Conduction

1. A composite wall consists of 10 cm thick layer of building brick=0.7 w/mk and 3 cm thick plaster, k=0.5 w/mk . An insulating material of k= 0.08 w/mk is to be added to reduce the heat transfer through the wall by 40 %. Find its thickness. 2. A furnace wall consists of three layers. The inner layer of 10 cm thickness is made of fire brick (k= 1.04 w/mk). The intermediate layer of 25 cm thickness is made of masonry brick (k=0.69 w/mk) followed by a 5cm thick concrete wall (k= 1.37 w/mk). When the furnace is in continuous operation the inner surface of the furnace is at 800c while the outer concrete surface is at 50c. Calculate the rate of heat loss the firebrick and masonry brick and the temperature at the interface of the masonry brick and concrete. 3. A steel tube with 5cm ID, 7.6 cm OD and k= 15 w/mc is covered with an insulative covering of thickness 2cm and k= 0.2 w/mc. A hot gas at 330c with h= 400 w/mc flows inside the tube. The outer surface of the insulation is exposed to cooler air at 30c with h= 60 w/mc. Calculate the heat loss from the tube to the air for 10m of the tube and the temperature drops resulting from the thermal resistances of the hot gas flow, the steel tube, the insulation layer and the outside air. 4. An aluminium rod ( k = 204 w/mk) 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long protrudes from a wall which is maintained at 300c. The end of the rod is insulated and the surface of the rod is exposed to air at 3c. The heat transfer co-efficient between the rod and the temperature of the rod at a distance of 10 cm from the wall. 5. A cylinder 1m long and 5 cm in diameter is placed in an atmosphere at 45c. It is provided with 10 longitudinal straight fins of material having k= 120 w/mk. The height of 0.76 mm thick fins is 1.27 cm from the cylinder surface. The air is 17 w/mk. Calculate the rate of heat transfer and the temperature at the end of fins if surface temperature of cylinder is 150c. 6. An aluminium plate (k= 160 w/mc, = 2790 kg/m,Cp = 0.88 KJ/Kgc) of thickness L= 3 cm and at a unifo m tempe atu e of 255c is su enl imme se at time t=0 in a wall sti e flui maintaine at a constant tempe atu e = 25c . ake h= 320 w/mc. Determine the time required for the centre of the plate to reach 50c. 7. A slab of aluminium 10 cm thick is originally at a temperature of 500c. It is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 100c resulting in a heat transfer co-efficient of 1200 w/mk. Determine the temperature at the centre line and the surface 1 min after the immersion. Also calculate the total thermal energy removed per unit area of the slab during this period. The properties of aluminium for the given conditions are =8.4*10^-5 m/s , k= 215 w/mk , = 2700 kg/m , C = 0.9 KJ/Kg k. 8. A large iron plate of 10 cm thickness and originally at 800c is suddenly exposed to an environment at 0c where the convection co-efficient is 50 w/mk.Calculate the temperature at a depth of 4cm from one of the faces 100 sec after the plate is exposed to the environment. How much energy has been lost per unit area of the plate during this time.

Convection
1. Ai r at 20 c at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3.5 m/s. If the plate is 0.5 m wide and 60c, calculate the following at x= 0.400 m. Boundary layer thickness, Local friction co-efficient, Average friction co-efficient , shearing stress due to friction , Thermal boundary layer thickness, Local convective heat transfer co-efficient, Average convective heat transfer co-efficient, Rate of heat transfer by convection, Total drag force on the plate, Total mass flow rate through the boundary. 2. Air at atmospheric pressure and 200c flows over a plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. The plate is 15 mm wide and is maintained at a temperature of 120c. Claculate the thickness of hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers and the local heat transfer

coefficient at a distance of 0.5 m from the leading edge, Assume that the flow is on one side of the plate. 3. Air at 20c is flowing along a heated plate at 134c at a velocity of 3 m/s . The plate is 2m long and 1.5 m wide. Calculate the thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary layer and the skin friction coefficient at 40 cm from the leading edge of the plate. The kinematic viscosity of air at 20c is 15.06* 10^-6 m/s. 4. Air at 25c flows over 1m*3m(3m long)horizontal plate maintained at 200c at 10 m/s. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficients for both laminar and turbulent regions. Take Re(critical)= 3.5*10^5. 5. A flat plate 1 m wide and 1.5 m long is to be maintained at 90c in air with a free stream temperature of 10c. Determine the velocity with which air must flow over flat plate along 1.5m side, so that the rate of energy dissipation from the plate is 3.75 kw. Take the following properties of air at 50c. k= 0.028w/mc , = 1.09 kg/m ,Cp = 1.007
KJ/Kg k, = 2.03*10^-5 kg/ms, Pr = 0.7.

6. Atmospheric air at 275 k and a free stream velocity of 20 m/s flows over a flat plate 1.5 m long that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 325k. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient over the region where the boundary layer is laminar , the average heat transfer coefficient over the entire length of the plate and the total heat transfer rate from the plate to the air over the length 1.5 m and width 1m. Assume transition occurs at Re= 2*10^5. 7. A large vertical plate 5 m height is maintained at 100c and exposed to air at 30c. Calculate the convective heat transfer coefficient. 8. A steam pipe 10 cm outside diameter runs horizontally in a room at 23c. Take the outside surface temperature of pipe as 165c. Determine the heat loss per metre length of the pipe. 9. A steam pipe 10 cm OD runs horizontally in a room at 23c. Take outside temperature of pipe as 165c. Determine the heat loss per unit length of the pipe. If pipe surface temperature reduces to 80c eith 1.5 cm insulation, what is the reduction in heat loss? 10. A thin 80 cm long and 8cm wide horizontal plate is maintained at a temperature of 130 c in large tank full of water at 70c. Estimate the rate of heat input in to the plate necessary to maintain the temperature of 130c. 11. A hot plate 1.2 m wide, 0.35 m height and at 115c is exposed to the ambient still air at 25c. calculate the following: Maximum velocity at 180mm from the leading edge of the plate, The boundary layer thickness at 180mm from the leading edge of the plate, Local heat transfer coefficient at 180mm from the leading edge of the plate, Average heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the plate, Total mass flow through the boundary, Heat loss from the plate, Rise in temperature of the air passing through the boundary. Use approximate solution.

Heat Exchangers
1. 2. 3. 4. Write short notes on Fouling in Heat exchangers. Explain detail the arrangement of shell and tube Heat Exchanger. Discuss various regimes in pool boiling heat transfer with neat sketch. Compare parallel flow counter flow and cross flow heat exchangers.

5. Compare LMTD and NTU method. 6. Define effectiveness of a heat exchanger. Derive an expression for the effectiveness of a double pipe parallel flow heat exchanger. State the assumptions made. 7. Explain how heat exchangers are classified. 8. In a double pipe counter flow heat exchangers, 10,000 kg/hr of an oil having a specific heat of 2095 j/kg-k is cooled from 80c to 50c by 8000 kg/hr of water entering at 25c. Determine the heat exchanger area for an overall heat transfer coefficient of 300w/mk. take Cp for water as 4180 j/kg-k 9. In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger, water is heated from 25c to 65c by an oil with a specific heat of 1.45kj/kgk and mass flow rate is 0.9 kg/s . the oil is cooled from 230c to 160c. if the overall heat trasnsfer coefficient is 420 w/mc,calculate the following. The rate of heat transfer, The mass flow rate of water, The surface area of the heat exchanger. 10. A counter flow concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool engine oil (C= 2130 j/kg k) from 160c to 60c with water available at 25c as the cooling medium. The flow rate of cooling water through the inner tube of 0.5 m is 2 kg/s while the flow rate of oil through the outer annulus, outer diameter = 0.7 m is also 2 kg/s . if U is 250 w/mk, how long must the heat exchanger be to meet cooling requirement ? 11. It is desired to use double pipe counterflow heat exchanger to cool 3 kg/s of oil (Cp = 2.1 Kj/kgk) from 120c. Cooling water at 20c enters the heat exchanger at a rate of 10 kg/s. the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 600 w/mk and the heat transfer area is 6 m. Calculate the exit temperature of the oil and water. 12. A parallel flow heat exchanger has hot and cold water stream running through it, the flow rates are 10 and 25 kg/min respectively. Inlet temperatures are 75c and 25c on hot and cold sides. Assume hi=ho=600 w/mk.calculate the area of heat exchanger using NTU approach.

Radiation
1. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m area for two large parallel plates at temperature of 427c and 27c respectively .(hot plate) = 0.9 and (cold plate) = 0.6. If a polished aluminium shields placed between them, find the percentage of reduction in the heat transfer. (shield)=0.4. 2. Two large parallel plates at 800k and 600k have emissivities of 0.5 and 0.8 respectively. A radiation shield having an emissivity of 0.1 on one side and an emissivity of 0.05 on the other side is placed between the plates. Calculate the heat transfer rate by radiation per square meter with and without radiation shield. Comment on the results. 3. Two very large parallel plates with emissivities of 0.5 exchange rates. Determine the percentage reduction in the heat transfer rate if a polished aluminium radiation shield of = 0.04 is placed in between the plates. 4. Determine the view factor F1-2 and F2-1 for the figure shown below.

5. Determine the view factor F14 for the figure shown below.

6. Find the shape factor F1-2 for the figure shown below. In the fig the areas A1 and A2 are perpendicular but do not share the common edge.

7. Two black square plates of size 2m * 2m are placed parallel to each other at a distance of 0.5m.one plate is maintained at a temperature of 1000c and the other at 500c. Find the heat exchange between the plates. 8. Two parallel plates of size 1m x 1m are spaced 0.5 m apart are located in a very large room, the walls of which are maintained at a temperature of 27c. one plate is maintained at a temperature of 900c and the other at 400c.their emissivities are 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves and surroundings, find the net heat transfer to each plateand to the room. Consider only the plate surfaces facing each other.