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Revision Notes on Chemical Formulae Chemical formulae are used to represent molecules: For example, carbon dioxide is represented by the formula CO2 where C is the chemical symbol for carbon, and O is the chemical symbol for oxygen. The subscript 2 found after symbol O means that there are two oxygen atoms in one molecule of carbon dioxide. If no script is given, it means that there is only one atom present in that molecule. Hence, there is one carbon atom and 2 oxygen atom in a carbon dioxide molecule. Deducing chemical formulas (i) Determining valency of elements To write the chemical formula of a compound, we must know the valency of the elements involved. Valency from Group numbers Group number in the Periodic Table I II III IV V VI VII Example of element Li, Na, K Be, Mg, Ca Al C N O, S F, Cl Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1

Valency from Roman numerals Transition metallic elements have variable valencies. Therefore, their valencies are indicated by Roman numeral in the bracket. Roman numeral Copper (I) Copper (II) Iron (II) Iron (III) Lead (II) Lead (IV) Manganese (VI) Valency 1 2 2 3 2 4 6

The valency for the following common transition metals is fixed in this syllabus eg zinc; a valency of 2 Silver; a valency of 1

Valency of polyatomic ions

There are radicals which consist of a group of atoms known as the polyatomic ions Common polyatomic ions Valency Negative 1 Nitrate ion, NO3Hydroxide ion, OHCarbonate ion, CO3 2Sulphate ion, SO4 2-

Positive Ammonium ion NH4 +

Valency 1 1 2 2

Three methods to deduce chemical formulas 1. Write the respective valency and criss-cross 1 2 Na Na2 O 2. If the valency is equal, simplify the ratio and just write out the formula. 2 2 Mg CO3 O

Mg CO3 3. If you need to place a number for polyatomic ions, a bracket must be used. 3 Al 1 OH

Al(OH)3 (ii) Naming chemical substances Naming ionic compound (metal combine with non-metallic element) metallic element comes before non-metallic element non-metallic elements end with ide Elements that form the ionic compound Calcium, chlorine Iodine, lithium Magnesium, oxygen Sulphur, potassium Chemical name of ionic compound

Naming covalent compound

When naming a covalent compound: the name of the first element remains unchanged the name of the second element end in ide e.g. if the compound contains hydrogen and sulphur atoms the compounds is called hydrogen sulphide If necessary, prefixes are used for the second element in which it depends on the number of atoms involved. Number of atom 1 2 3 4 Prefix Mono Di Tri tetra Examples Cabon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulphur trioxide Carbon tetrachloride

Formulae of substances that you really must know. This list is not exhaustive and only represents a fraction of the information you need to know. Name Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Sulphuric acid Sodium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide Copper (II) oxide Zinc oxide hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon monoxide carbon dioxide Sulphur dioxide Silicon dioxide ammonia methane Bromine Chlorine Silicon (IV) oxide Other name Formula Category acid acid acid alkali alkali alkali Base/ basic oxide Base/amphoteric oxide Neutral oxide Acidic oxide Acidic oxide Notes

Lime water Ammonia aqueous

Soluble base Soluble base Soluble base

Simple molecular - gas Simple molecular - gas Simple molecular - gas Simple molecular - gas Simple molecular - gas Simple molecular - gas Giant molecular -solid Simple molecular - gas Simple molecular - gas Simple molecular - gas Simple molecular - gas

Sodium chloride Copper (II) sulphate Silver nitrate Zinc carbonate Lead (II) chloride Lead (II) sulphate Barium sulphate

Salt Salt Salt Salt Salt Salt Salt

Soluble salt Soluble salt Soluble salt Insoluble salt Insoluble salt Insoluble salt Insoluble salt

****** Remember, this list is not exhaustive and only represents a fraction of the information you need to know********