CHE 493: FLUID MECHANICS

Chapter 9: Flow in Open Channels

Learning outcome
1. Explain the concept of uniform flow 2. Describe velocity transmission of a wave 3. Describe and calculate hydraulic jump phenomenon

Introduction
Open channel flow implies flow of liquids in channels open to the atmosphere or in partially filled conduits Characterized by the presence of a liquid-gas interface called the free surface Most of natural flows encountered in practice are open-channels flow Eg: Rivers, floods, draining of rainwater through roofs, highways
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Uniform/varied flow
Uniform flow - if the flow depth (average velocity) remains constant Encountered in long straight sections of channels with constant slope and cross section the liquid accelerates until the head loss due equals the elevation drop reaches terminal velocity uniform flow is established Remains uniform as long as the slope, cross section and surface roughness of the channel remain unchanged 4

Uniform/varied flow
Flow depth is called the normal depth important characteristic for open-channel flows Non-uniform/varied flow - Flow depth varies with distance in the flow direction

Why are open-channel flows important?

Many natural systems responsible for the transport of sediment are channelized, in both sub- aerial and subaqueous environments. Nearly all of the modeling performed on the entrainment and transport of sediment is either in open channels or in 1-D boundary layers.
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Uniform Flow in Channel

Head loss = Elevation Loss

Flow depth = y Average flow velocity = V Bottom slope = S0 = tan During open channel, Head Loss = Elevation Drop
--------------- (1)

Since hL = S0L and Dh = 4Rh ------------------------- (2)

Sub (2) in (1): ------------------------ (3)
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 Rearrange (3), uniform flow velocity:

where

Chezy Coefficient Antoine Chezy (1718-1798)

Flow rate:

Note: Determine using Moody chart, open channel typically is turbulent flow and fully develop.

Q CAc So Rh

Gauckler and Manning made recommendations:

Where:

a = dimensional constant = 1 m1/3/s n = Manning coefficient (depends on roughness of the channel surface)

For uniform flow velocity & flow rate:

and

a 2 / 3 1/ 2 Q Ac R h So n
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Mean value for Manning coefficient

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Types of Channels
Hydraulic radius

Circular channel

Rectangular channel

Trapezoidal channel

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Example 1
Water is flowing in a weedy excavated earth channel of trapezoidal cross-section with a bottom width of 0.8m, trapezoid angle of 60 and a bottom slope angle of 0.3. If the flow depth is measured to be 0.52 m, determine the flow rate of water through the channel. (Given n = 0.030)

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Specific energy
Consider flow of a liquid in a channel

Where: y - flow depth V - average velocity Z elevation of the bottom of channel at that location relative to some reference datum

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Total mechanical energy in terms of head:

Not realistic representing true energy It can be realistic if the reference datum is taken to be the bottom of the channel so Z = 0 Then, the total mechanical energy = Pressure + Dynamic Head This term is called specific energy, Es
------------------------ (1)
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 Consider flow in an open channel of constant width, b. Volume flowrate: .

Q AcV ybV
So, the average flow velocity

Q Q --------------- (2) V Ac yb
Sub (2) into (1)

Q2 Es y 2 gy 2b 2
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There is minimum specific energy Es,min required to support specific flow rate, Q Therefore, Es cannot be below Es,min for a given Q So,

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Critical flow depth

Q yc gb 2
2

1/ 3

Critical velocity

To find character and flow, using Froude Number

Lc = Critical Length Fr < 1 = Subcritical or tranquil flow Fr = 1 = Critical flow Fr > 1 = Supercritical or rapid flow
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Example 2
Water is flowing steadily in a 0.65 m wide rectangular open channel at a rate of 0.25 m3/s. If the flow depth is 0.15 m, determine (a) The flow velocity and type of flow (b) The alternate flow depth (Es1=Es2 ) if the character of flow were to change

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Hydraulic jump
It called rapidly varied flow (RVF) if the flow depth changes markedly over a relatively short distance in the flow direction.

Occur when there is a sudden change in flow, such as an abrupt change in cross section. RVF is complicatedsince there will be affect of backflow and flow separation.

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Hydraulic jump
In compressible flow, a liquid can accelerate from subcritical to supercritical flow It can also decelerate from supercritical to subcritical flow by undergoing a shock which is known as hydraulic jump Hydraulic jump involves considerable mixing and agitation and thus significant amount of mechanical energy dissipation
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Hydraulic jump formed on a spillway model for the Karnafuli Dam in East Pakistan.

Classification of hydraulic jumps: (a) Fr = 1.0 to 1.7:undular jumps; (b) Fr= 1.7 to 2.5:weak jump; (c) Fr= 2.5 to 4.5: oscillating jump; (d) Fr=4.5 to 9.0: steady jump; (e) Fr= 9.0: strong jump.

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Consider steady Control volume flow through a control volume that encloses the hydraulic y1 jump

hL
Energy line

y2 v1 v2

gy1

(1)

(2)

gy2

Assumption from figure: Velocity is nearly constant across the channel at section 1 & 2 therefore the momentum flux correction factors 1 = 2 Pressure in the liquid varies hydrostatically, we consider gage pressure only since atmospheric pressure acts on all surfaces and its effect cancel out. The wall shear stress and associated losses negligible relative to the losses that occur during the hydraulic jump due to intense agitation. The channel is wide and horizontal No external or body forces

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 From momentum equation

For channel width b

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 Substituting and simplifying:

Eliminating V2 by gives:

from the continuity equation

Canceling factor y1 y2 from both side and rearranging gives: where

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 Therefore, depth ratio:

The energy equation for this horizontal flow section can be expressed as:

Noting that; and The head loss associated with hydraulic jump is expressed as:

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 The specific energy of the liquid before the hydraulic jump is

Then , the energy dissipation ratio:

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Example 3
Water is discharged into a 8 m wide rectangular horizontal channel from a sluice gate is observed to have undergone a hydraulic jump. The flow depth and velocity before the jump are 0.8 m and 7 m/s respectively. Determine: (a) The flow depth and the Froude number after the jump (b) The head loss and the dissipation ratio (c) The wasted power production potential due to the hydraulic jump
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