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The Development of Chicken Embryo

Fig. 3.12 The development of the hen egg at the time of laying

Chick blastoderm (blastodisc) ~ Amphibian blastula

Fig. 3.13 Life cycle of the chicken

Fig. 3.14 Cleavage and epiblast formation in the chick embryo


Cleavage furrow

Pellucida Opaca Posterior marginal zone Kollers sickle Primitive streak


A D Epiblast embryo Hypoblast extraembryonic tissues Posterior marginal zone defines dorsal and posterior

Ingression
P V
(cell move inwards individually)

Fig. 3.15 Ingression of mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation in the chick embryo
Hensens node
A
Epiblast (ectoderm)

Gastrulation begins with the formation of primitive streak

Primitive streak ~ amphibian blastopore

Fig. 3.16 Regression of Hensens node


A

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Fig. 4.2 Notochord and head-fold formation during node regression in chick embryo

A
(prospective somites)

Fig. 3.17 Development of the neural tube and mesoderm in the chick

Fig. 3.18 Scanning electron micrograph of early somites and neural tube
One pair of somites per 90 minutes in chick

Fig. 3.19 Development of the chick embryo


Head fold

Hensens node
13-somite 20-somite 40-somite (3d after laying)

Fig. 3.20 The extra-embryonic structures and circulation of the chick embryo

Bring O2 to embryo

Take nutrients from yolk

Fig. 3.34 Gravity defines the antero-posterior axis of the chick

20 hours in oviduct, one revolution / 6 min

Fig. 3.35 The posterior marginal zone of the chick specifies the posterior end of the A-P axis

A-P axis D-V axis L-R axis

Posterior marginal zone:


Uppermost side of the blastoderm, A denser area of cells, Organizing center (Nieuwkoop center)

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Fig. 4.20 Hensens node can induce a new axis in avian embryo

Fig. 3.41 Determination of left-right asymmetry in the chick


Proton-potassium pump (H+/K+-ATPase) Shh, Sonic hedgehog

lefty provides a midline barrier lefty

Hensens node

Left

Right

Left

Right

Fig. 4.4 The temporal order of somite formation is specified early in embryonic development
Somite

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Muscle, vertebrae, ribs, dermis

1. 2.

Somite formation is an autonomous process. No signal specifying antero-posterior position or timing is involved. A molecular pattern has been laid down in the pre-somitic mesoderm.

Fig. 4.5 Somite formation in the chick


The c-hairy1 expression cycle: sweep from posterior to anterior of the pre-somitic mesoderm every 90 min.

P
Somite formation every 90 minutes

Pre-somitic mesoderm Somitic stem cells Hensens node

An internal clock in the pre-somitic mesoderm: Periodic cycles of gene expression.

Fig. 4.7 FGF and retinoic acid gradients help to pattern the antero-posterior axis in the mouse (and chick) embryo

Fig. 4.8 The pre-somitic mesoderm has acquired a positional identity before somite formation

cervical Thoracic

Stage 10

Stage 8

-Specification by position has occurred before somite formation begins. -Identity of somites along the antero-posterior axis is specified by Hox gene expression (Fig. 4.4 and Fig. 4.8)

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Fig. 4.14 Photograph of quail-chick chimeric tissue

- The quail cells have distinctive nuclei. - To study the fate map for particular somites

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Fig. 4.15 The fate map of a somite in the chick embryo

(express Pax3)

Migrating muscle cells

(express Pax1)

Dermis and all the trunk muscle Cartilage of the vertebrae and ribs

Role of the notochord in specifying somitic cells


Fig. 4.16 A signal from the notochord induces sclerotome formation

Suppress dermomyotome, and induce sclerotome

Fig. 4.17 A model for patterning of somite differentiation

Ventralizing signal, e.g. Shh

Dorsalizing and Lateralizing signal, e.g. Wnt family protein

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