CHAPTER ONE 1.

1 INTRODUCTION
A world without electric motors is difficult to imagine. From the tiniest motor found in a quartz watch to a million-plus horse power motor powering a ship, motors are used in diverse applications. There are a multitude of motors to choose from. Each has its own unique characteristics, making one motor type a better choice for an application than another. This guide provides an overview of the major types of electric motors available today, including advanced motor technologies. It is not intended to turn the reader into a motor expert, but rather serve as a concise stand-alone reference with emphasis on energy efficiency. The basis for this guide is derived from Ontario hydro motors Guide 3rd edition (Ref. 1) and as such the authors of this guide wish to acknowledge the contribution of this work. That said, the guide has been thoroughly updated and reorganized with the latest in motor development and related information. This guide intended for both the novice and the experience user. Some motor theory is provided alone with equations, such as calculation of torque and horsepower. However, the reader only needs to delve as deeply as they wish. Topics covered in this guide include basic theory, motors types, applications, control equipments and economics. Both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) motor types are presented. The characteristics of each are discussed along with typical applications. Some motors are noted as poor choices for certain applications. Proper motor maintenance is essential in ensuring long term reliability and performance. Motor efficiency is very important and is emphasized in this guide. Life time energy cost for high usage motors will exceed the original purchase price many times over. For some motors, the small incremental cost buy a more energy efficient motor is easily justified. Using simple decision

tools, the reader will learn how to decide whether it is better to replace rather than repair a failed motor. rules of thumb, examples and other anecdotal commentary are sprinkled throughout the text. These commentaries are formatted in an italic font, as are the equations. Finally, links to websites for the latest in motor programs and knowledge bases are included at the end of this guide.

1.2 ELECTRIC MOTOR

An electric motor is an electric machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy (kinetic energy). In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric motors magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor. In certain applications, such as in the transportation industry with traction motors, electric motors can operate in both motoring and generating or braking modes to also produce electrical energy from mechanical energy.

Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric

motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings approaching a megawatt. Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on, Devices such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers that convert electricity into motion but do not generate usable mechanical power are respectively referred to as actuators and transducers. Electric motors are used to produce rotary or linear torque or force.

1.3 HISTORY OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR

The principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Amperes force law, was discovered by Andre-Marie Ampere in 1820. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlows wheel was early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century.

In 1827, Hungarian physicist Anyos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the

continuous rotation with the invention of commutator, he called his early devices as electromagnetic self-rotors. Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings. The multipolar motors can use the power of both magnetic interaction: the attraction and repulsion.