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Heat
Temperature: measurement of hotness of a body. Measured in Kelvin or Celsius. Thermal capacity (s.h.c): The heat energy needed to raise the body by one degree (Units JC) To find the amount of heat to raise a body:
H=m x c (-)
E.g. How much heat is needed to raise 0.75kg of water from 20C to 100C? H=mc(-) If needed to find the s.h.c: H=0.75x4200x(100-20) H=252000J c=H m x (-) H=252KJ Factors which affect temperature rise: a) The material (whether it is wood or metal etc.) b) The mass of the material being heated c) The heat energy supplied
Specific latent heat: the amount of heat energy needed to arrange the bond structure
H=m x l (needed for melting substances) Specific latent heat of vaporisation (unit J):H=m x l(needed for boiling substances)
Specific latent heat of fusion (unit JKg):
Evaporation: the change of state from a liquid to a gas. This process occurs at all temperatures Rate of evaporation can be increased by: a) A large surface area b) A hot or cold air blowing over the liquid c) Higher temperatures The three types of Heat transfer a) Conduction- occurs in liquids solids and gases and travel from high heat to low heat due to the kinetic energy. Solids conduct the best b) Convection- occurs in liquids and gases and travels from high to a low heat. It normally rises up through the fluid due to the expansion of molecules. Moves in a circular motion c) Radiation- the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves. Best example is the heat radiation from the sun in which heats the earth
Newtons
5 cm = 5 Newton, right f= Newtons mass= Kg acceleration= m/s (Newtons 2nd law)
Shown as a diagram of a proportional arrow Generally: Force=mass x acceleration So: acceleration= force mass
Work is how much energy was used in the movement of an object from A to B
(work is in Joules)
E.g. a force of 200N drags a box 5 m. Find the work done. Work done=force x distance Work= 200 x 5 Work = 1000J or 1Kg
(power is in watts)
Eg. A 50kg boy runs up 5m of stairs in 10 seconds. What is his power? 1st: force =Mass x gravity 2nd: work done= force x distance force= 50 x 10=500N work done=500 x 5= 2500J rd 3 Power= work done time taken = 250010 = 250W
Energy is the ability to do work. The main two types of energy seen with forces are: potential and kinetic energy. All energy is measured in joules
Pressure= forcearea
(pascals-Pa)
f x
Circuits
A battery is a source of electric current
+ A
Volt metre to measure energy change
(E.M.F=Volts-V/energy=joules-J /charge=coulombs-C)
Potential difference (P.D.) this is the amount of energy taken from a charge as it passes through a resistor.
I V
Finding the resistance on a circuit with more than one resistor is simple! R=R1+R2+R3
Then use V=IR to find the current
The potential divider- this is the output voltage in a section of a linear circuit. (Vin=power supply/Vout=potential divider) R1=7 R2=6 Vin=12
With the use of a potential divider, you can then find the amount of POWER which leaves the circuit.
Wave Motion
A wave is a movement of a DISTURBANCE through a source, such as water... This movement is a transfer of energy from a source to a surrounding area Waves can be split into two groups Mechanical Waves Water Sound Waves on springs Waves on stretched strings Seismic waves Electromagnetic Waves Radio Radar Infra-red Light Ultra-violet x-ray gamma ray Frequency-number of wavelengths per second- Unit: Hertz Wavelength-length of one complete wave (crest to crest) Amplitude-distance from undisturbed to crest of wave Wave velocity-the velocity with which the wave moves away from the source
The wave equation: This is used to find the VELOCITY of the wave.
Huygen believed that waves were like little circles and would create their own sources for a new wave.
Transverse and longitudinal waves Transverse wave all the particles vibrate at a right angle to the direction. Each particle is slightly
Sound waves
these are produced by vibrating objects its longitudinal requires a medium which can vibrate to travel through (the bell-jar experiment proves this) sound travels greatest in solids the pitch is how high you can hear the sound-higher the frequency the higher the pitch how loud the sound is depends on the amount of vibration given from the source the quality of the sound depends on the shape of the wave an echo is the sound wave reflecting off a surface (can be used to measure velocity)
Electronics
The diode this is a rectifier which works on half wave rectification.
A light dependant resistor (L.D.R) this uses light to determine the amount of resistance
As light intensity increases, the resistance decreases. A transistor LOGIC GATES Also know as inverter as it does the opposite of the input these are used for amplification
A solenoid is a coil which is wound on a cylinder. It has a magnetic field like a bar magnet but the field flows
Flemings left hand rule will help with predicting the force or motion of the wire. This is applied for the motor affect.
Flemings right hand rule is used to find induction in a straight wire Transformers are used to either step up a current or step down a current. An example of a transformer is to step down the high voltage in the pylons so the electricity carried by these pylons can be used in homes. EQUATIONS FOR RESITORS
2. VPIP=VsIs
1. Is for finding the number of turns/voltage 2. Is for finding the voltage/current