BASIC CHEMISTRY II

Chemical Equilibrium Experiment

Nurul Choiriyah, Astri Nurul Hidayah, Moniqsa Purbo S

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The State University of Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia Abstract Our experiment with the title chemical equilibrium aims to studying about equilibrium of ions in the solution. In this experiment, we used the materials and tools. Such as, beaker glass 1 piece; test tube 4 pieces; pipettes as needed; test tube holder 1 piece; spirits burner 1 piece. And for materials we used Fe(NO3)3 0.1 M; K2Cr2O7; NH4OH 0.5 M; NaH2PO4; KSCN 0.002 M; NaOH 0.5 M; NaNO3 0.1 M; Pb(NO3)2 0.2 M; NH4Cl 0.5 M; H2SO4 concentrated /1 M; MgCl2 0.2 M; saturated FeSO4. In this experiment to know the equilibrium of ions is observed the color change of Iron (III) thiocyanate , Sodium dichromate, Magnesium chloride, Sodium nitrate. And we set the type solution to add in those solutions above and concentration as independent variable. The conclusion of this experiment is temperature, pressure, and volume will shifts the equilibrium of solution. Keywords: Equilibrium of Ion in Solution, The Factors to Shift Equilibrium. 1. INTRODUCTION Few chemical reactions proceed in only one direction. Most are reversible,at least to some extent. At the start of reversible process ,the reaction proceed toward the formation of products. As soon as some products molecules are formed the reverse process begins to take place and reactant molecule are formed from product molecules. Chemical equilibrium is achieved when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant. Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic process. As a such, it can be likened to the

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movement of skiers at a busy ski resort, where the number of skiers carried up the mountain on the chair lift is equal to the number coming down the slopes. Although there is a constant transfer of skiers, the number of people at the top and the number at the bottom of the slope do not change. Note that chemical equilibrium

Effect of Concentration in Chemical Shifts The only way the system can minimize the imposed change (i.e. the reactants concentration increase) is to use up reactants by transforming them into products. This means, that for a while the forward reaction is faster than the reverse reaction, so that the reactants concentration decreases. As a consequence, the forward reaction slows down and due to the product concentration increase, the reverse reaction rate in-creases until it becomes equal to the forward reaction

involves different substances as reactants and products. Equilibrium between two phases of the same substance is called physical equilibrium. In this instance, the number of H2O molecules leaving and number returning to the liquid phase are equal : H2O(l) 2. EXPERIMENTAL 2.1 BASIC THEORY Factors that could shift the H2O (g)

rate. After a while - be it nano-seconds or milleniums - the forward and reverse reaction rate will be equal: a new equilibrium has been established. Its

equilibrium position are: 1. Changing concentrations by adding or removing products or reactants to the reaction vessel. 2. Changing partial pressure of gaseous reactants and products. 3. Changing the temperature.

product concentration is higher than in the former equilibrium state: we say that it's position has undergone a so-called shift to the right side (the product side). For example: Iron(III) thiocyanate [Fe(SCN)3] dissolves readily in water to give a red solution. The red color is due to the presence of hydrated

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FeSCN2+ ion. The equilibrium between undissociated FeSCN2+ and the Fe3+ and SCN- ions is given by

FeSCN2+(aq)Fe3+(aq) +SCN-(aq) Red pale yellow colorless

If the system of homogeneous equilibrium, the concentration of a substance will be increase, then the equilibrium will shift to the opposite direction of these substances. Conversely, if the concentration of a substance is reduced, then the equilibrium will shift to the substance.

What happen if we add some sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) to this

solution? In this case, the stress applied to the equilibrium system is in an increase in the concentration of SCN- (from the dissociation of NaSCN). To the offset this stress , some Fe3+ ions react with the added SCN-ions, and the equilibrium shifts from right to left: FeSCN2+(aq)Fe3+(aq) + SCN (aq)
-

Example: 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) When the system equilibrium SO2 gas is added, then the equilibrium will shift to the right. If the equilibrium system is reduced O2 gas, the equilibrium will shift to the left.

Consenquently, the red color of the solution deepens (figure 14.5). Similarly,if we added iron(III) nitrate [Fe(NO3)3 would shift the equilibrium from right to left.

Effect of Changing in Volume or Pressure

Change of pressure: The influence of pressure changes are only relevant to equilibria, in which gases are involved, since liquids and solids are virtually incompressible. With gases, an increase of

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the pressure results in an increase of the concentration. In physics lessons, you learn that the product of the pressure and the volume of a gas under constant temperature is constant (Boyles and Mariottes law). Doubling the pressure results in halving the volume and therefore doubling the concentration. In this way, the effects of pressure changes can be defined using the law of mass action. How to assess the pressure dependence of an equilibrium using Le Chteliers Principle is shown in the following example: 2 NO2(g) N2O4(g) NO2 is a brown gas, N2O4 a colorless gas; therefore shifts in equilibrium can be identified by color changes. How can the system minimize an increase in pressure? According to Avogadros Law, the volume of a gas is proportional to the number of its molecules. Thus, more molecules need more space - or, if the volume cant be increased, they exert a higher pressure. If the number of gas molecules is different on the reactants and products side, the system can minimize an increase in pressure by shifts to the side with less gas molecules. Effect of volume / pressure in shift equilibrium

If in an equilibrium system do actions that cause changes in volume (along with changes in pressure), then the system will hold a shifting equilibrium. If the increasing of pressure = the decreasing of volume, the equilibrium will shift toward the small reaction coefficient. If the pressure is reduced = the volume increase, the equilibrium will shift toward the large reaction coefficient. In equilibrium systems where the number of coefficients of the left reaction = number of coefficients of the right, then the change in pressure / volume does not shift the equilibrium position. Example: N2 (g) +3 H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) Reaction coefficient on the right = 2 Reaction coefficient on the left = 4 When the system is enlarged the pressure equilibrium (= the volume is decrease), then the equilibrium will shift to the right. If the equilibrium system pressure is reduced (= volume increase), the equilibrium will shift to the left.

Effect of Changing in Temperature

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Equilibrium constants are temperature dependent. Whether an equilibrium constant be-comes larger or smaller with increasing temperature can be determined using Le Chteliers Principle: An increase in temperature constitutes a change which the system can minimise by a heat consuming (endothermic) reaction. If this is the forward reaction, an increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium to the right; if the forward reaction is exothermic (and hence the reverse reaction endothermic), the shift will be to the left. In any case, the equilibrium shifts to the side with the substances richer in energy. - Of course a temperature decrease has the opposite effect. According to Vant Hoff:

Example: 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) H = 216 kJ If the temperature is raised, the equilibrium will shift to the left. If the temperature is lowered, the equilibrium will shift to the right.

Le Chatelier's Principle
Le Chatelier's principle states that when a system in chemical equilibrium is

disturbed by a change of temperature, pressure, or a concentration, the system shifts in equilibrium composition in a way that tends to counteract this change of variable. The three ways that Le Chatelier's principle says, it can affect the outcome of the equilibrium are as follows: Changing concentrations by adding or removing products or reactants

If the equilibrium system that temperature is increased, the reaction equilibrium will shift towards the need of heat (endothermic reaction direction). When the system equilibrium that temperature is decreased, then the equilibrium will shift toward the release of heat (exothermic reaction direction).

to the reaction vessel. Changing partial pressure of gaseous reactants and products. Changing the temperature.

These actions change each equilibrium differently, therefore it have to determined what needs to happen for the reaction to get back in equilibrium.

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The term homogeneous equilibrium applies to reaction in which all reacting species are the same phase. An example of 2.2 Design of Experiment 2.2.1 Equipment and Materials: EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS One very important feature of chemical reactions is that all chemical reactions are reversible. As a chemical reaction occurs, there is a rate associated with the forward reaction. However, there is also a rate associated with the reverse reaction. Once equilibrium is achieved, the forward rate and the reverse rate are equal. The reaction does not stop as the equilibrium is dynamic. To express the equilibrium, the equilibrium constant expression (Kc) is used. Fe(NO3)3 K2Cr2O7 NH4OH NaH2PO4 KSCN 0,002 M NaOH For the above balanced equation, the Kc expression can be seen below. NaNO3 Pb(NO3)3 NH4Cl 0,5 M H2SO4 concentrated /1 M MgCl2 0,2 M The equilibrium constant expression can be found by multiplying the equilibrium Saturated FeSO4 b) Experiment steps 0,5 M 0,1 M 0,2 M 0,5 M 0,1 M Equipment:

equilibrium concentration of the reactants raided to their coefficient powers.

homogeneous gas-phase equilibrium.

1. Beaker glass 2. Test tube 3. Pipettes 4. Test tube holder 5. Spirits burner Materials:

: 1 piece : 4 piece : as needed : 1 piece :1 piece

concentrations of the products raised to their coefficient powers and dividing by the

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1. Equilibrium of Iron (III) thiocyanate. a) Entered 5 ml of KSCN 0.002 M in the beaker glass, then added 2 drops of Fe(NO3)2 0.1 M and shake till the solution spread all. b) Divided that solution into 4 tubes in same volume, they consist of : 1st tube 2nd tube of KSCN 1 M 3rd tube 4th tube : added with 3 drops : set as comparator : added with 3 drops

b) In the second tube is added NaOH

0.5 M drops by drops until the color change is appeared inside.

c) Then in the second tube is added

with HCl 0.5 M that many of drops is the same with NaOH drops.
3. a) 1 ml of MgCl2 0.2 M is added with 1 ml of NH4OH 0.5 M b) In other tube that is contain with MgCl2 0.2 M is added with 1 ml of NH4OH, then added with 1 ml of NH4Cl. 4. a) In 1 ml of NaNO3 is added with 5 drops of H2SO4 and 5 drops of saturated FeSO4. b) Added 1 ml of H2SO4 concentrated

of Fe(NO3)3 0.1 M : added with one

grand of NaH2PO4 2. Equilibrium of Sodium Dichromate

a) 1 ml of K2Cr2O7 0.1 M is entered through the wall of tube. 5. a) Entered 2 ml of Pb(NO3)2 0.5 M in the test tube , then added with little drops of H2SO4 1 M and little drops of alcohol until the precipitated is appeared in that solution. b) Heated the precipitate that has formed till it dissolved again. Let the solution cold. 3 . RESULT OF EXPERIMENT According the experiment of chemical equilibrium, gotten the result data:

into two tubes. And set the first tube as comparator.

1. The Equilibrium of Iron (III) thiocyanate

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a) The first experiment : KSCN + Fe(NO3)3 3NO3+Fe(SCN)3 After 5 ml of KSCN is added two drops by Fe(NO3)3, the color of solution is orange. b)The second experiment: The result of mixture between KSCN with Fe(NO3)3 is divide into four tubes : 1. The first tube is as comparator. So, the color of the solution doesnt change yet. 2. The second tube is added by three drops KSCN 1 M. And then the color of solution become orange + 3. The third tube is added by three drops Fe(NO3)3 0,1 M. And then the of solution become orange + + 4. The fourth tube is added by one grand of NaH2PO4. But, the color of solution is colorless. 2. The Equilibrium Sodium dichromate a) The First experiment: Ionic reaction:

K2Cr2O7 + NaOHNa2CrO7 + H2O 2 ml of K2CrO7 is divided into two tubes. One of them are as a comparator one and the other is added NaOH 0,5 M drop by drop. Ionic reaction : Cr2O72+ + H2O, and then the color of solution is yellow. b) Second experiment: After the second tubes is added NaOH, it would be added with HCl. K2CrO7 + HCl 2Cr3+ + 3Cl2+2K+ + 8Cl+7H2O

2CrO42- + 2H+2HCrO4Cr2O72- + H2O, and then the color of solution become orange.

3. The third experiment: a)1 ml of MgCl2 0,2 M is mixed with NH4OH, and there is white gel precipitate after. The precipitate is formed from Mg(OH2)2..

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MgCl2(l) + NH4OH(l)Mg(OH)2(s)+ NH4Cl(l) b) 1 ml of MgCl2 0,2 M is mixed with NH4OH,and mixed again with 1 ml of NH4Cl. And then will be changed into colorless solution. Here will be gel at first but then it lost. Because NH4Cl is added, so the equilibrium shift to the reactant ,thats why the final solution become colorless. Mg(OH)2(s)+2NH4Cl(l)MgCl2(l) +NH4OH(l)
4. The fourth experiment:

2 ml Pb(NO3)2 0,5 M is mixed with two drops of H2SO4 1 M. And the color of solution became colorless and then there is precipitate. When added C2H5OH,the solution made precipitate. And the precipitate is PbSO4 from this solution. After it heated, then cooled the solution became colorless and has white precipitate. Because ,the reaction shift to endoterm reaction and after it cooled the reaction shift back to exoterm.

1 ml of NaNO3 is mixed with 5 drops of H2SO4, and the result is colorless solution. It has brown ring. But it less perfect. The addition of concentrated H2SO4 formed a brown ring in the test tube. Its indicated that the concentration is also influence in equilibrium.

But , when it was heating ,a little of solution is explode and little spilled out. And in this experiment , it has known that the enthalpy of reaction is H -919.94 kJ/mole. 4 . DISSCUSSION

2NO3- + 4H2SO4 +6Fe2+2NO+ 4SO42-6Fe3+ + 4H2O Fe2+ + NO*Fe(NO3)] It made a brown ring circle in the test tube. In the first experiment, we predicted that the color of solution in 1st tube till the 3rd is black red and colorless solution in the last tube but, finally the color of solution became orange in 1st tube till 3rd tube. Because of the concentration of 5 ml KSCN is 0,002 M. And its so low concentration to
b

5. The fifth experiment:

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make the equilibrium shift to reactant. So, the equilibrium shifts to product. In the second experiment, it is predicted that the color of solution in the second tube is orange after it is added HCl in ten drops. But, it has already changed from yellow into orange in eight drops. Because, we use the pipette that has rather big diameter. In the third experiment, it was running well. In the fourth experiment, a brown ring circle is little perfect and it couldnt rise up. Because, we put concentrated H2SO4 in the mixture of NaNO3,H2SO4,FeSO4 doesnt work well. And in the last experiment, it was running well.

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The changes of volume and pressure can make the equilibrium shifts forward or backward. Depends on the higher or lower the volume. If the volume is higher, the equilibrium will shifts onto the low coefficient of reactions and if the volume is lower, the equilibrium will shifts onto higher coefficient of the reaction. And for changes of pressure is inversely with changes of volume. The changes of temperature can make the equilibrium shifts forward or backward. Depends on the higher or lower the temperature. If the

5 . CONCLUSSION

temperature is higher the equilibrium will shifts onto endothermic reaction.

From this experiment, we conclude that: The changes of concentration can make the equilibrium shifts forward or backward. Depends on the higher or lower the concentration. If the concentration of reactant is higher than product, the equilibrium will shifts in the product and verse versa.
b

But, if the temperature is lower, the equilibrium will shifts onto exothermic reaction.

REFERENCES Kaeser ,Paul.2010. . Effects of Changing Conditions on the Chemical Equilibrium

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(Self-study Module).London ; Kantonsschule Baden Chang , Raymond..2003.General Chemistry The Essential Concept.Third Edition.USA: McGraw Hill.
www.ausetute.com.au/heatform.html equilibrium constants - Kc Retrieved on March 27,2012 at 18 59 WIB, from

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www.chemguide.co.uk/.../equilibria/kc.html Standard Heat Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction - AUS-e-TUTE

Retrieved on March 27, 2012 at 17.57 WIB, from

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