is weakening
efforts to address related issues. AGREED PRIORITIES
t Limited resources and equipment, as funding for t Advocating and improving early child
gender and HIV/AIDS is inadequate. development through community-based child
centres and nursery schools.
t Enactment of national gender and HIV/AIDS
policies is a step in the right direction, as prevalence t Gender mainstreaming, including gender-based
is declining. violence initiatives and youth programmes
t Better voluntary counselling and testing services targeting adolescents.
through mobile services, as prevalence seem to be
high in district centres. t Improving social welfare and community
development issues at the national level.
t Need to improve awareness and information
dissemination on gender, gender-based violence, and t Improving the monitoring and evaluation of
HIV/AIDS at all levels and enhance coordination HIV/AIDS at all levels in both urban and rural
among key stakeholders. areas.
t Various NGOs, community and faith-based t Increasing voluntary counselling and testing and
organizations, donors, private sector players, and antiretroviral therapy services.
community-based support groups are addressing
prevention, treatment, care, support, and impact t Encouraging prevention of HIV/AIDS
mitigation issues relating to HIV/AIDS. through the operationalization of the Resource
Mobilization Strategy.
1919
ENVIRONMENT, URBAN DISASTER
RISKS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - ENVIRONMENT, URBAN DISASTER RISKS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Malawi is rich in natural resources but is facing figure is only 14 percent nationally. There are no major
environmental degradation. Population growth differences between males and females in the use of
and rapid urbanization are increasing the demand these energy sources3.
for affordable energy sources and land, which puts
pressure on these natural resources. The undulating Specific regulations and by-laws to address unplanned
topography of the country, including the major settlements, environmental degradation and waste
urban centres, is sensitive to slight imbalances in the management are not in place, resulting in indiscriminate
environment. Inadequate alternative livelihoods, old liquid and solid waste discharge and disposal into
energy technologies, and pollution from pit latrines, water catchment areas, rivers, forests, and along roads.
septic tanks, industrial effluent, and vehicles are having Climate change is compounding these challenges.
a negative impact on the environment.
Malawi is said to have lost about 494,000 hectares
of forest cover. It is projected that if the current rate ONGOING PROJECTS
of deforestation is not reversed, Malawi’s forest cover Past or ongoing programmes include the following:
will drop to about 33 percent by 20151, against a biodiversity projects; climate change programmes;
Millennium Development Goal target of 50 percent. forest conservation projects; soil and water conservation
The government is committed to reversing the loss of projects; renewable energy programmes; water
forest cover by intensifying reforestation, afforestation, catchment areas conservation programmes; improved
natural regeneration, and forest protection and forestry management for sustainable livelihoods;
management programmes2. forestry, nursery, and replanting programmes; tree
planting for carbon sequestration and other uses; and
Most people in Malawi use firewood (80 percent); in ecosystem services. These programmes are funded by
urban areas, more charcoal is used (46 percent). Paraffin various donors and organizations, and many more
is the most common energy source for lighting, at 77 stakeholders are involved in the implementation.
percent. Use of electricity for lighting ranges from 32
to 45 percent in the major urban areas, though this
1 Malawi Government (2010), 2010 Malawi Millennium Development Goals
Report.
2 Malawi Government (2010), 2010 Malawi Millennium Development Goals
Report. 3 National Statistical Office (2009), Welfare Monitoring Survey 2009.
2020
FIGURE 2: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY MAIN ENERGY SOURCES FOR COOKING
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - ENVIRONMENT, URBAN DISASTER RISKS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
PERCENTAGE
50%
40% ELECTRICITY
30% PARAFFIN
20% CHARCOAL
10% FIREWOOD
0% OTHER
MALAWI URBAN RURAL MZUZU LILONGWE ZOMBA BLANTYRE
CITY CITY CITY CITY
2121
t Inadequate capacity to manage the environment. ENVIRONMENT, Project proposal Page 42
Forestry-related capacity is expected to improve with
URBAN DISASTER
the introduction of forestry degree programmes at
Mzuzu University. RISKS AND CLIMATE Urban Forestry / Environmental
CHANGE Management Programme
N°1
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
t Government funding is normally inadequate to
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - ENVIRONMENT, URBAN DISASTER RISKS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
AGREED PRIORITIES
t Conducting environmental audits and
formulating environmental action plans.
2222
LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
2323
FIGURE 3: MALAWI POVERTY STATUS 2009 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
60 t The Integrated Trade and Industry Policy
50
(1998), Local Government Act (1998), Corrupt
Practices Act, Malawi Constitution, Taxation Act,
40 Decentralization Policy (1998), and Town and
30 Country Planning Act (1988) guide economic
PERCENTAGE
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 t Public–private partnerships are not common and
Malawi Poor 52 50 45 40 40 39
should be considered to create more investment
Urban Poor 25 24 25 11 13 14
opportunities.
Rural Poor - 53 47 44 44 43
t Generally, there are no pro-poor or deliberate
Malawi Ultra-poor 22 21 17 15 15 15 gender-oriented local economic development
Urban Ultra-poor 8 8 6 2 3 3 policies in place.
Rural Ultra-poor - 23 19 17 17 17
2424
t Some microfinance institutions such as Malawi
Rural Finance Company offer basic training for those AGREED PRIORITIES
wanting to get loans to support small businesses.
t Strengthening the capacity of the ministry
and departments dealing with industry, trade
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION and private sector development at all levels to
promote local economic development.
t The government and local authorities largely
depend on a small revenue base and cannot invest t Providing local economic development
significantly in local economic development infrastructure and services to support the
infrastructure and services using their own funds. growth of small and medium-sized enterprises in
Malawi.
t The government borrows from other financing
institutions such as the African Development Bank. t Provision of serviced land and infrastructure for
t Institutions such as Press Trust have provided funds commerce and industrial investments.
for the construction of flea markets in Lilongwe,
Mzuzu, Zomba, and Blantyre to supplement t Promoting public–private partnerships at all
existing markets, and such initiatives must be levels with a win-win result.
explored further.
2525
BASIC URBAN SERVICES
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - BASIC URBAN SERVICES
The responsibility for infrastructure and service streets, as well as floodlights in unplanned areas and
provision is shared by the central government and local traditional housing areas to improve safety and security.
authorities, as mandated by various legal frameworks. Where street lighting does exist, maintenance is a major
The central government provides these through various challenge. It is very encouraging to note that small town
ministries and parastatals. These services include councils such as Kasungu have installed street lighting.
firefighting, roads, sewerage, waste management,
sanitation, health, markets, education, safety and The main means of communications in Malawi include
security, and recreation, among others. Most of the fixed and wireless telephones, cellular phones, telex,
services are insufficient in most areas, due to inadequate courier, and postal and internet services, which are
resources and low capacity. High-density, low-income provided by a number of companies and regulated by
housing areas are the least serviced. the Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority.
Network coverage is available in most parts of the
In terms of public transport, Malawi has witnessed an country, though with some interruptions. The
upsurge in large buses for long-distance travel, minibuses availability of cheap and affordable telephone handsets
and taxis. Bicycle taxis are a common sight in Mzuzu and is contributing to the increasing number of people with
are on the rise in Lilongwe. Generally, vehicular traffic is fixed, wireless and mobile phones. Telecommunications
increasing, and there is a need for more effective traffic is controlled through the Communications Act,
management regulations. Pedestrian walkways, cycle Information and Communication Technology Policy
paths, safe zebra crossings, and street furniture must be Statement and other legal frameworks. The Malawi
provided or improved. Increasing numbers of cyclists Communications Regulatory Authority is striving
on the roads have created traffic congestion, resulting to improve telecommunications and is currently
in increased accidents. There is need for an integrated undertaking a project to have fully digital broadcasting
transportation system in urban Malawi. by 2015. Challenges include the lack of monitoring
capacity, the proliferation of towers and analogue
Street lighting is restricted to the major town centres; equipment.
the rest of the streets have no lighting, creating an unsafe
environment for cyclists and pedestrians, especially
women. Both planned and unplanned housing areas
lack street lighting, and it is vital to provide it on all
2626
WATER SUPPLY settlements, access is limited by high cost, congestion
and poor maintenance; as such, many households
Three regional water boards and two city water boards access water from shallow wells and rivers5. Most public
supply water to various urban centres. Northern Region schools and health facilities are supplied with piped
Water Board supplies water to Mzuzu and the whole water or safe water from another source.
northern region of Malawi, Central Region Water Board
is responsible for the central region (except Lilongwe),
and Southern Region Water Board supplies districts in ONGOING PROJECTS
the southern region, including Zomba. Blantyre and
Lilongwe Water Boards are responsible for Blantyre and National Water Development Project
Lilongwe cities and their surrounding areas1. There has
been a steady increase in the number of water meters This project aims to increase access to sustainable water
(consumers in service) since 2000. The northern region supply and sanitation services for people living in cities,
registered an increase from 7,811 metres in 2001 to towns, market centres, and villages, and improve water
127,743 in 2008; the central region registered an resource management at the national level. Unserviced,
increase from 10,779 in 2006 to 13,378 in 2008; and low-income areas in Blantyre and Lilongwe cities will
the water board in the south went from 12,687 metres benefit from pilot water supply and sanitation services.
in 2002 to 25,746 in 2008. Lilongwe Water Board saw The project will also contribute to building sector
meters increase by 50 percent between 2003 and 2008, capacity through improved monitoring, regulation,
while Blantyre registered a minimal increase2. incentive structures, public–private partnerships, and
coordination among the sector stakeholders. As part of
The proportion of people with safe drinking water stood the project, Blantyre and Lilongwe Water Boards are
at 80 percent in 2009, up from 72 percent in 2005. In implementing the Provision of Potable Water to Peri-
urban areas, the figure dropped from 98 percent in 2007 Urban Areas Project, supported by a variety of donors.
to 94 percent in 2009. In rural areas, access increased to
78 percent in 2009. Most people take about 15 minutes Priority Rehabilitation and Expansion Works Project
to access the nearest drinking water supply3, as shown Northern Region Water Board is executing a MWK 1.6
in the figure 8 below. The Malawi government stated billion Priority Rehabilitation and Expansion Works
that 81 percent of Malawians had sustainable access to Project to rehabilitate and expand the current water
an improved water source as of 2010, surpassing the supply system by installing three new reservoirs, an
120.00%
100.00%
0 - 14 MINUTES
80.00% 15 - 29 MINUTES
30 - 44 MINUTES
60.00%
45 - 59 MINUTES
60+ MINUTES
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
MALAWI RURAL URBAN MZUZU LILONGWE ZOMBA BLANTYRE
CITY CITY CITY CITY
2727
INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP t The water boards generate their own income, which
t The Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, is used for some projects and operations.
assisted by the Water Resources Board, oversees t The external sources include grants and credit from
water development and supply matters. local and international organizations.
t Central Region Water Board, Northern Region
Water Board, Southern Region Water Board,
Blantyre Water Board, and Lilongwe Water Board
are the main piped water suppliers in Malawi.
t Public–private partnerships in low-income and AGREED PRIORITIES
unplanned areas are in place and managed by
community development committees and water t Providing water to all, especially low-income
user associations. areas.
t Communal water revenue mismanagement leads to River in the Southern Region and Wovwe in Karonga
disconnections and outstanding water bills. District. Only 11 percent of Malawi’s population have
access to electricity: 34 percent of the urban population
t Water losses, old pipes and high maintenance costs and 2.5 of the rural population1. About 2 percent of
increase water supply costs. Malawians use electricity for cooking, while the majority
use firewood. People with at least a secondary education
t Public–private partnerships, through community seem more likely to use electricity for cooking. Figure 6
development committees and water user associations, shows the statistics on energy sources for cooking.
are in place in various communities, and performance
depends on management. Many people use electricity for lighting in all areas,
though most (77 percent) use paraffin2. About 98
t Availability of water varies, with low-income and percent of people use solid fuels, and it is unlikely
unplanned areas having the least. that the 0 percent target of Millennium Development
Goal 7 will be met, even though government indicates
t Intermittent power supply affects the supply of that it will3. Regarding the prevalence of electricity
piped water. connections, affordability is the main determinant, not
t The capacity of the water boards is insufficient, while location.
demand is increasing.
t Water boards supply water to any applicant in
urban areas regardless of location, contributing to
the spread of informal settlements while providing
potable water.
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
t The Malawi government provides funding in 1 Foster, Vivien and Maria Shikaratan (2010), Malawi’s Infrastructure: A
Continental Perspective.
collaboration with donors such as World Bank, 2 National Statistical Office (2009), Population and Housing Census 2008 Main
the European Union, Australia, the Netherlands, 3
Report.
Malawi Government (2010), 2010 Malawi Millennium Development Goals
UNICEF, the African Development Bank, and Report.
International Development Association.
2828
INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
t The Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy t The Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi
provides legal guidance and the Malawi Energy depends on revenue from bills, which is inadequate.
Regulatory Authority controls tariffs.
t The corporation also benefits from external sources,
t The Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi is the including grants and loans.
sole supplier of hydroelectric power in Malawi, as
public–private partnerships in the energy sector are
not known to exist.
AGREED PRIORITIES
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK t Enhancing the supply system to meet growing
t The Electricity Act guides the supply of electricity. demand by improving generation.
t The Malawi Energy Regulatory Act controls the t Developing alternative power sources such as
electricity tariff. wind and solar energy.
t Electricity by-laws developed by the Malawi t Preventing vandalism of public infrastructure.
Electricity Regulatory Authority are yet to be
adopted.
100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
ELECTRICITY
60.00%
PERCENTAGE
PARAFFIN
50.00%
CHARCOAL
40.00%
FIREWOOD
30.00%
OTHER
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
2929
FIGURE 6: REPORTED AND REGISTERED CASES Challenges include inadequate resources and equipment
2009 & 2010 for the Malawi Police Service and security firms;
inadequate training of staff officers; low motivation,
800.00
700.00
leading to corruption and conniving with criminals;
600.00 untrustworthy neighbourhood watch groups; poor
500.00
400.00
cooperation among stakeholders; weak legal frameworks;
300.00 non-compliance with regulations by the general public;
200.00
100.00
and weak public–private partnerships where in existent.
- The police should encourage the establishment of more
partnerships with communities to improve safety and
security, and also make a general appeal to the public.
MURDER RAPE DEFILEMENT INDECENT SODOMY ARMED MOTOR
CASES YOUNG GIRLS ASSAULT ROBBERY VEHICLE
THEFT
2009 417.00 289.00 645.00 235.00 14.00 132.00 106.00
2010 25 24 755.00 563.00 23.00 80.00 76.00 INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP
t The Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security
is the overall overseer of law, order and public safety
FIGURE 7: REPORTED AND REGISTERED CASES through the Malawi Police Service.
2009 & 2010
t The four profiled cities are mandated to provide a
100,000
90,000
safe environment.
80,000
70,000 t In traditional housing areas and unplanned
60,000 settlements, community policing and neighbourhood
50,000 watch groups provide security.
40,000
30,000
20,000
t The National Road Safety Council and the Roads
10,000 Authority concentrate on road safety.
-
CRIMINAL
CASES
ROBBERY
WITH
BREAKING
OFFENCES
ASSAULT
CASES
TRAFFIC
ACCIDENTS
t The Department of Occupational Safety and
VIOLENCE Hazards ensures safety for employees.
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - BASIC URBAN SERVICES
3030
led to loss of property and lives. t Private firms and community policing groups use
their own resources collected from clients and
t A total of 5,557 road accidents occurred in 2009 residents.
and 2010, 973 of them fatal.
t The police provide free and pay services, while
private security firms provide pay security services. WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste management in general is the responsibility of
local governments at all levels through the provision
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION of the necessary infrastructure and services. The
t Police are funded mainly by government, though Malawi government indicates that the proportion of
funding is inadequate and service delivery is people with access to improved sanitation, i.e. those
compromised. using flush toilets, ventilated improved pit latrines, or
covered toilets, is 93 percent, while the Millennium
t Police collect fines and other revenue, but these go Development Goal target was 86.2 percent by 20153.
into government coffers. NGOs also contribute to Figure 9 shows the statistics on sanitation as of 20104.
the police. The city councils are responsible for the management
of solid waste in their areas of jurisdiction, and they
t Multilateral donors have also assisted the police provide refuse removal services through skips and other
service at times through donations of equipment. means. Some private institutions have their own means
t City councils use their own limited resources to of managing the waste, such as treatment works or
provide public safety services. incinerators.
Major issues include indiscriminate waste disposal,
environmental degradation, pollution from industrial
and domestic effluent, and insufficient regulations.
AGREED PRIORITIES Inadequate capacity (rudimentary equipment) and
crude dumping due to lack of proper waste management
t Fighting crime in all urban areas. facilities are among the challenges. In terms of
sanitation, most schools and health facilities rely on
80.00%
70.00%
FLUSH TOILET
60.00%
PERCENTAGE
TRD TOILET
50.00%
VIP TOILET
40.00%
NO FACILITY
30.00%
OTHER
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
3131
t The Public Works, Health, and Parks and Recreation
Departments of the councils are responsible for AGREED PRIORITIES
waste management, pollution control, sanitation
services, and environmental health. t Identifying and developing a landfill site and
constructing a sewage system.
t Malawi Housing Corporation, city councils and
other private firms provide septic tank vacuum t Procuring vacuum tankers for emptying septic
emptying services at a fee. tanks.
t The Malawi Homeless People’s Federation has t Capacity building and sensitization on proper
introduced Ecosan toilets in Mzuzu, Lilongwe waste management, including composting.
and Blantyre; solid and liquid waste is used in the
production of organic manure for use or sale. t Establishing a recycling plant for non-
biodegradable waste.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK t Adoption of new sanitation technologies such as
The National Sanitation Policy (2008), Local Ecosan toilets.
Government Act (1998), Public Health Act, Town and
Country Planning Act, and Planning Guidelines and
Standards (under review) complement each other in
waste management and sanitation. BASIC URBAN Project proposal Page 47
SERVICES Urban Safety Infrastructure Provision
N°1 Project
PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY
t There is indiscriminate disposal of solid and
liquid waste in marketplaces, streets, open spaces,
and industrial and residential areas due to lack of
financial, technical, and human resources, as well as
lack of awareness.
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - BASIC URBAN SERVICES
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
t Cities depend on property taxes and fees for waste
management and sanitary services.
t Public–private partnerships and community
involvement should be encouraged to improve
service delivery.
ONGOING PROJECTS
Northern Region Water Board is preparing a sanitation
strategic plan for Mzuzu, consisting of a situation
analysis of Mzuzu, sanitation technology review and
selection, a detailed sanitation coverage plan, a proposed
institutional arrangement for the sanitation plan, and
a sanitation intervention implementation plan. Other
cities are implementing sanitation projects as part of
upgrading projects.
3232
LAND
Most of the land in Malawi is under customary Department of Physical Planning is also preparing a
tenure, but the status quo is changing as customary National Land Use and Management Strategy and an
and public land is being converted into private land1. operational Development Guide at the district level in
Land use planning in Malawi extends to all rural and Malawi.
urban land, whether public, private or customary2.
Customary land accounted for 79 percent of the land,
public land 17 percent, and private land 4 percent (3
percent leasehold and 1 percent freehold) as of 19753. INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP
The urban areas claim only 300,000 hectares of the t The Ministry of Lands, Housing, and Urban
country’s land4. Cumulatively, public land in the cities Development, the Malawi Housing Corporation,
of Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu, and Zomba comes to city councils, private landholders, and traditional
about 33 percent, private land (freehold and leasehold) leaders own or manage land.
20 percent, and land under customary practices about
47 percent. t Other government ministries also own land in
various areas in the country.
Land issues are administered and managed by several
players, including the Ministry of Lands, Housing and t City councils manage low-income housing through
Urban Development, Malawi Housing Corporation, the allocation of high-density serviced plots in areas
the city councils, private landlords, and traditional such as traditional housing areas.
leaders. Serviced land for low-income housing is scarce,
forcing most people in the urban areas to get land in t Malawi Homeless People’s Federation, Centre for
unplanned settlements, thereby accelerating squatting. Community Organization and Development, and
Challenges include outdated legal frameworks, the Habitat for Humanity Malawi are developing low-
involvement of traditional practices in planning income housing for the urban poor.
areas, the residual effects of colonial land policy, land t Other players in housing provision include Press
scarcity in spite of idle land, provocative squatting, and Properties, Malawi Property Investment Company,
mismanagement of land development5. Several policies Kanengo Northgate, etc.
and legal frameworks have been formulated to respond
to the challenges currently faced, including the Malawi t Local chiefs also administer unserviced land
Land Use Planning and Management Policy6, Land according to planning requirements in cities.
Bill, Registered Land Bill, and Physical Planning Bill7.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
ONGOING PROJECTS
t The Land Act, Lands Acquisition Act, Registered
Land Act, Land Survey Act, Town and Country
THE COMMUNITY-BASED RURAL LAND DEVELOPMENT Planning Act, Deeds Registration Act, Customary
PROJECT Land Development Act, Local Land Board Act,
Adjudication of Title Act, Draft Physical Planning
This project aims at contributing to poverty reduction
3333
t Lack of up-to-date land records and land use
plans is complicating future planning and effective AGREED PRIORITIES
implementation.
t Operationalizing planning at the district level.
t Corruption and fraud in land administration,
particularly by public officers. t Building the capacity of the ministry in terms of
quantity and quality.
t Absence of integrated land use planning is worsening
land administration/management issues. t Embracing new technologies and enhancing the
t Inadequate capacity (human, technical and financial) quality of planning services in Malawi.
is hampering efficient land administration. t Developing and providing more serviced plots to
t Slow land administration/management devolution enhance housing and revenue.
to local councils is fuelling challenges in land
management. t Transferring some land to city councils to
improve land management.
t Scarcity of serviced low-income and high-density
plots in recent years and limited resources for t Establishing a computerized land information/
housing. administration system in the departments dealing
with land.
t High cost of plots in major urban areas is leading to
unplanned housing settlements.
t New housing areas face challenges compensating Project proposal Page 49
LAND
people who are to be relocated, and planned
N°1 Computerized Land Information System
programmes thereby fail.
t Involvement of local leaders (village headmen/
chiefs) is exacerbating land management challenges.
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
t The Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban
Development is funded by the central government
and funding is always inadequate.
t City councils mostly use their own funds and some
grants.
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE - LAND
3434
GOVERNANCE AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
3535
GOVERNANCE Project proposal GOVERNANCE Project proposal
AND FINANCIAL AND FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT Local Authority Capacity Building MANAGEMENT National Urban Observatory
N°1 N°2 Programme
LOCATION: Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu, and Zomba. LOCATION: Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu, and Zomba.
ESTIMATED COST: USD 750,000 challenges as they strive to improve their economic
performance and reduce urban poverty, as over 60
BACKGROUND: The ability of the city councils to percent of their populations live in unplanned areas.
deliver services and respond to city needs depends on Decision making is difficult, with inadequate data on
their capacity to facilitate and participate in urban key development areas. Data and information flow is
management. The residents should also be aware of their skewed and mostly outdated. Urban support unit(s)
duty in urban management. However, local authorities with a local observatory could assist the city councils
lack the necessary skills and knowledge in various in improving productivity and equity, and promoting
thematic areas, including leadership, municipal finance, good governance and sustainability.
participatory planning, participatory budgeting,
conflict management, infrastructure development and OBJECTIVES: To improve urban data management in
management, and geographic information systems; various sectors and decision making.
other stakeholders also lack awareness. The councils
must build their capacity to improve urban management ACTIVITIES: (1) Mobilize stakeholders to participate
processes in sustainable and participatory ways while in the establishment of the National Urban Support Unit
bringing on board other stakeholders. and Local Urban Observatories, (2) Conduct a needs
assessment on data and information management, (3)
OBJECTIVES: To improve the urban management Develop effective data management and communication
capacity and awareness of urban stakeholders. strategies, (4) Develop and establish National and
Local Urban Observatories, and (5) Institutionalize the
ACTIVITIES: (1) Identify training coordinators and observatory processes in the councils.
conduct a needs assessment, (2) Identify a training
institution, (3) Develop a capacity-building programme OUTPUTS: National and Local Urban Observatories
in various sectors, (4) Conduct capacity-building and established and operational.
city awareness programmes, (5) Establish a sustainable
capacity-building programme, and (6) Develop and STAFF REQUIRED: Coordinator and research team
implement a monitoring and evaluation programme. with experience in urban management issues.
36
36
SLUMS AND SHELTER
3737
Project proposal
SLUMS AND
SHELTER National Participatory Slum
N°1 Upgrading Programme
38
38
GENDER AND HIV/AIDS
3939
Project proposal
GENDER
AND HIV/AIDS Rehabilitation and Upgrading of
N°1 Urban Community Health Facilities
40
40
ENVIRONMENT, URBAN DISASTER RISK AND CLIMATE CHANGE
National and local Outdated legal Review of existing legal Pollution and Conduct an
legislation available. frameworks. frameworks to take on contamination of environmental
board emerging issues groundwater by industry needs assessment
Established Poor coordination such as climate change. effluent, pit latrines and and formulate an
departments to manage and performance in domestic effluent. environmental action
environmental issues in shared environmental Renewed interest in plan.
place. responsibilities. environmental issues Increase in natural
by government and hazards such as floods. Operationalize existing
Budget provision Inadequate resources international and local legal frameworks and
for environmental or capacity to support organizations. Rapid population review existing ones.
management at all environmental growth.
levels. management projects. Participation of Increase budgetary
other stakeholders in Slow response from spending on
Weak enforcement environmental affairs. local authorities to environmental
of environmental climate change. management.
regulations in sensitive Afforestation
Existence of legal Lack of local level Political will exists to Uncontrolled Map of disaster-prone
frameworks at national legislation to support address disaster risks. development in areas.
level. urban disaster risk. fragile areas, leading
Growing awareness to environmental Instigate a climate
Existence of Department Lack of technical of the impact of degradation. change programme.
of Disaster Management capacity in times of disasters and mitigation
Affairs. disaster and emergency. measures. Corrupt practices and
fraud are undermining
Participation of Lack of structures building codes and
other stakeholders dealing with disaster planning regulations,
and communities in management and resulting in substandard
disaster response and prevention at the local buildings and increasing
prevention. level. disasters, e.g. fire
accidents.
41
41
ENVIRONMENT Project proposal
URBAN DISASTER
RISKS AND Integrated Environmental
CLIMATE CHANGE Management Programme
N°1
42
42
LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
43
43
LOCAL Project proposal
ECONOMIC Provision of Local Economic
DEVELOPMENT Development Infrastructure for
N°1 Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
44
44
BASIC URBAN SERVICES
45
45
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS PRIORITIES
URBAN SAFETY
Legal framework in Inadequate capacity Crime rapid response Low public trust of Provide street lighting
place. to adequately provide service availability. security provision throughout the cities.
security and safety entities.
Presence of security services. Existence of security Sensitize city residents
providers and and safety provision. Inadequate support about domestic
stakeholders (Malawi Inadequate or no street from the public violence.
Police Service and lighting in many areas. Collaboration among programmes.
private firms). security and safety
Corrupt practices stakeholders, including Rising unemployment
Community policing and theft by security communities. and insecurity among
initiative in place. providers themselves. the urban poor.
Establishment of a
Victim Support Unit by Vandalism of security
the police. and safety equipment
and infrastructure.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
National and local level Inadequate and Emergence of Overdependence on Identify and develop a
legal frameworks in weak enforcement of innovative waste pit latrines and rubbish landfill site.
place. regulations. management and pits is increasing
sanitation concepts groundwater pollution Procure vacuum
Active participation of Weak coordination (e.g. Ecosan toilets and and contamination. tankers for emptying
various stakeholders in among stakeholders. biogas energy). septic tanks.
waste management. Contaminated land at
Underutilization of Improved water Mchengautuwa will Capacity building and
Availability of cleansing existing infrastructure. supply capacity and remain a health hazard sensitization on proper
services. availability. unless decontaminated. waste management,
High use of rubbish pits including composting.
and pit latrines, and Potential for Rapid urban population
indiscriminate waste composting, recycling, growth, with Construct a sewerage
disposal, especially in and re-use. consequent increase in system.
high density areas. waste generation.
Growing interest by Establish recycling
Poor liquid and solid NGOs, community- Compensation to delay plants for non-
waste management. based organizations waste management biodegradable waste.
and private parties site development.
PROJECT PROPOSALS - BASIC URBAN SERVICES
46
46
BASIC URBAN Project proposal
SERVICES Urban Safety Infrastructure
N°1 Provision Project
47
47
LAND
48
48
Project proposal
LAND
N°1 Computerized Land
Information System
49
49
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51
MALAWI NATIONAL URBAN PROFILE
The Malawi Urban Profiling consists of an accelerated, action-oriented assessment of urban conditions,
focusing on priority needs, capacity gaps, and existing institutional responses at local and national
levels. The purpose of the study is to develop urban poverty reduction policies at local, national, and
regional levels, through an assessment of needs and response mechanisms, and as a contribution
to the wider-ranging implementation of the Millennium Development Goals. The study is based on
analysis of existing data and a series of interviews with all relevant urban stakeholders, including local
communities and institutions, civil society, the private sector, development partners, academics, and
others. The consultation typically results in a collective agreement on priorities and their development
into proposed capacity-building and other projects that are all aimed at urban poverty reduction. The
urban profiling is being implemented in 30 ACP (Africa, Caribbean, Pacific) countries, offering an
opportunity for comparative regional analysis. Once completed, this series of studies will provide a
framework for central and local authorities and urban actors, as well as donors and external support
agencies.
HS Number: HS/112/12E
ISBN Number (Series): 978-92-1-132023-7
ISBN Number (Volume): 978-92-1-132526-3
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